, China )

采用脱氨再生几丁质凝胶亲和层析从萝卜叶中获得了ＰＡＧＥ圆盘电泳均一的溶菌酶,并通过微量蒸发扩散法获得其结晶。用ｐＨ动力学研究方法和化学修饰法对该酶的活性中心进行了初步研究,实验结果表明：－ＣＯＯＨ（Ｇｌｕ／Ａｓｐ）基团、Ｔｒｐ及Ｈｉｓ残基可能为酶活性所必需。采用对Ｔｙｒ、Ｃｙｓ、Ａｒｇ、Ｓｅｒ／Ｔｈｒ残基专一的修饰剂对酶作用后,酶活性基本上不受影响。同时,酶活性受到组胺和ＧｌｃＮＡｃ抑制。讨论了萝卜溶菌酶与鸡蛋清溶菌酶和木瓜溶菌酶的活性中心的相互差异。     

Hysterothylacium larvae (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in the freshwater mussel Diplodon suavidicus (Lea, 1856) (Mollusca, Unioniformes, Hyriidae) in Aripuanã River, Amazon, Brazil

Larvae of Hysterothylacium use various invertebrates as intermediate hosts. Definite hosts include fish, birds, reptiles or marine mammals. This study describes the occurrence of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda, Anisakidae) larvae parasitizing the pericardic cavity of Diplodon suavidicus (Unioniformes, Hyriidae) specimens collected in the Amazon basin, Brazil. This is the first record of this nematode parasitizing freshwater bivalves in South America. The high prevalence, medium intensity and medium abundance suggest that D. suavidicus acts as intermediate host for Hysterothylacium species in that environment.     

Are Cristaria herculea (Middendorff, 1847) and Cristaria plicata (Leach, 1815) (Bivalvia,Unionidae) separate species?

The number of species in the freshwater mussel genus Cristaria Schumacher, 1817 recognized from Far East Russia has varied over the last several decades. While some authors consider the occurrence of only one species, Cristaria plicata (Leach, 1815), widespread in East Asia, others, recognize two separate species Cristaria herculea (Middendorff, 1847) and Cristaria tuberculata Schumacher, 1817 from Far East Russia, distinct from C. plicata. For the present study, freshwater mussels, identified as C. herculea, were collected in the Upper Amur basin (Transbaikalia, Russia). The shell morphology and the whole soft body anatomy were analysed in detail and compared with previously published information on other Cristaria spp.. Additionally, a cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene fragment was sequenced from foot tissue samples of selected animals, collected from the same region, and compared with published data. Based upon morphological similarities of glochidia and adult morphology and anatomy as well as the mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis, we consider C. herculea as a synonym of C. plicata. Further analysis of Far East Russia C. herculea and C. tuberculata specimens using both molecular and morphological characters should be carried in the future to enhance our knowledge about the taxonomy within the Cristaria genus. Moreover, a comprehensive revision of the genus Cristaria is needed, restricting the type locality and comparing topotypic specimens for both C. plicata and C. tuberculata, and including all recognized Cristaria species.     

Bis(heptalene) “submarine” metal dimer sandwich compounds (C12H10)2M2 (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)

The bis(heptalene)dimetal complexes (C₁₂H₁₀)₂M₂ of the first row transition metals from Ti to Ni are predicted by density functional theory to exhibit “submarine” sandwich structures with a pair of metal atoms sandwiched between the two heptalene rings. For the early transition metal derivatives (C₁₂H₁₀)₂M₂ (M = V, Cr) there are two types of such structures. In one structural type the metals are sandwiched between two heptahapto heptalene rings with metal-metal distances (3.5–3.8 Å) too long for direct metal-metal bonding. The other type of (C₁₂H₁₀)₂M₂ (M = V, Cr, Mn) structure has a pair of bonded metal atoms sandwiched between a fully bonded heptalene ligand and a heptalene ligand bonded to the metals only through an eight-carbon heptafulvene subunit, leaving an uncomplexed cis-1,3-diene unit. The formal metal-metal bond orders in these latter structures are 3, 2, and 1 for M = V, Cr, and Mn with predicted bond lengths of 2.5, 2.7, and 2.8 Å, respectively. For (C₁₂H₁₀)₂Fe₂ a singlet structure with each iron atom sandwiched between a hexahapto and a tetrahapto heptalene ring is energetically preferred over an alternate structure with ferrocene-like iron atoms sandwiched between two pentahapto heptalene rings. Partial bonding of each heptalene ring to the metal atoms occurs in the late transition metal derivatives (C₁₂H₁₀)₂M₂ (M = Co, Ni). This leads to an unsymmetrical structure for the cobalt derivative and a structure for the nickel derivative with each nickel atom sandwiched between a trihapto ligand and a tetrahapto ligand.

Acanthocephalus tumescens (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae) in Galaxias maculatus (Pisces, Galaxiidae) of Lake Gutiérrez, Patagonia, Argentina

The seasonal distribution of Acanthocephalus tumescens (Acanthocephala : Echinorhynchidae) among Galaxias maculatus (Pisces : Galaxiidae) in Lake Gutiérrez was studied from March 1994 to June 1996. Acanthocephalus tumescens always occurs in the intestine, has an overdispersed frequency distribution, a similar proportion of sexes, and females are larger than males. Mean intensity and prevalence are low and increase with host length. The pattern of the infection shows seasonality, with recruitment in winter and a reproductive period during spring-summer.     

Total synthesis of (±)-elegansidiol, (±)-farnesiferol B,and (±)-farnesiferol D

The racemic total synthesis of elegansidiol, farnesiferol B, and farnesiferol D has been obtained following a Diels–Alder approach. Gillman addition, cross metathesis reaction are the other key steps involved in the target synthesis.     

Synthesis, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, β-hematin inhibition, cytotoxicity and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation activities of bis(8-aminoquinolines)

In continuing our search of potent antimalarials based on 8-aminoquinoline structural framework, three series of novel bis(8-aminoquinolines) using convenient one to four steps synthetic procedures were synthesized. The bisquinolines were evaluated for in vitro antimalarial (Plasmodiumfalciparum), antileishmanial (Leishmaniadonovani), antimicrobial (a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi), cytotoxicity, ??-hematin inhibitory and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation activities. Several compounds exhibited superior antimalarial activities compared to parent drug primaquine. Selected compounds (44, 61 and 79) when tested for in vivo blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activity (Plasmodiumberghei) displayed potent blood-schizontocial activities. The bisquinolines showed negligible MetHb formation (0.2-1.2%) underlining their potential in the treatment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients. The bisquinoline analogues (36, 73 and 79) also exhibited promising in vitro antileishmanial activity, and antimicrobial activities (43, 44 and 76) against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The results of this study provide evidence that bis(8-aminoquinolines), like their bis(4-aminoquinolines) and artemisinin dimers counterparts, are a promising class of antimalarial agents.     

The hipparions (Mammalia,Equidae) from Gülpinar (Canakkale,Turkey)

The mammalian fauna from Gülpinar (Canakkale, Turkey), dated Turolian, comprises threeHipparion taxa:H. cf.matthewi, H. sp. medium-sized, andH. sp. large. Two metatarsals may represent a fourth taxon or may derive from a different locality. The hipparion material is described here.     

First report of Triatoma nigromaculata (Stål, 1859) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) for Colombia

The presence of Triatoma nigromaculata was recorded for the first time in Colombia in the rural village La Playa in the province of Cauca. A single female was captured from an outdoor area near a household. The presence of Trypanosoma parasites in the specimen was not established due to the poor condition of the specimen. The epidemiological importance of this finding is discussed with respect to the potential for transmission of Chagas disease in the province of Cauca and, more broadly, in Colombia.     

中国薇(蟾)属分类研究((蟾)目,笛(蟾)科,长角枝(蟾)亚科)

对中国薇(蟾)属Pachyscia Redtenbacher进行了分类整理,共计5种,含1新种,海南薇螨Pachyscia hainanensis sp.nov.;描述了属征,编制了中国已知种检索表.新种模式标本保存于广州中山大学生物博物馆.     

Achiasmatic Male Meiosis in Tenagobia (Fuscagobia) fuscata (Stål) (Heteroptera, Corixoidea, Micronectidae)

Male karyotype and meiosis of Tenagobia fuscata (Corixoidea, Micronectidae) are studied. The species possesses a male diploid chromosome number 2n = 28 + XY, holokinetic chromosomes, absence of m chromosomes and an achiasmatic male meiosis. Autosomes divide pre-reductionally while the sex chromosomes do so post-reductionally. Banding techniques (C, DAPI and CMA) show that large heterochromatic AT-GC rich bands are generally terminally located, although some interstitial bands are also detected. Many bivalents are heteromorphic for heterochromatin amount and location. This is the first report of a species with achiasmatic male meiosis within the Nepomorpha. These cytogenetic features markedly differ from all previous reports for 26 species of the superfamily Corixoidea. T. fuscata occurs in permanent shallow water bodies, and most known individuals are brachypterous. Their dispersion depends on occasional floodings of the water bodies they occupy. Since achiasmatic meiosis maintains groups of co-adapted genes, this feature could be an adaptive strategy of the species to the particular type of habitat and ecological niche it occupies.     

Life history of Lineus viridis (Müller, 1774) (Heteronemertea, Nemertea)

Lineus viridis is a common nemertean species of North-Atlantic intertidal sand flats. Its mating behaviour is peculiar insofar as this species is reported to be polyandric. However, detailed information on this topic is lacking. In order to get more data on the reproduction, oogenesis and life history of this species, a population in the Wadden Sea on the Isle of Sylt (North Sea) was studied between 2005 and 2011. We conducted regular surveys, during which we sampled, measured and recorded the sex status of 25–100 individuals at each sampling event; at least three individuals were fixed for histological studies at each sampling date. In addition, animals were kept in the laboratory for 3?years to complement field data on sexual identity. Lineus viridis was found to reproduce annually in several successive year; the females are significantly larger than the males. Oogenesis starts in spring, shortly after the preceding reproductive period, and continues until the end of December. Spermiogenesis starts in late autumn and also ends late in December. During mating, several males are generally found crawling on a single female, which forms a cocoon that encloses both the female and the associated males. Fertilization is internal. While females discharge all of their eggs during a single mating event and lose more than 40% of their wet weight, males only empty a few of their gonads, and are thus able to fertilize more than one female. Our study clearly shows that Lineus viridis is a perennial, iteroparous species with a pronounced sexual size dimorphism. During this long-term study, no evidence for sequential hermaphroditism has been found. The observed polyandric mating system in this species raises further questions regarding mate and sperm competition that deserve additional research.     

生物制品GMP(WHO,1992)

生物制品ＧＭＰ（ＷＨＯ,１９９２）目录１．本指南范围２．原则３．人员４．厂房和设备５．动物设施及管理６．生产７．标签８．批加工记录（格式）和分发记录９．质量保证和质量控制１本指南范围本指南系作为《药品ＧＭＰ》（见ＷＨＯＴＲＳ,ＮＯ．８２３）的补充。生...     

山茶象(Chevrolat,1878)

正山茶象Curculio chinensis(Chevrolat,1878),又名油茶象甲、茶籽象甲,隶属于鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、象虫科(Curculionidae)。体长6.7-8.0 mm,体壁黑色,覆盖白色和黑褐色鳞片。前胸背板两侧基部和小盾片的白色鳞片密集,鞘翅的白色鳞片排列成不规则斑点,中间之后有1横带,腹面完全散布白毛。喙细长,雌虫喙长几乎等于体长,触角着生于喙基部1/3处,雄虫喙较短,为体长的2/3,触     

中国蚊种校订,2.Aedes(Stegomyia)scutellaris(Walker,1859)

Aedes(S.)scutellaris(Walker,1859)(盾纹伊蚊)过去在我国台湾、广东、云南等地都有记载。现知其指名亚种s.scutellaris为巴布亚种类,分布于印度尼西亚和新几内亚。最近我们检视了广东和云南的本种标本,发现它们实系另一亚种,即scutellaris malayensis Colless,1962。它与指名亚种的外表十     

山华蜗牛Cathaica(Cathaica) orestias(Preston,1912)的重描述(肺螺亚纲,柄眼目,巴蜗牛科)

笔者赴甘肃省天水地区调查陆生贝类危害果树时,发现蜗牛危害各种果树苗木,经比对鉴定,发现主要危害种类系山华蜗牛Cathaica(Cathaica)orestias(Preston,1912)。山华蜗牛原始描述简单,仅附有一幅手绘的贝壳侧面图,且将此种归入Eulota属。笔者对山华蜗牛形态学进行了深入研究,对其生殖系统进行了解剖,并附生殖系统解剖图和描述,可为深入研究这一重要蜗牛物种提供参考。