闽江河口互花米草海向入侵对湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的影响

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩互花米草海向入侵前的光滩(BF)、入侵过程中(入侵1年)的互花米草湿地(SA′)以及入侵后(入侵3年)的互花米草湿地(SA)为研究对象,基于时空互代法,研究了互花米草海向入侵对湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态(水溶性硫H₂O-S;吸附性硫Adsorbed-S;盐酸可溶性硫HCl-Soluble-S;盐酸挥发性硫HCl-Volatile-S)的影响.结果表明: 互花米草海向入侵不同程度改变了湿地土壤中各形态无机硫的赋存状况及空间分布特征.相对于BF,SA土壤中的H₂O-S、Adsorbed-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别增加52.6%、78.2%和21.0%,而HCl-Soluble-S含量降低3.4%.SA′土壤中H₂O-S、Adsorbed-S和HCl-Soluble-S含量相较BF分别增加43.9%、70.6%和29.6%,而HCl-Volatile-S含量降低11.6%.总无机硫(TIS)含量在SA和SA′土壤中较BF分别增加40.7%和37.8%,而储量分别增加26.8%和31.4%.互花米草海向入侵导致影响湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫赋存的关键因素均发生了明显改变.尤其是H₂O-S含量,影响其变化的关键因素由BF的土壤颗粒组成及容重逐步转变为SA′和SA的土壤有机质.研究发现,互花米草海向入侵明显提高了湿地土壤TIS含量,而TIS含量的增加主要取决于H₂O-S和 Adsorbed-S含量的增加,说明互花米草海向入侵明显增加了湿地土壤中有效硫的供给能力,从而在一定程度上加速其海向入侵.     

闽江口芦苇与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者交错带湿地为对象,研究了不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,芦苇与短叶茳芏在空间扩展过程中形成的交错带湿地土壤的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)、吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)和盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)含量在0—40 cm土层上整体要高于芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地,而盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则与之相反。在垂直方向上,不同类型湿地土壤的H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S和HCl-Soluble-S含量整体均自表层向下呈先降低而后增加的变化,而盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则与之相反。3种类型湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫平均含量整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-S H_2O-S Adsorbed-S HCl-Volatile-S,且其总无机硫(TIS)平均含量分别占全硫(TS)含量的22.29%—39.99%(芦苇湿地)、32.39%—33.33%(交错带湿地)和30.20%—30.86%(短叶茳芏湿地)。与芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地相比,交错带湿地土壤的H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和TIS平均含量整体均呈增加趋势,增幅分别为36.94%和54.31%、34.84%和13.03%、73.25%和67.59%以及45.72%和45.28%;与之不同,HCl-Volatile-S平均含量则呈降低趋势,降幅分别为2.78%和22.24%。不同类型湿地土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S和TIS含量的变化主要受有机质含量和细颗粒组成的控制,而HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量主要受土壤氧化还原环境和金属元素分布的影响。研究发现,芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展明显增加了交错带湿地土壤的H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和TIS含量,但降低了HCl-Volatile-S含量,说明二者的空间扩展在整体提高交错带湿地土壤有效硫供给能力的同时,亦降低了挥发性硫化物可能对二者生长产生的不利影响,这对于保持二者在交错带湿地中的竞争力具有重要生态意义。     

闽江河口互花米草不同入侵年限湿地土壤磷赋存形态

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩互花米草不同入侵年限湿地(SA₁,5～6年;SA₂,8～10年;SA₃,12～14年)为对象,基于时空互代法研究了互花米草入侵对湿地土壤磷赋存形态的影响。结果表明: 不同入侵年限互花米草湿地土壤中难分解态磷(HCl-Pi、Residual-P)含量的占比最高(46.4%～46.7%),中等易分解态磷(NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、Sonic-Pi)次之(40.0%～44.0%),而易分解态磷(Resin-Pi、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaHCO₃-Po)最低(9.5%～13.3%)。随着互花米草入侵年限的增加,湿地土壤磷赋存形态及其空间分布特征也发生明显改变,中等易分解态磷、难分解态磷和总磷含量整体上均呈增加趋势,而易分解态磷含量呈降低趋势。相对于SA₁,SA₂的中等易分解态磷、难分解态磷和总磷含量分别增加了11.5%、9.7%和10.5%,而SA₃分别增加了24.8%、13.2%和13.5%。互花米草入侵年限的增加显著改变了湿地土壤磷的赋存形态特征,这主要取决于电导率(EC)、pH值及粒度等关键因子的变化。近年来,闽江河口开展的互花米草定期刈割治理在一定程度上减少了残体向土壤归还磷养分的能力,降低了土壤中易分解态磷的养分供应。     

闽江河口春季互花米草入侵过程对短叶茳芏沼泽土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

2014年4月,选择闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地中未被入侵的短叶茳芏群落(A)、互花米草入侵斑块边缘(B)以及互花米草入侵斑块中央(C)为研究对象,基于时空互代研究方法,探讨了互花米草入侵序列下湿地土壤碳氮空间分布特征的差异。结果表明,互花米草入侵显著降低了土壤的NO_3~--N含量(P0.05),但整体增加了NH_4~+-N含量,这与其入侵后导致湿地土壤颗粒组成发生显著变化(砂砾含量增加33.81%),进而促进了土壤的矿化作用和硝化作用,并有助于硝态氮的垂直淋失有关。互花米草入侵整体增加了土壤的碳氮含量和C/N比,与入侵进程和入侵前相比,互花米草入侵后湿地土壤的碳储量分别增加了8.73%和24.37%,氮储量则分别增加了10.22%和17.87%,这主要与其对闽江口湿地植物群落格局、养分生物循环以及强促淤作用引起的土壤颗粒组成等显著改变有关。研究发现,闽江口互花米草入侵对短叶茳芏湿地土壤碳氮含量的影响相对于江苏盐城、长江口以及杭州湾湿地的影响可能更为显著,其互花米草入侵较大改变了土壤中陆源和海源有机质的来源比例,使得入侵后湿地土壤养分的自源性增强。     

互花米草入侵影响下闽江河口湿地土壤有效硅的时空变化特征

2016年1—12月,选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏湿地、互花米草湿地以及二者的交错带湿地为研究对象,采用定位研究方法探讨了互花米草入侵影响下湿地土壤有效硅含量的时空变化特征。结果表明:互花米草入侵影响下3块湿地土壤有效硅含量随时间推移整体呈波动上升趋势;互花米草入侵显著提高了鳝鱼滩湿地30—60 cm土层土壤有效硅含量(P0.01),与短叶茳芏湿地相比,交错带湿地和互花米草湿地30—60 cm土层土壤有效硅含量分别增加了8.56%和19.97%,逐步线性回归分析表明土温和电导是影响其变化的重要因素(P0.01)。研究互花米草入侵影响下湿地土壤有效硅含量的变化特征,对于揭示湿地生态系统生源要素硅生物地球化学循环过程以及互花米草入侵及其扩张机制具有重要意义。     

互花米草入侵下湿地土壤碳氮磷变化及化学计量学特征

为阐明外来物种入侵对生态系统的改变,对闽江河口区本土植物短叶茳芏和不同入侵年限的互花米草湿地土壤总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量进行了测定与分析.结果表明: 互花米草入侵后0～50 cm深度各层土壤TC、TN和TP含量均有不同程度的增加,其中TC、TN的变化比较一致,而TP的变化滞后;TC的增加引起土壤C/N持续增加,而TP是调节互花米草入侵过程中湿地土壤C/P和N/P的关键因子,C/P和N/P的变化基本一致.土壤TC、TN、TP的变化受到土壤盐度、容重、含水量和黏粒组成的影响,而它们之间计量比主要受土壤盐度、粒径组成的影响;C/N和C/P对互花米草湿地的土壤固碳效应具有良好的指示作用.互花米草入侵引起生物量和湿地生境改变,导致土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量比发生显著变化,且随入侵时间延长表现出不同的变化特征.     

互花米草入侵对沿海湿地甲烷排放的影响

采集互花米草不同入侵年限(8、11和15年)的原状土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究了土壤有机碳含量对沿海湿地CH4排放的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着互花米草入侵年限的增加而增加。在植物生长季,互花米草入侵15年的土壤有机碳含量为12.97g·kg-1,土壤CH4排放通量为2.94mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于入侵年限为8和11a(有机碳含量为8.11和9·16g·kg-1)的土壤,其土壤CH4排放通量分别为1.95和2.34mg·m-2·h-1。这主要是由于随着土壤有机碳含量提高,不仅为产甲烷菌提供了更多底物,同时也促进了产甲烷菌数量增加,从而导致更多CH4排放。因此,在评价互花米草入侵的综合环境效应时,需要兼顾土壤固碳能力和温室气体排放。     

互花米草入侵对胶州湾河口湿地土壤总铁分布的影响

互花米草是胶州湾滨海湿地典型的入侵物种,为进一步了解互花米草入侵对胶州湾河口湿地土壤总铁含量分布的影响,于2017年3月、5月、7月、9月和11月分别在互花米草湿地和光滩采集土壤样品,并对土壤总铁含量、有机质含量、土壤可溶性盐、pH、含水率、容重和土壤粒度进行测定与分析。结果表明:互花米草入侵显著提高了土壤总铁含量,两样区0—50 cm土层土壤总铁含量差异显著(P0.05),5月和7月互花米草湿地总铁含量在垂直方向上呈先上升后下降趋势;与光滩在同一采样月份相比,互花米草湿地土壤总铁含量增幅分别为25.36%、29.50%、17.52%、30.28%和14.48%。相关性分析表明,互花米草湿地和光滩土壤总铁含量均与有机质含量和可溶性盐呈显著正相关(P0.01);并且光滩土壤总铁含量与含水率呈显著正相关(P0.01),与容重呈显著负相关(P0.01),表明两样区土壤总铁含量受有机质含量和可溶性盐影响较大。     

闽江口芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地土壤磷赋存形态的影响

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展形成的交错带湿地为对象，研究了不同湿地土壤磷赋存形态的分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明，不同湿地土壤中各形态磷含量整体表现为HCl-Pi > NaOH-Pi > Residual-P > NaHCO₃-Pi > NaOH-Po > Sonic-Pi > Resin-Pi > NaHCO₃-Po。其中，难分解态磷占TP的比例最高（Resin-Pi、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaHCO₃-Po），为48.3%-51.1%；中等易分解态磷次之（NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、Sonic-Pi、Sonic-Po），为37.4%-38.8%；而易分解态磷最低（HCl-P、Residual-P），为11.5%-12.9%。交错带湿地土壤中易分解态磷、中等易分解态磷和难分解态磷含量相对于纯群落湿地均发生了明显改变，其值相比芦苇湿地分别提高了10.6%、19.2%和22.6%，相比短叶茳芏湿地分别提高了1.6%、11.5%和16.6%，原因主要与二者空间扩展过程中交错带湿地土壤的理化性质特别是粒度组成、pH以及Fe、Al含量均较纯群落湿地发生明显改变有关。芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展整体改变了湿地土壤的全磷（TP）含量和储量，相对于芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地，交错带湿地土壤的TP含量分别增加了20.0%和7.1%，而磷储量分别增加了12.0%和18.0%。研究发现，芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展不但改变了湿地土壤中磷的赋存状况，而且亦可能改变不同磷形态之间的转化。交错带湿地土壤磷赋存状况有助于缓解芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展过程中对磷养分的竞争压力，从而可能在一定程度上维持交错带湿地系统的相对稳定。     

互花米草入侵对滩涂湿地甲烷排放的影响

在浙江省台州市附近滩涂湿地设置3个不同互花米草入侵密度梯度,即仅有本土植物样地、互花米草与本土植物混生样地和互花米草单优群落样地,研究互花米草入侵对滩涂湿地CH₄排放的影响.结果表明: 3个样地CH₄排放通量为0.68～5.88 mg·m^-2·h^-1,CH₄排放通量随着互花米草入侵梯度的增加而显著升高,互花米草单优群落样地CH₄排放通量分别为本土植物样地和混生样地的8.7和2.3倍.互花米草入侵显著提高了产甲烷菌数量、产甲烷潜力、甲烷氧化菌数量、甲烷氧化潜力、植物生物量、土壤有机碳含量和土壤pH,降低了土壤全氮含量.CH₄排放通量与土壤全氮呈显著负相关,与产甲烷菌数量、产甲烷潜力、甲烷氧化菌数量、甲烷氧化潜力、植物生物量和土壤pH呈显著正相关.互花米草的入侵提高了滩涂湿地植物群落生物量和土壤pH,促进了产甲烷菌数量和产甲烷潜力,从而提高了滩涂湿地的CH₄排放.     

Seasonal variation in CH4 emission and its 13C-isotopic signature from Spartina alterniflora and Scirpus mariqueter soils in an estuarine wetland

Although invasions by non-native species represent a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, little attention has been paid to the potential impacts of these invasions on methane (CH₄) emission and its ¹³C-CH₄-isotope signature in salt marshes. An invasive perennial C₄ grass Spartina alterniflora has spread rapidly along the east coast of China since its introduction from North America in 1979. Since its intentional introduction to the Jiuduansha Island in the Yangtze River estuary in 1997, S. alterniflora monocultures have become the dominant component of the Jiuduansha’s vegetation, where monocultures of the native plant Scirpus mariqueter (a C₃ grass) used to dominate the vegetation for more than 30 years. We investigated seasonal variation in soil CH₄ emission and its ¹³C-CH₄-isotope signature from S. alterniflora and S. mariqueter marshes. The results obtained here show that S. alterniflora invasion increased soil CH₄ emissions compared to native S. mariqueter, possibly resulting from great belowground biomass of S. alterniflora, which might have affected soil microenvironments and /or CH₄ production pathways. CH₄ emissions from soils in both marshes followed similar seasonal patterns in CH₄ emissions that increased significantly from April to August and then decreased from August to October. CH₄ emissions were positively correlated with soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil moisture for both S. alterniflora and S. mariqueter soils (p?<?0.05). The δ¹³C values of CH₄ from S. alterniflora, and S. mariqueter soils ranged from -39.0‰ to -45.0‰, and -37.3‰ to -45.7‰, respectively, with the lowest δ¹³C values occurring in August in both marshes. Although the leaves, roots and soil organic matter of S. alterniflora had significantly higher δ¹³C values than those of S. mariqueter, S. alterniflora invasion did not significantly change the ¹³C- isotopic signature of soil emitted CH₄ (p?>?0.05). Generally, the CH₄ emissions from both invasive S. alterniflora and native S. mariqueter soils in the salt marshes of Jiuduansha Island were very low (0.01–0.26 mg m^-2 h^-1), suggesting that S. alterniflora invasion along the east coast of China may not be a significant potential source of atmospheric CH₄.     

Impacts of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the benthic communities of salt marshes in the Yangtze Estuary,China

As a species for ecological engineering, Spartina alterniflora was introduced to Chongming Dongtan in 1995, and over the last 10 years, this species has rapidly invaded large areas of the Chongming Dongtan nature reserve. In this study, use of a normalized biomass size-spectra (NBSS) approach was explored to evaluate the possible impacts of S. alterniflora invasion on the benthic communities along gradients of intertidal zones and the invasion history of S. alterniflora within the nature reserve. The results showed that the characteristics of macrobenthic communities and the variation in macrobenthic communities described by the first two CCA axes revealed clearly the gradients of elevation and invasion history of S. alterniflora. The differences in the macrobenthic assemblages between the Spartina alterniflara marshes and the native Phragmites australis marshes decreased with increasing of invasion history of S. alterniflara. The macrobenthic biomass showed a decreasing trend, while the meiobenthic biomass showed a reverse trend along the elevation gradient. The macrobenthic biomass of S. alterniflora marshes with longer invasion history was higher than that at recently invaded S. alterniflora marshes, while the meiobenthic biomass was lower. The slopes of NBSS for the sampling sites showed a trend of steeper slopes with decreasing of elevation and at the recently invaded S. alterniflora marshes than that at marshes with longer invasion history, while the differences between the native P. australis marshes and the S. alterniflora marshes with long invasion history tended to be diminished. The NBSS approach could thus be used more widely to detect possible impacts of S. alterniflara invasion on benthic assemblages. This study also indicated the potential for this approach to provide valuable insights into the ecosystem ecology of invasive species, which could be very important for wetland biodiversity conservation and resource management in the Yangtze River Estuary and other such impacted areas.     

Utilization of a citizen monitoring protocol to assess the structure and function of natural and stabilized fringing salt marshes in North Carolina

Narrow fringing salt marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora occur naturally along estuarine shorelines and provide many of the same ecological functions as more extensive marshes. These fringing salt marshes are sometimes incorporated into shoreline stabilization efforts. We obtained data on elevation, salinity, sediment characteristics, vegetation and fish utilization at three study sites containing both natural fringing marshes and nearby restored marshes located landward of a stone sill constructed for shoreline stabilization. During the study, sediment accretion rates in the restored marshes were approximately 1.5- to 2-fold greater than those recorded in the natural marshes. Natural fringing marsh sediments were predominantly sandy with a mean organic matter content ranging between 1.5 and 6.0%. Average S. alterniflora stem density in natural marshes ranged between 130 and 222 stems m⁻², while mean maximum stem height exceeded 64 cm. After 3 years, one of the three restored marshes (NCMM) achieved S. alterniflora stem densities equivalent to that of the natural fringing marshes, while percentage cover and maximum stem heights were significantly greater in the natural than in the restored marshes at all sites. There was no significant difference in the mean number of fish, crabs or shrimp captured with fyke nets between the natural and restored marshes, and only the abundance of Palaemonetes vulgaris (grass shrimp) was significantly greater in the natural marshes than in the restored ones. Mean numbers of fish caught per 5 m of marsh front were similar to those reported in the literature from marshes adjacent to tidal creeks and channels, and ranged between 509 and 634 fish net⁻¹. Most of the field data and some of the sample analyses were obtained by volunteers as they contributed 223 h of the total 300 h spent collecting data from three sites in one season. The use of fyke nets required twice as many man-hours as any other single task. Vegetation and sediment parameters were sensitive indicators of marsh restoration success, and volunteers were capable of contributing a significant portion of the labor needed to collect these parameters. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

胶州湾典型河口湿地土壤活性有机碳和酶活性对互花米草入侵的响应

以胶州湾洋河口湿地为研究对象,按照互花米草入侵年份(0、1、5、8年)分层采集土壤样品(0—10、10—20、20—40 cm和40—60 cm),研究土壤活性有机碳(LOC)和酶(脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶)活性的变化,分析土壤活性有机碳和酶活性及两者相关性对互花米草入侵的响应。结果表明:与光滩相比,互花米草入侵增加了表层土壤LOC含量,且随着入侵时间的延长显著增加(P0.05)。同时也改变了土壤LOC垂直分布规律,除光滩和入侵1年样地表现出沿剖面逐渐上升之外,其他样地表现为沿剖面先上升后下降趋势;互花米草入侵提高了河口湿地土壤酶活性,但并未改变酶活性随深度增加而逐渐降低的分布规律。随着入侵时间的延长4种酶活性变化趋势有所差异,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性变化趋势一致,表现为随入侵时间延长先急剧增加后逐渐减少,而碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性随着入侵时间的延长逐渐增加。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,土壤LOC和酶活性呈显著负相关且互花米草入侵时间越长两者间相关性越低,8年后无显著相关性。     

闽江河口湿地不同植被带土壤全硅的含量及分布特征

硅是湿地系统元素循环所关注的重要内容之一,土壤全硅的分布特征与湿地土壤-植物系统活跃程度密切相关。于2016年1-12月,以闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地为研究对象,通过野外原位采样及室内实验分析,对短叶茳芏、短叶茳芏与互花米草交错带、互花米草3种植物类型湿地的土壤全硅含量和储量的变化特征进行观测。结果表明：短叶茳芏、短叶茳芏与互花米草交错带、互花米草湿地土壤全硅的年平均含量依次为197.67、201.21、210.33 mg/g,表现为由陆向海方向逐渐增加的趋势;季节上均呈现秋冬高于春夏的趋势;土壤全硅含量和储量均表现为上部土层（0-30cm）高于下部土层（30-60cm）。经统计分析发现,湿地土壤全硅含量与有机质显著负相关（P < 0.05）,与含水率和pH有极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。除短叶茳芏湿地外,其余2种湿地土壤全硅含量与有效硅含量显著负相关（P < 0.05）。研究闽江河口湿地不同植被带土壤全硅含量和储量及其分布特征,旨在揭示湿地土壤全硅水平在不同类型湿地植被生长影响下的变化过程,为本研究区的硅素研究补充关键数据。     

北部湾大风江口互花米草湿地有机碳储量的分布特征

互花米草被引入我国滨海地区后,经过多年的生长与演替,改变了潮间带原有生态系统的碳储量,而影响机制仍有待深入研究。为进一步探讨互花米草入侵后潮滩有机碳储量演变特征,该文以广西北部湾大风江口入侵约6 a的互花米草湿地为研究对象,分析了2018年8月、11月及2019年1月、3月采集的样品中有机碳及相关理化指标。结果表示:(1)互花米草植物年均地上碳储量为9.68 t·hm~(-2),高于地下根系的5.56 t·hm~(-2);(2)互花米草入侵湿地土壤碳储量显著高于互花米草植物本身,且不同季节中春季土壤碳储量显著高于其他季节;(3)土壤的C/N比值为3.53～9.67,表明互花米草入侵群落有机碳受海源的潮汐输入影响较大;(4)互花米草生态系统总碳储量与土壤碳储量之间呈极显著正相关关系,且季节性变化规律一致;(5)随着入侵时间的延长,互花米草生态系统中有机碳储量呈逐渐增加的趋势,表明互花米草入侵提高了光滩的有机碳储量,并能提高光滩的固碳能力。该文可为科学评价互花米草入侵对光滩碳储量的影响提供参考。