无细胞系统原位制备蛋白质芯片及其应用

主要介绍了目前在生物芯片表面进行蛋白质无细胞表达与定向制备蛋白质芯片的研究进展,包括各种基因植入芯片的方法、蛋白质体外不同表达的途径、蛋白质固定的策略以及可能的应用发展前景等．蛋白质芯片以其高通量、高灵敏和检测迅速等优点正成为蛋白质组学研究中的重要工具之一．蛋白质的高效表达与纯化、蛋白质在芯片表面的有效固定与蛋白质活性的保持等内容是蛋白质芯片技术发展的关键．采用纳米生物技术与无细胞表达系统,已经可以在生物芯片表面通过植入基因的方式制备相关的蛋白质芯片,从而为蛋白质芯片的原位制备开辟了新的方向．     

无细胞系统原位制备蛋白质芯片片及其应用

主要介绍了目前在生物芯片表面进行蛋白质无细胞表达与定向制备蛋白质芯片的研究进展,包括各种基因植入芯片的方法、蛋白质体外不同表达的途径、蛋白质固定的策略以及可能的应用发展前景等.蛋白质芯片以其高通量、高灵敏和检测迅速等优点正成为蛋白质组学研究中的重要工具之一.蛋白质的高效表达与纯化、蛋白质在芯片表面的有效固定与蛋白质活性的保持等内容是蛋白质芯片技术发展的关键.采用纳米生物技术与无细胞表达系统,已经可以在生物芯片表面通过植入基因的方式制备相关的蛋白质芯片,从而为蛋白质芯片的原位制备开辟了新的方向.     

生物芯片技术及其在病原微生物检测方面的进展

生物芯片 ( biochip)是二十世纪 90年代中期发展起来的一项尖端技术 [1 ] 。它以玻片、硅为载体 ,在单位面积上高密度地排列大量的生物材料 ,从而达到一次试验同时检测多种疾病或分析多种生物样品的目的。基因芯片、蛋白芯片等都属于生物芯片的范畴。生物芯片根据芯片上的探针不同 ,可分为蛋白芯片和基因芯片。如果芯片上固定的是肽或蛋白 ,则称为肽芯片或蛋白芯片。如果芯片上固定的分子是寡核苷酸探针或靶 DNA,则称为基因芯片。生物芯片是继大规模集成电路之后的又一次具有深远意义的科学技术革命。生物芯片能为现代医学科学及医学诊断…     

蛋白芯片载体表面修饰对探针固定影响的研究

采用3-氨基丙基-三甲氧基硅烷((3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane,APTES)、戊二醛(glutaraldehyde,GA)、多聚-L-赖氨酸(poly-L-lysine,PLL)修饰芯片载体表面,对3种不同修饰方法制备的蛋白质芯片进行对比研究。将Cy3标记羊抗鼠IgG固定在修饰后片基上,选择蛋白探针的固定率作为检测指标;将小鼠IgG作为探针固定在芯片上,靶蛋白为Cy3标记羊抗鼠IgG,通过生物芯片扫描仪检测反应后荧光强度,选择蛋白探针的反应性作为检测指标,探讨制备蛋白质芯片较佳的表面修饰方法。结果显示,戊二醛修饰玻片对蛋白固定较好,有较高的反应活性,检测限较宽,但背景噪声较高。     

生物芯片研究开发进展

本文从载体材料,点样方式,芯片固定的生物分子和功能等方面对生物芯片进行了详细的分类,并以芯片所固定的生物分子的分类方式为基础,就基因民间片,蛋白质芯片及芯片实验室的国内外研发进展作了介绍;最后指出了目前生物芯片研究和开发中存在的问题。     

常见生物传感芯片及其应用进展

生物传感芯片是一类综合了生物芯片和生物传感器的优点的新型生物芯片,在保持传统生物芯片的高通量、可寻址、并行处理等特点的基础上,与生物传感器技术相结合,进一步提高了芯片检测的灵敏度和特异性。常见的生物传感芯片主要有光纤传感芯片、表面等离子体共振传感芯片、热生物传感芯片、压电晶体传感芯片等,可用于各种生物大分子,如蛋白质、核酸等的检测,金属离子的测定,病原体的检测,药物筛选等。     

生物芯片技术——21世纪革命性的技术

生物芯片（ｂｉｏｃｈｉｐ）技术是在指甲大小的薄型载体上通过微加工技术获得微米级结构,并与生物化学处理等技术相结合起来的一种新兴技术。它可以把多至几十万个的生命信息集成在一块芯片上,进行各种与生命科学和医学相关的生物化学反应,对基因、蛋白、活体细胞及组织等进行分析和检测。生物芯片技术发展迅猛,上前已出现很多类型,它将给２１世纪的生命科学研究、新药开发、司法鉴定、食品卫生和环境监测等领域带来巨大的影响     

生物芯片技术及其在疾病诊断和疫苗设计中的应用

生物芯片技术是一项潜力巨大的技术,即将成为新世纪医学、生物学研究领域的有力工具。本文简要叙述了生物芯片技术的原理与方法,并对生物芯片技术在疾病诊断及疫苗与药物设计中的应用作了概要介绍。     

生物芯片技术及其在基础生物科学研究中的应用

回顾了生物芯片的发展历史,重点介绍了生物芯片技术的两大技术基础：分子生物技术和微细加工生物技术;阐述了生物芯片技术的核心内容,总结了生物芯片的三大类型,并对生物芯片技术在生命科学基础研究中的应用进行了深入探讨和展望。     

生物芯片技术及其应用

生物芯片是指包被在固相载体上的高密度ＤＮＡ、抗原、抗体、细胞或组织的微点阵,它是微电子学和分子生物学结合产生的新技术。该技术被评为１９９８年度世界十大科技进展之一。本文讨论了生物芯片技术的发展、技术参数、相关仪器的发展和在ＤＮＡ序列测定、基因表达分析、基因分型、基因多态性分析、疾病的诊断、突变分析、药物筛选和微生物的鉴定等方面的应用。     

Determination of rate constants in carrier-mediated diffusion through lipid bilayers

In this work data are presented on the relaxation current, under a voltage step, through soybean lipid bilayers in the presence of the carrier valinomycin. Measurements of voltage-dependent steady-state conductance have also been performed. These measurements are sufficient to calculate the full set of kinetic parameters determining the transport.The data are analyzed according to the kinetic model, based on an Eyring treatment of the carrier-mediated diffusion. Complementary measurements of conductance as a function of antibiotic concentration have also been reported. These data allow one to calculate the membrane-solution partition coefficient of the carrier and the surface charge density of the membrane. The results are compared with those previously obtained with membranes of different lipid composition.     

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在癌症治疗中的应用

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为抗肿瘤药物载体,在癌症治疗上的应用越来越受到关注。介孔纳米二氧化硅不仅可实现药物的有效递送,而且可显著提高药物的生物利用度。功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅还能提高药物对肿瘤细胞的靶向性,实现药物的特异性按需释放。该新型纳米载体在癌症治疗中具有非常广阔的应用前景。本文对介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在多种癌症治疗中的应用,以及不同表面修饰物对药物载体递送的影响和优势加以综述,并对功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅载体对提高药物抗癌活性和靶向性的积极作用提出了展望。     

Characteristics of hydrogen sulfide removal in a carrier-packed biological deodorization system

The relationship between the characteristics of carriers in a carrier-packed biological deodorization (CPBD) reactor and the efficiency of H(2)S removal was studied. From the result of a deodorization experiment using three different carriers (each of which obtained a high level of H(2)S removal), the best carrier was cylindrical and the surface and inside of the carrier had macro pores (about 1mm in diameter). The carrier also had large porosity and surface area. Each of these characteristics, with the exception of the large surface area, corresponded to the characteristics that resulted in a high discharge efficiency of sulfuric acid. A deodorization experiment using two carriers that differed only in size showed that K(G)a was a very important operating parameter of the apparatus. Therefore, the size of the carrier should be as small as possible within certain technical limitations.     

Protein A磁性纳米颗粒载体的制备及应用

本研究采用本课题组合成的表面氨基化磁性纳米微球,首先通过化学共价交联制备了葡萄球菌Protein A磁性纳米微球载体（SPA-MP）,并探讨了载体制备的优化条件。然后根据生物分子特异性亲合作用原理,在外加磁场的定向控制下,通过亲和吸附、清洗和解吸附等操作,探讨了SPA-MP载体在抗体分离纯化领域的应用可行性。载体制备优化实验结果显示,通过改变蛋白质浓度、交联剂浓度和交联剂活化时间可以制备不同表面密度的SPA-MP载体。300 μg SPA,2.5% (V/V)戊二醛浓度和3小时的活化时间可以获取表面密度高达35 mg SPA/g磁性纳米微球的载体。此外,应用结果显示每克SPA-MP磁性微球载体可以结合高达14 mg 的CD25抗体,同时可有效地分离纯化人抗血清样品中的IgG抗体。     

Surface properties of crosslinked erythrocytes as studied by counter-current distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems

The bifunctional imidoester dimethyl suberimidate hydrochloride can stabilize rat red blood cells (RBCs) by membrane protein crosslinking, and in that way they can be used as carrier systems for exogenous substances. Counter-current distribution fractionation in charge-sensitive dextran-polyethyleneglycol two-phase systems has been used to detect slight changes in surface charge in stabilized cells. A decrease in the surface charge of crosslinked RBCs and an apparent masking of the age-related cell surface properties have been found to result from the protein crosslinking. Digitonin treatment used to permeabilize crosslinked RBCs produces a significant decrease of the cell surface charge while the age-related surface properties do not seem to be modified by the treatment.     

The transport of potassium through lipid bilayer membranes by the neutral carriers valinomycin and monactin

Summary Stationary conductance experiments on neutral and negatively charged bilayer membranes in the presence of valinomycin or monactin agree with a recently proposed carrier transport model, which is common to both carrier types. This model assumes an interface reaction between a cation from the aqueous solution and a carrier molecule from the membrane phase to establish charge transport across the interface. The transport across the membrane interior is described by some kind of Eyring model. The discussion of the current-voltage characteristic, the dependence of membrane conductance on the carrier and K⁺ concentrations, and the comparison with appropriate experiments allow correlation of the different rate constants of the transport model. The results show that the rate constants partly depend on the surface charge of the membranes. This dependency can be described by introducing the Gouy-Chapman theory for charged surfaces into the transport model.It was found that the carrier molecules could be added either to the aqueous phase or to the membrane-forming solution. The quantitative treatment of this phenomenon gives an evaluation of the partition coefficient of the carrier molecules between the membrane bulk phase and water.     

Characterisation of plasmid DNA conjugates as a basis for their processing

Plasmid DNA complexes have been used by several research groups for gene therapy applications and have given promising results during preliminary clinical trials. However, their eventual adoption for the treatment of a wide range of genetic diseases requires considerable progress with regards to carrier formulation and processing. Amongst the key parameters that are known to be important and need further elucidation are the size and surface charge of the conjugates and the binding efficiency of the carrier to the DNA. The present study has focused on two synthetic carriers with different formulation and charge characteristics, both of which have been recommended in the literature as having the potential to deliver genes to target cells. These were a cationic lipid (DC-chol/DOPE) and a polylysine-condensed anionic liposome (OA/DOPE/Chol). Conjugate size, zeta potential, stability and binding efficiency were measured for conjugates of DNA plasmids of molecular weights between 6.9 kb and 29 kb. Plasmids were condensed by polylysine of two different molecular weights with or without cationic lipids.     

Interaction of membrane surface charges with the reconstituted ADP/ATP-carrier from mitochondria

Various modulating influences of negative and positive membrane charges on binding and transport properties of the reconstituted ADP/ATP carrier from mitochondria were investigated. The results are interpreted in terms of functional and structural asymmetries of the adenine nucleotide carrier embedded in the liposomal membrane. The surface potential of liposomes was measured directly either by potential-dependent adsorption of the fluorescent dye $\text{2-p-}\text{toluidinylnaphthalene}$ 6-sulfonate (TNS) or by the $\text{p}\text{K}$ shift of the lipophilic pH indicator pentadecylumbelliferone. These results were correlated with the following observations. (1) Negative surface potentials increase the apparent dissociation constant, $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>d</mtext>}}$, for binding of the negatively charged inhbitor carboxyatractylate to the reconstituted carrier protein. (2) Surface potentials modulate the apparent transport affinity, $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$, of the reconstituted adenine nucleotide carrier for ADP and ATP. The interaction of surface charges with the transport function was investigated with carrier proteins oriented both right-side-out and inside-out. Thus the influence of the surface potential on the function of the ADP/ATP carrier could be determined for the internal and external active sites of the translocator on the outer side of the membrane. Large discrepancies were observed not only between the potentials measured directly (fluorescent dyes) and those measured indirectly (binding and transport affinities), but also between the different surface potentials determined from the influence on the alternatively oriented carrier proteins. The effect of surface charges was rather weak on the cytosolic side of the translocator, whereas there was a strong influence of surface charges on the active site at the matrix side. The most obvious explanation, i.e., screening of negative membrane charges by positively charged amino acid residues at the protein surface, could be ruled out. Besides the modulation of binding affinities for substrates and inhibitors, an additional side-specific effect of surface charges on the transport velocity was observed. Again, the influence on the internal active site of the ADP/ATP carrier was found to be much higher than that on the cytosolic site. The observed effects can be explained by a definite structural asymmetry of the carrier embedded in the liposomal membrane. That site which is physiologically exposed to the cytosol is located at a considerable distance from the plane of the membrane, whereas the opposite site seems to be in close proximity to the membrane surface. Moreover, a spatial equivalence of carboxyatractylate binding site and nucleotide binding site at the external side of the carrier protein was concluded.     

Identification of candidate carrier proteins for surface display on Lactococcus lactis by theoretical and experimental analyses of the surface proteome

Lactococcus lactis is a lactic acid bacterium of proven safety for use in human oral applications. For this purpose, surface display of recombinant proteins is important, and new approaches for it are being sought. Analysis of the bacterial surface proteome is essential in identifying new candidate carrier proteins for surface display. We have made two different predictions of surface-associated proteins of L. lactis MG1363 by using Augur and LocateP software, which yielded 666 and 648 proteins, respectively. Surface proteins of L. lactis NZ9000, a derivative of MG1363, were identified by using a proteomics approach. The surface proteins were cleaved from intact bacteria, and the resulting peptides were identified by mass spectrometry. The latter approach yielded 80 proteins, 34 of which were not predicted by either software. Of the 80 proteins, 7 were selected for further study. These were cloned in frame with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag and overexpressed in L. lactis NZ9000 using nisin-controlled expression. Proteins of correct molecular weight carrying a hexahistidine tag were detected. Their surface localization was confirmed with flow cytometry. Basic membrane protein A (BmpA) was exposed at the highest level. To test BmpA as a candidate carrier protein, the hexahistidine tag was replaced by the B domain of staphylococcal protein A in the genetic construct. The B domain was displayed on the surface with BmpA as a carrier. The advantage of covalent BmpA binding was demonstrated. BmpA was thus shown to be a suitable candidate for a carrier protein in lactococcal surface display.     

Physicochemical surface properties of brewing yeast influencing their immobilization onto spent grains in a continuous reactor

Immobilization of brewing yeast onto a cellulose-based carrier obtained from spent grains, a brewing byproduct, by acid/base treatment has been studied in a continuously operating bubble-column reactor. The aim of this work was to study the mechanisms of brewing yeast immobilization onto spent grain particles through the information on physicochemical surface properties of brewing yeast and spent grain particles. Three mechanisms of brewing yeast immobilization onto spent grains carrier were proposed: cell-carrier adhesion, cell-cell attachment, and cell adsorption (accumulation) inside natural shelters (carrier's surface roughness). The possibility of stable cell-carrier adhesion regarding the free energy of interaction was proved and the relative importance of long-range forces (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory) and interfacial free energies was discussed. As for the cell-cell attachment leading to a multilayer yeast immobilization, a physicochemical interaction through localized hydrophobic regions on cell surface was hypothesized. However, neither flocculation nor chain formation mechanism can be excluded so far. The adsorption of brewing yeast inside sufficiently large crevices (pores) was documented with photomicrographs. A positive effect of higher dilution rate and increased hydrophobicity of base-treated spent grains on the yeast immobilization rate has also been found.