广义紫菀属(菊科紫菀族)系统学研究的现状

广义的紫菀属(Asters.l.)曾是个大包大揽的类群,产于北美和欧亚大陆.Nesom主要根据瘦果的形态和细胞学性状对Asters.l.进行了评价,将北美紫菀类植物从Aster中独立出去,使Aster成为欧亚特有类群.但是,在欧亚各国对Aster有定为一属和分为十多个属等不同的分类学处理,分歧较大.狭义紫菀属(Asters.s.)与从Asters.l.中分出的各属之间的系统学关系,以及后者中某些属与北美紫菀类和紫菀族其他亚族间的系统学关系,都存在很大疑问.过去一直认为北美是Aster的发源地,现在欧亚Asters.l.的起源与演化需要重新研究,而青藏高原是探讨Asters.l.物种多样性形成的关键地区.DNA尤其是DNA序列资料在研究Asters.l.的系统发育和分类上将发挥关键作用.     

菊科紫菀属3种植物的核型分析

菊科紫菀属密毛系(Aster Series Vestiti Ling)含3个物种:密毛紫菀(A.vestitus Franch.)、灰枝紫菀(A.poliothamnus Diels)和西固紫菀(A.sikuensis W.W.Smith et Farr.),新近的分子系统学研究对密毛系是否单系提出质疑。该文采用常规根尖压片法,对紫菀属密毛系3种植物4个居群的核型进行观察分析。结果显示:3种植物的核型公式均为2n=2x=18=14m+4sm(2SAT);密毛紫菀居群2个的核型属于1A型,灰枝紫菀和西固紫菀为2A型。密毛紫菀和西固紫菀的核型资料为首次报道。灰枝紫菀的染色体数目、基数和不对称性等核型资料与先前唯一的相关报道结果(体细胞染色体数目为32,核型公式2n=2x=32=26sm+6st,属4A型,染色体中未发现随体)迥然不同。3种植物的核型结果不支持保留密毛系,而核型不对称性类型支持该实验室先前提出的亚属划分。3种植物随体的大小属于紫菀亚族型,这支持欧亚紫菀属与北美紫菀类没有密切亲缘关系的观点。     

紫菀属化学成分及药理活性研究进展

紫菀属所含化学成分主要是三萜皂甙 ,此外还含其它萜类、肽类、香豆素、甾醇等 ;其中一些成分具有抗瘤 ,抗菌 ,消炎等活性。本文对其近 2 0多年来国内外学者分离到的化学成分及其药理活性的研究结果作一综述 ,为该属植物资源的进一步研究和开发提供参考。     

国产狗娃花属植物的花粉形态研究

利用光镜,扫描电镜对狗娃花属（Heteropappus)7种植物的花粉形态和结构进行了观察研究。发现该属植物花粉粒为近球形或长球形,3孔沟,具刺状纹饰,种间花粉差异主要表现在大小,形状和外壁纹饰细微变化等方面,该属花粉与紫菀属（Aster)和乳菀属（Ca-latella)的相似。表明它们有密切的亲缘关系。     

缘毛紫菀中的4个三萜皂苷

利用溶剂萃取,大孔树脂、硅胶和聚酰胺的色谱法,对缘毛紫菀的正丁醇萃取物的化学成分进行了研究,从中分离得到4个三萜皂苷,经1H-NMR、13C-NMR等现代波谱技术及化学方法分别鉴定为续断皂苷B(1)、臭瓜皂苷A(2)、三褶脉紫菀皂苷A(3)和东风菜皂苷A4(4)。化合物1为首次从该属植物中得到,化合物2、3和4为首次从缘毛紫菀中得到。     

缘毛紫菀化学成分研究

目的:对藏紫菀来源之一——缘毛紫菀(Aster souliei Franch.)的头状花序的化学成分进行研究。方法:采用硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析以及制备型液相等方法分离化学物,并采用光谱学方法进行结构鉴定。结果:从缘毛紫菀中分离鉴定了9个化合物,分别为黄酮类的槲皮素(1)、芹菜素(2)、山柰酚(3)、柚皮素(4)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(6);植物甾醇类的β-谷甾醇(7)、β-胡萝卜苷(8)、α-菠甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)。结论:化合物4、9为该植物中首次分离得到。     

高茎紫菀(菊科)形态描述补充及细胞学和分子系统学研究北大核心CSCD

结合在模式产地采集的高茎紫菀(Aster procerus Hemsley)以及查阅文献资料,发现原始文献对其形态描述不充分且缺乏细胞学和分子系统学方面的报道。本研究对高茎紫菀的形态特征进行了补充描述以及核型特征和系统位置分析,为紫菀属的修订提供资料。结果表明:(1)依据观察结果,补充了高茎紫菀新的形态特征:基生叶羽状分裂,成熟的基生叶较大,长可达26 cm,宽可达8 cm;花序托圆锥状。(2)高茎紫菀的染色体数目为2n=18;核型公式为2n=2x=16 m+2 M,核型属于1 A。(3)基于ITS和ETS标记的分子系统发育树分析表明,高茎紫菀不同居群的2个个体在同一进化支上(LP=100,PP=1.00),且位于核心紫菀属(LP=100,PP=1.00),与女菀[Turczaninovia fastigiata(Fischer)Candolle]构成姐妹类群(LP=52,PP=0.99)。研究认为,高茎紫菀基生叶和花序托的特征可为紫菀属的分类提供新的证据,支持高茎紫菀位于紫菀属(Aster L.)内,建议将女菀并入紫菀属。     

紫菀中三萜及甾体化合物的研究

从紫菀(Aster tataricusL.f.)的根及根茎中分离得到11个化合物,经IR、NMR、MS、X-ray单晶衍射等波谱方法分别鉴定为紫菀酮(shionone)(1)、木栓酮(friedelin)(2)、表木栓醇(epi-friedelanol)(3)、蒲公英萜醇(taraxerol)(4)、α-菠甾醇(-αspinasterol)(5)、二十二碳酸(decosanoic acid)(6)、豆甾醇(stigmasterol)(7)、β-谷甾醇(-βsitosterol)(8)、α-菠甾醇--βD-葡萄糖苷(-αspinasterol--βD-glucoside)(9)、豆甾醇--βD-葡萄糖苷(stigmasterol--βD-glucoside)(10)、胡萝卜苷(daucosterol)(11)。化合物6为首次从该属植物中获得,化合物5,9,10为首次从该植物中分得。活性实验研究结果表明紫菀酮(1),表木栓醇(3)可显著抑制氨水所致小鼠咳嗽。     

鹅掌柴属植物化学研究进展

鹅掌柴属(Schefflera)植物是五加科(Araliaceae)藤状灌木,其中多种植物被用于治疗风湿痹痛及关节炎.该属植物的化学成分主要是三萜类化合物及其皂苷,本文综述了该属植物的化学成分的研究概况.     

卷柏属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

卷柏属植物含有黄酮类、炔酚类、苯丙素类等多种化学成分。药理学研究证明该属植物具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌抗病毒等药理活性。本文系统地介绍了国内外对卷柏属植物化学成分和药理活性方面的研究概况,为今后对该属植物的进一步研究提供参考。     

Aster tripolium L. and Sesuvium portulacastrum L.: two halophytes, two strategies to survive in saline habitats.

Aster tripolium L. (Dollart, Germany) and Sesuvium portulacastrum L. (Dakhla, Morocco) are potential halophytic vegetables, fodder plants, and ornamentals for re-vegetating saline land. To compare their strategies involved in salt tolerance both plants were grown with 0%, 1.5%, and 3% (Aster) or 0%, 2.5%, and 5% (Sesuvium) NaCl in the watering solution. The growth rate was reduced in both species with increasing NaCl concentrations. The quotient of Na(+)/K(+) indicates that Aster accumulates more K(+) in comparison to Na(+) while the reverse is true for Sesuvium. Osmolality of the leaf sap increased with increasing NaCl concentration in both Aster and Sesuvium. Transpiration rate was severely reduced in both Aster (3%) and Sesuvium (5%) plants after 10 d of NaCl watering. The CO(2) assimilation rate decreased in Aster (3%) and Sesuvium (5%) NaCl-treated plants from day 5 to day 10. The most important results from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were derived from the non-photochemical quenching analysis (NPQ). First, both plants had linearly increasing levels of NPQ with increasing NaCl concentrations. Second, Sesuvium had almost half the NPQ value when compared to Aster under increased soil salinity. In Aster P-ATPase activities were decreased in plants treated with 3% NaCl after three days of treatment, F-ATPase activities increased with increasing NaCl concentrations and no clear changes were measured in V-ATPase activities. In Sesuvium any changes could be observed in the three ATPase activities determined. To conclude, Aster and Sesuvium use different strategies in adaptation to soil salinity.     

Chemical aspect of floral biology inEuphorbia fragifera

The composition of volatile oils produced byEuphorbia fragifera is reported. The plant samples were collected in two different habitats on the Karst plateau North of Trieste (North Eastern Italy). The analysis was performed by capillary GC. Differences between samples from the two habitats have been found in the quantitative composition of the oils. The plants coming from the optimal, xeric habitat produce oils in which aromatic terpenes (mostly carvacrol) are more abundant, whereas the oils of plants growing in shady and moist sites are mostly composed by acyclic compounds (chiefly geraniol). It seems therefore possible to distinguish two chemical variants ofEuphorbia fragifera. The number and kind of pollinating insects have been recorded. Terpenoids from the two kinds of essential oil could be responsible of two different pheromones that attract different kinds of pollinators.     

Impact of different sheep grazing intensities on salt marsh vegetation in northern Germany

Abstract. Mainland salt marshes in Schleswig-Holstein (northern Germany) have been grazed intensively by sheep for several decades. In 1988 experimental sites were established in the lower and middle salt marsh of Sönke-Nissen-Koog and subjected to different grazing intensities. From 1989 to 1993 the impact of sheep grazing on the composition and structure of the salt marsh vegetation was studied through the yearly analysis of permanent plots, vegetation mapping and measurements of the vegetation height. The intensively grazed site (10 sheep/ha) is covered by a short monotonous Puccinellia maritima sward with Salicornia europaea and Suaeda maritima. Halimione portulacoides and Aster tripolium, especially flowering plants, are rare. On the sites with 1.5 and 3 sheep/ha Puccinellia maritima remained dominant. The population density of Salicornia europaea decreases after reduction of the grazing intensity, whereas Suaeda maritima finds optimal growing conditions. Stands of Halimione portulacoides and flowering Aster tripolium plants are rare near the sea dike but their cover and size increases further away from the dike. In the plot with 1.5 sheep/ha the height of the vegetation increases along the gradient from the dike towards the tidal flats, due to local differences in actual grazing intensity. When grazing is stopped, Puccinellia maritima is successively replaced by Festuca rubra, Halimione portulacoides and Aster tripolium. High variability of vegetation height indicates structural diversity. Patches of higher and lower vegetation correspond with the distribution pattern of different plant species. In terms of nature conservation cessation of grazing is recommended.     

Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of methanol extracts from aerial parts of Korean salad plants

The aim of this investigation was to determine the content of total phenolics, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of methanol extracts from the aerial parts of 11 Korean medicinal salad plants. The highest total phenolic content of the methanol extracts was found in Aster scaber (17.1 mg 100 g(-1)), followed by Ixeris dentate (16.4 mg 100 g(-1)), Aster yomena (12.0 mg 100 g(-1)) and Sedum sarmentosum (9.1 mg 100 g(-1)) of FW. Methanol extracts of Ixeris dentate and Aster scaber at 50 microg mL(-1) exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity by 86.4 and 83.3%, respectively. It was registered a dose-dependent increase of DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic content of the studied plant extracts was correlated with the DPPH radical scavenging activity. It was found by means of MTT assay, that cytotoxicity of the methanol extracts was the highest against HCT-116. Methanol extracts from Petasites japonicus (IC(50)<25.0 microg mL(-1)) showed the highest activity against HCT-116, following by Angelica gigas (34.75 microg mL(-1)), Erythronium japonicum (44.06 microg mL(-1)), and Aster scaber (54.87 microg mL(-1)). In conclusion, the studied salad plants have high total phenolics content and high antioxidant activity. These plants dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The total phenolics level was highly correlated with the free radical scavenging activity. Most of the studied salad plants have potent cytotoxicity activity. The results of this investigation suggest that the extracts of studied salad plants could be an addition to basic medicine for some diseases.     

Cuticular waxes and flavonol aglycones of mistletoes

Cuticular waxes of Viscum album subspecies and of V. cruciatum have been examined for their micromorphology and chemical composition. Wax crystalloids occur preferably as irregular platelets and rodlets, while deviant structures are found in small areas. Among the triterpenoids forming the wax layer, oleanolic acid is prevailing with some 80%. The quantitative composition of the long-chain aliphatics, which comprise several classes, is rather variable. Flavonoid aglycones, occurring as very minor components of the cuticular waxes, comprise the flavonols kaempferol and quercetin and a series of their methyl derivatives, in some taxa also the flavanone naringenin. Neither the crystalloid structures nor the chemical composition of the wax allow to discriminate the 2 species, or male and female plants, or plants grown on conifers or on dicotyledoneous hosts.     

中国药用当归属植物研究进展及质量标志物的预测分析*

中国药用当归属植物资源丰富,包括当归、白芷、独活等34种药材,临床使用广且药用价值极高,富含香豆素类、多糖类、有机酸类、苯酚类、挥发油类等成分,除补血活血、调经止痛、润肠通便的传统功效,还具有抗氧化、抗衰老、保护神经元、抗肿瘤等药理作用,应用前景广阔。综述了中国药用当归属植物的分布及其药用功效、化学成分和药理作用的研究进展,为当归属植物的开发利用提供参考。并且根据质量标志物(Q-marker)概念,把影响中国药用当归属植物质量的因素概括为当归属药用植物品种、植物产区、化学成分、炮制方法,以及传统功效和网络药理学的预测分析等。从不同方面对中国药用当归属植物进行分析和论述,为建立和完善中国药用当归属植物的质量控制及评价方法提供参考。     

Eudesmane Sesquiterpenes and Other Constituents from Aster himalaicus

From the whole plants of Aster himalaicus, a new eudesmane‐type sesquiterpene, 1‐oxoeudesm‐11(13)‐eno‐12,8α‐lactone, along with twelve known compounds, was isolated. The structures of all compounds have been elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, including IR, EI‐MS, HR‐ESI‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR data.     

Neue sesquiterpenlactone aus Aster umbellatus

The investigation of Aster umbellatus afforded six new eudesmanolides and a new selina-triene and from Aster exilis a new tremetone derivative was isolated. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by some chemical transformations. The chemotaxonomic situation is discussed briefly.     

白花益母草种子的化学成分分析

对白花益母草种子的化学成分进行分析,结果表明,种子油含有大量人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸,其主要成分为：亚油酸（42．60％）、亚麻酸（30．22％）、油酸（20．28％）等,此外种子还含有18种氨基酸和24种矿质元素和蛋白质等成分。其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和药用功效。