Seston dynamics and tripton sedimentation in the pelagic zone of a shallow eutrophic lake

The transport of organic matter from the water column to the sediment and the relationship between the dynamics of the settleable fraction and that of the total suspended particulate matter were studied in shallow eutrophic Lake Wingra, Wisconsin. Tripton sedimentation was closely related to the dynamics of seston with a lag of 2 to 4 weeks. Sedimentation rate of tripton ranged from 0 to 8 g m^–2 day^–1 (in May and August respectively). Relative t0 the standing crop 0f seston the maximum sedimentation rate was 8% seston per day (in September). The annual tripton sedimentation was estimated at 632 g dry weight or 215 g C per m² which was equivalent t0 55% of the annual phytoplankton production and 42% of the phytoplankton and macrophytes annual production. It was estimated that 70% of the settling organic matter is decomposed annually, consequently only a small fraction 0f tripton is involved in the long term accumulation of bottom deposits. Factors influencing tripton sedimentation are discussed.Research supported by the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome US-IBP, funded by the National Science Foundation under Interagency Agreement AG-199 BMS69-01147 A09 with the Energy Research and Development Administration-Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Contribution N0. 233 from the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome US-IBP.Research supported by the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome US-IBP, funded by the National Science Foundation under Interagency Agreement AG-199 BMS69-01147 A09 with the Energy Research and Development Administration-Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Contribution N0. 233 from the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome US-IBP.     

Analysis of an east tennessee oak hickory forest by canonical correlation of species and environmental parameters

Summary A new multivariate analytical technique, canonical group correlation (CGC) is developed to correlate abiotic and biotic characterization of communities. This technique is applied to the plant communities of a 97.5 ha oak-hickory watershed. This analysis has validated inferences drawn in earlier studies which used only species data. We have concluded that the dominant factors discriminating the four distinct types of vegetation which exist in the region being studied are age and slope position. Slope position is inferred to be correlated with a moisture gradient. This information is depicted by the location of the four community types in two canonical spaces. One space is determined by vegetational parameters (species composition), the other by environmental parameters. A linear transformation between the two spaces is derived. This transformation can be used to predict successional development.Research supported by the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome, US-IBP, funded by the National Sciences Foundation under Interagency Agreement AG-199, 40-193-69 with the Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This is Contribution No. 291 from the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome, US-IBP, and Publication No. 1054, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Nomenclature follows Little (1953).     

Evolution of 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the chromosomes of the virilis group of Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster 5S ribosomal RNA labeled with ¹²⁵I was used as an in situ hybridization probe to localize complementary sequences in chromosomes of species in the Drosophila virilis group. Whereas virilis, the ancestral species, has two different 5S gene loci, the derived species show only one of these loci; in the two lines that have evolved from virilis it is the opposite locus that is conserved. The possible events leading to such an arrangement are discussed.The author was a Predoctoral Fellow supported by Grant GM 1974 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health.Contribution from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, operated by the Union Carbide Corporation for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.     

Inhibition of 5′-nucleotidase by concanavalin A: Evidence for localization on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

Summary 5-Nucleotidase activity of rat liver plasma membrane is markedly inhibited by concanavalin A. Taken together with a unilateral pattern of labelling of concanavalin A binding sites with hemocyanin, the results indicate that an allosteric site of the enzyme is at the outer surface of the membrane.Work supported in part by NIH CA 13145 to D.J. Morré and by U.S. NASA W-12792(05) to J. Shen-Miller. Argonne National Laboratory is operated under the auspices of the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. We thank Keri Safranski, Dorothy Werderitish, and G.T. Chubb for technical assistance     

中条山东段森林乔木树种分布的环境梯度分析与种组划分

利用CCA排序和TWINSPAN分类,探讨了中条山东段森林植被中乔木树种分布与环境梯度的关系,并根据树种在排序图上的相对位置,同时参考相关文献资料,进行了种组划分。结果表明,海拔梯度是影响乔木树种分布的最重要的环境因子,土壤肥力和土壤湿度指数也具有较大的作用。72个树种（含变种）归纳划分为6个种组,即低海拔暖湿型、中低海拔暖燥型、中低海拔温润型、中海拔湿沃型、中高海拔燥瘠型和高海拔冷湿型。每个种组内的树种在生态习性特别是在分布特征上显示出较大的相似性,介绍了各种组分布的生境特征。TWINSPAN分类结果与种组划分吻合较好。     

Comparison of X-ray and gamma-ray dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations in Tradescantia clone 02

Summary Microdosimetric data indicate that the mean specific energy,, produced by individual charged particles from X rays and gamma rays is different for the two radiation qualities by nearly a factor of two. In order to test whether this influences the initial, linear component in the dose-effect relations, a comparison was made between dose-response curves for pink somatic mutations inTradescantia clone 02 stamen hairs following X and gamma irradiations. Absorbed doses ranged from 2.66 to 300 rad. The results are in agreement with predictions made on the basis of microdosimetric data. At low doses gamma rays are substantially less effective than X rays. The RBE of gamma rays vs. X rays at low doses was approximately 0.6, a value lower than those usually reported in other experimental systems.Research supported by Public Health Service Research Grant No. CA-12536 from the National Cancer Institute and the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration at Brookhaven National Laboratory. By acceptance of the article, the publisher and/or recipient acknowledges the U.S. Government's right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright concerning this paper     

珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区高山杜鹃群落多样性研究

根据野外样方调查数据,采用双向种指示分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(DCCA),对珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区高山杜鹃灌丛群落进行分类和排序,并分析物种多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局。结果表明:(1)该研究区域38个高山杜鹃样地中,共记载的维管束植物有35科68属135种,出现频度较高的种有高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)、高山大戟(Euphorbia stracheyi)、髯花杜鹃(Rhododendron anthopogon)、雪层杜鹃(R.nivale)、扫帚岩须(Cassiope fastigiata)、鳞腺杜鹃(R.lepidotum)、木根香青(Anaphalis xylorhiza)、刚毛杜鹃(R.setosum)等。(2)TWINSPAN等级分类将该区域高山杜鹃灌丛38个样地划分为14个群丛类型。(3)样地DCCA二维排序图结果表明,土壤类型和海拔是影响该区域高山杜鹃灌丛群落分布格局的主要因子。(4)该区域高山杜鹃灌丛群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数与海拔呈显著负相关关系,随着海拔的升高而不断降低;而Pielou指数与海拔之间并无显著相关关系。     

Ectopic pairing and evolution of 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the chromosomes of Drosophila funebris

5S ribosomal RNA from Drosophila melanogaster labeled with ¹²⁵I was used to locate the 5S rRNA genes in chromosomes of D. funebris by means of in situ hybridization. Silver grains were observed at three distinct sites, one of which was a recognized reverse repeat. Only one half of the reverse repeat, however, hybridizes with 5S rRNA and the significance of this phenomenon is discussed. A case of ectopic pairing between two different 5S sites in the genome is reported, and the significance of ectopic pairing is considered.The author was a Predoctoral Fellow supported by Grant GM 1974 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health.Contribution from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, operated by the Union Carbide Corporation for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.     

Evolution of mammalian carbonic anhydrase loci by tandem duplication: Close linkage of Car-1 and Car-2 to the centromere region of chromosome 3 of the mouse

Electrophoretic variants of two carbonic anhydrase enzymes, CAR-1 (CA I) and CAR-2 (CA II), have been found in the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. These two loci are closely linked to each other and are located on chromosome 3 near its centromere. The close linkage of Car-1 and Car-2 supports the hypothesis that the present-day carbonic anhydrase loci are the result of tandem duplication of an earlier carbonic anhydrase locus with subsequent divergence. The red blood cells of mice of the subspecies M. m. casteneus have significantly reduced levels of CAR-1 and CAR-2.This research was supported in part by Research Grants GM-20919 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and CA-01074 from the National Cancer Institute, and by Contracts E(11-1)-3267 with the Energy Research and Development Administration and NO1-ES-4-2159 with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The Jackson Laboratory is fully certified by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

The taxonomic distribution of rare and common species among families in the vascular plant flora of Fennoscandia

Many plant traits are not randomly distributed among families. The question considered here is ‘are rarity and commonness of vascular plants in Fennoscandia randomly distributed among families?’ If more rare or more common species are found within a family, this may give some initial indications about which traits may predict rarity and commonness of species. A species was defined as rare or common based on its abundance and on the number of grid squares it occupies. 1521 naturally occurring species in 229 75×75 km grid squares were used. Permutation tests were performed to assess statistically if rarity and commonness are randomly distributed among families. Several families can be identified as having more rare or more common species than would be expected under a random allocation model. However, there are little deviations from what would be expected if rarity and commonness were randomly distributed among families in the whole Fennoscandian flora. It is proposed that the arbitrary geographical limits of the study area may account for the lack of any clear patterns of rarity and commonness among and between families.     

Rarity, commonness, and patterns of species richness: the mammals of Mexico

Aim To determine whether rare or common species contribute most to overall patterns of spatial variation in extant species richness. Location Mexico. Methods Using data on the distribution of mammal species across Mexico at a quarter degree resolution, we ranked species from the most widespread to the most restricted (common‐to‐rare) within the study area, and from the most restricted to the most widespread (rare‐to‐common), and generated a sequence of patterns of species richness for increasing numbers of species. At each stage along both series of richness patterns, we correlated the species richness pattern for the subassemblage with that of the full assemblage. This allows comparison of subassemblages of the n most common with the n most rare species, in terms of how well they match the full assemblage richness pattern. Further analyses examined the effects on these patterns of correlation of the amount of raw information contained in the distributions of given numbers of rare and common species. Results For the mammals of Mexico the more widely distributed species contribute disproportionately to patterns of species richness compared with more restricted species, particularly for non‐volant species and endemic species. This is not simply a consequence of differences in the volumes of information contained in the distributions of rare and common species, with the disproportionate contribution of common species if anything being sharpened when these differences are taken into account. The pattern is most clearly demonstrated by endemic species, suggesting that the contribution of common species is clearest when the causes of rarity and commonness are limited to those genuinely resulting in narrow and widespread geographical ranges, respectively, rather than artificial (e.g. geopolitical) boundaries to the extents of study regions. Conclusions Perhaps surprisingly, an understanding of the determinants of overall patterns of species richness may gain most from consideration of why common species occur in some areas and are absent from others, rather than consideration of the distributions of rare species.     

Determinants of species rarity: population growth rates of species sharing the same habitat

Determining differences between common and rare species is commonly used to identify factors responsible for rarity. Existing studies, however, suffer from two important drawbacks. First, studies compare species that are closely related phylogenetically but occupy different habitats. Second, these studies concentrate on single life history traits, with unknown relevance for population growth rates. Complete life cycles of one rare and one common Cirsium species sharing the same habitat were compared. Population growth rate was slightly lower in the rare species, translating into a large difference in local extinction probability. Seed predation intensity did not differ between species. However, it can be demonstrated that in connection with the data on complete demography, seed predation is the key factor causing a lower population growth rate in the rare species. These results are the first estimation of factors responsible for commonness or rarity of plants in terms of population growth rate without confounding differences in ecology. They demonstrate that conclusions based on single traits may be misleading and that only a comparison based on a complete life cycle can provide unequivocal evidence for concluding which factors are really those responsible for species commonness or rarity.     

Commonness patterns and the size of the species pool along a tropical elevational gradient: insights using a new quantitative tool

The goal of this study was a quantitative assessment of two‐dimensional commonness in the lowland, dry, and montane tropical forests of the Madidi region (Bolivia). This region spans a large elevational and environmental gradient, with great diversity differences among sites. We aimed to correlate commonness patterns at different scales with elevation and with the size of the species pool. We also developed 1) a measure of ecological commonness and 2) a criterion to separate common from uncommon species; both based on the h index of academic productivity. With this approach, we calculated the 1) mean commonness of all species of the community; 2) proportion of common species of the community; and 3) mean commonness of the common species. The results showed that the commonness patterns in the Madidi region are strongly linked to the size of the species pool, independently of the environmental heterogeneity involved and the type of forest and spatial scale considered. Although these factors do not affect the general quality of the community, they do influence differences in commonness among species. Overall, we identified strong support for the oligarchy hypothesis, regardless of the strength of the pattern, and conclude that a quantitative approach to commonness could lead to great insights into community structure.     

Tertiary trisomy, 47,XX,+14q-, resulting from maternal balanced translocation, 46,XX,t(14;16)(q11;q24)

Summary A 3-year-old child with tertiary trisomy 14 (+14q-), daughter of a mother with a balanced reciprocal translocation [46,XX,t(14;16) (q11;q24)] is presented. Craniostenosis and developmental retardation were the primary presenting features in this patient.Operated by the University of Chicago for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.This study was supported by the South Carolina Department of Mental Health.     

珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区小叶金露梅灌丛群落数量分类和排序及其多样性垂直格局

根据野外样方调查数据,采用双向种指示分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA),对珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区小叶金露梅灌丛群落进行分类和排序,并分析物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。结果表明:(1)该区域24个样地中,记载的维管束植物共有23科45属80种,出现频度较高的种有小叶金露梅(Potentilla parvifolia)、高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、木根香青(Anaphalis xylorhiza)、垫状点地梅(Androsace tapete)、藏沙蒿(Artemisia wellbyi)、垫状雪灵芝(Arenaria pulvinata)和柴胡红景天(Rhodiola bupleuroides)等。(2)经TWINSPAN等级分类将该区域小叶金露梅灌丛24个样地划分为10个群丛类型。(3)样地和物种CCA二维排序结果表明,海拔和坡位是影响该区域小叶金露梅灌丛群落和物种分布格局的主要环境因子。(4)该区域小叶金露梅灌丛群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均随海拔升高呈下降的趋势,而Pielou指数呈上升的趋势。(5)样地中优势种小叶金露梅的盖度和高度沿海拔梯度呈显著下降趋势。     

Isolation and characterization of pteridines from heads of Drosophila melanogaster by a modified thin-layer chromatography procedure

An improved thin-layer chromatography technique is described for the separation of fluorescent compounds found in extracts of heads of Drosophila melanogaster. Eighteen to twenty fluorescent spots are resolved, two of which are xanthurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine, and the remaining spots are presumably pteridines. Of these, nine have been identified and quantitated directly on the chromatograms with a fluorometer. One of the spots present on the chromatogram apparently has not been described previous to this work. Characteristics of this substance, termed quench spot, are presented, several of which indicate that it may be a pteridine or pteridine derivative.T. G. W. is a predoctoral trainee supported by Grant GM 1974 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health.The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.     

Metabolic model and dosimetric data for copper

A metabolic model for copper is derived and presented in the context of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) dosimetry models for the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Research sponsored by the Energy Research and Development Administration under contract with Union Carbide Corporation.     

Isozyme variability in species of the genus Drosophila. VIII. The alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in north carolina populations of D. melanogaster

Adult Drosophila melanogaster flies collected from populations broadly dispersed over ecological and geographic strata of North Carolina, and over a period of 4 years, were analyzed for alcohol dehydrogenase phenotypes by gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies in spring-summer-fall field collections were remarkably stable over all strata. Two winter collections exhibited contrasting gene frequency changes. In one case the results are interpreted in terms of long-distance migration from Florida, while the other is explicable by assignment of a causal role to environmental factors which accompany the winter season.This investigation was supported in part by NIH Research Grant No. GM11546 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and by Contract No. AT-(40-1)-3980 from the United States Atomic Energy Commission.Paper No. 4719 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina 27609.     

Accounting for the capacity of common and rare species to contribute to diversity spatial patterns: Is it a sampling issue or a biological effect?

The contribution of common species to overall species richness in many cases is greater than that of rare species. However, the explanation of this phenomenon remains vague. One hypothesis is that this is a sampling issue and not a biological one. Therefore standardization methods like the information index and empirical variance have been proposed. But, these standardizations do not explicitly compare the significance of the dataset size of the common and rare sub-assemblage. Here, we investigate the role of dataset size in accounting for the capacity of common and rare species to contribute to diversity spatial patterns. We used a dataset of 5148 vascular plant species recorded in 16,439 sample plots in the Greek Natura 2000 network. Species were ranked according to the number of sample plots they occupied in ascending (rare to common), descending (common to rare) and random order. We analyzed the correlation between the richness of each sub-assemblage and total species richness. When comparing among sub-assemblages with equal number of species, common species are clearly the better predictors of total species richness. But, when comparing among sub-assemblages with equal number of occurrence records, the patterns changed. Common and rare species contribution to the overall richness pattern was comparable, with rare species contributing slightly less than widespread species in some cases and the opposite in other cases. However in all cases, sub-assemblages of random species remarkably outperformed the equal sized sub-assemblages of common or rare species. Our results suggest that common and rare species are biased samples of the community and that equal sized random samples are more representative; thus the greater contribution of common species than rare species to biodiversity patterns might be more a sampling issue than a biological effect of commonness or rarity.     

Land cover differentially affects abundance of common and rare birds

While rare species are vulnerable to global change, large declines in common species (i.e., those with large population sizes, large geographic distributions, and/or that are habitat generalists) also are of conservation concern. Understanding if and how commonness mediates species' responses to global change, including land cover change, can help guide conservation strategies. We explored avian population responses to land cover change along a gradient from common to rare species using avian data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and land cover data from the National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States. Specifically, we used generalized linear mixed effects models to ask if species' commonness affected the relationship between land cover and counts, using the initial amount of and change in land cover surrounding each North American BBS route from 2001 to 2016. We quantified species' commonness as a continuous metric at the national scale using the logarithm (base 10) of each species' total count across all routes in the conterminous United States in 2001. For our focal 15-year period, we found that higher proportions of initial natural land cover favored (i.e., were correlated with higher) counts of rare but not common species. We also found that commonness mediated how change in human land cover, but not natural land cover, was associated with species' counts at the end of the study period. Increases in developed lands did not favor counts of any species. Increases in agriculture and declines in pasture favored counts of common but not rare species. Our findings show a signal of commonness in how species respond to a major dimension of global change. Evaluating how and why commonness mediates species' responses to land cover change can help managers design conservation portfolios that sustain the spectrum of common to rare species.