代谢途径抑制剂及前体对海洋红树林内生真菌No.1403产抗肿瘤化合物1403C的影响

采用酶抑制剂法和前体喂养试验法初步研究了结构新颖的活性蒽醌化合物1403C的合成途径.研究表明,甲羟戊酸合成途径的关键酶抑制剂邻氨基苯甲酸、柠檬酸三钠对单位菌体1403C产量影响比较小;莽草酸途径关键酶氨基苯甲酸合成酶的抑制剂三甲胺在低浓度时(3、6 mmol/L)对单位菌体1403C产量没有影响,而高浓度(12 mmol/L)时由于较大程度改变发酵液pH而降低了单位菌体1403C产量;莽草酸途径中间产物莽草酸的添加对单位菌体1403C产量没有明显的影响;添加聚酮合成途径聚酮合酶的专一性抑制剂碘乙酰胺对1403C的合成产生强烈的抑制,抑制程度达94.2%;添加丙二酸对1403C的合成有较大的促进作用,单位菌体1403C产量最大增加了59.2%.乙酸钠和丙二酸混合比例为1∶ 4时对单位菌体1403C产量具有最大促进作用,最大提高量为102.7%.由此推断Halorosellinia sp.(No.1403)可能通过聚酮途径合成1403C.     

脂肪酸代谢途径影响聚酮化合物生物合成的机制及应用研究进展

聚酮化合物（PKs）作为一大类次级代谢产物，有着重要的生物活性和潜在的应用价值。链霉菌具有合成多种聚酮化合物的潜力，但野生型菌株合成聚酮化合物的产量难以满足工业化生产的需求。贮藏脂质的降解能为聚酮化合物生物合成提供大量的酰基CoA前体，因此，控制好脂肪酸与聚酮化合物生物合成通量，有利于促进目标聚酮化合物的合成。本文综述了强化脂肪酸β-氧化途径提高聚酮化合物产量的研究进展，为利用β-氧化途径促进聚酮化合物生物合成提供了新的研究策略。     

几种酶活抑制剂对红曲霉色素合成的影响

红曲色素是天然安全的色素和防腐剂,根据代谢数据库选择了6种代谢途径关键酶的抑制剂,在基本培养基中考察这些抑制剂对红曲霉生长和合成色素的影响。甲羟戊酸合成途径的抑制剂邻氨基苯甲酸和3,4-二羟苯甲酸对红曲霉生长和色素生物合成都没有影响;莽草酸途径关键酶氨基苯甲酸合成酶的抑制剂三甲胺不抑制红曲霉的生长和色素的合成。在不影响红曲霉生长的浓度范围内,聚酮途径中β-酮酯酰-ACP合成酶的专性抑制剂碘乙酰胺(0.5mmol/L)抑制红曲色素合成程度达64.7%,非专性抑制剂咪唑(1mmol/L)抑制幅度达60%,聚酮途径硫酯酶的抑制剂2,4-二硝基氟苯(0.5mmol/L)强烈抑制红曲霉合成色素的活性,抑制程度达91.5%。相关酶活抑制的试验数据显示红曲霉可能经过聚酮途径合成红曲色素。     

磷甘霉素和洛伐它汀处理对中国红豆杉悬浮培养细胞生物合成紫杉醇的影响

采用非甲羟戊酸途径抑制剂磷甘霉素和甲羟戊酸途径抑制剂洛伐它汀对中国红豆杉悬浮细胞培养物进行处理.在添加和未添加茉莉酸甲酯诱导的情况下,前者使紫杉醇产量减少了2/5和1/5,后者使紫杉醇产量减少了1/6和1/10,表明两种途径对紫杉醇的生物合成都具有贡献,其中非甲羟戊酸途径贡献较大;通过定量PCR技术分别检测两条途径的关键酶5-磷酸脱氧木酮糖还原异构酶(DXR)和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)mRNA水平的变化,发现两种抑制剂都能够激活hmgr和dxr的转录,表明两种代谢途径之间存在协同作用,共同为紫杉醇的生物合成提供前体.     

链霉菌中高效生产聚酮化合物的研究方法及进展北大核心CSCD

聚酮化合物是通过聚酮合成途径产生的一大类结构和生物活性多样的次级代谢产物,是链霉菌产生的主要次级代谢产物,具有重要的经济价值。为了在链霉菌中提高聚酮化合物产量,以满足工业生产需求,近年来,代谢工程的方法被广泛应用,例如,过表达合成途径中限速酶或途径特异性激活蛋白、强化前体供应、去除产物反馈抑制、合成基因簇异源表达等。本文将从代谢工程改造实例入手,全面综述链霉菌中聚酮化合物高效生物合成的研究方法及进展,并对利用合成生物学策略智能动态适配各个相关途径,进而提高该类化合物产量的研究思路进行展望。     

生物合成聚3-羟基丙酸酯的研究进展

聚3-羟基丙酸酯(P3HP)作为聚羟基脂肪酸酯家族(PHAs)中的新型热塑性塑料,具有生物降解性和生物相容性等优点。目前,未见野生微生物可以合成P3HP的报道,生产途径主要为化学法和生物法。其中,通过化学法或添加3-HP单体及其结构类似物作为前体的P3HP合成效率低、成本高且不具环保性;而通过构建和改造工程菌的生物代谢途径,能够利用廉价、可再生的碳源,已经逐渐成为研究热点。文中综述了国内外P3HP生物合成研究进展,并对甘油途径、丙二酸单酰辅酶A(Malonyl-Co A)途径和β-丙氨酸途径等合成方法进行了优缺点分析,为生物合成P3HP的深入研究奠定理论基础。     

强化乙酰辅酶A供应对裂殖壶菌合成二十二碳六烯酸的影响

细胞液中乙酰辅酶A的持续供应是脂肪酸高效积累的必要条件。考虑到甲羟戊酸和脂肪酸合成途径共用相同的前体乙酰辅酶A,抑制甲羟戊酸途径可能促使更多的乙酰辅酶A流向脂肪酸合成。通过添加前体物质或/和甲羟戊酸途径酶的抑制剂以强化乙酰辅酶A的供应,即在裂殖壶菌发酵起始或/和后期添加乙酸、发酵起始添加甲羟戊酸途径酶的抑制剂辛伐他汀或柠檬酸、发酵起始同时添加乙酸和辛伐他汀或柠檬酸并考察其对裂殖壶菌合成二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA)的影响,结果发现发酵起始同时添加6mmol/L的乙酸和1μmol/L的辛伐他汀时,DHA产量最高,达到13.21g/L,比对照提高了46.61%。     

甘油对粒毛盘菌DP5胞外多酚积累的影响

【目的】探明以甘油为碳源促进粒毛盘菌DP5积累多酚的可能原因。【方法】对碳源种类、甘油浓度、曲酸、抑制剂和前体等对多酚产量和生物量的影响进行分析。【结果】以甘油为碳源,能显著提高粒毛盘菌胞外多酚产量。甘油浓度为20 g/L时,胞外多酚产量最高,达到0.664 g GAE/L,并在发酵液中检测到曲酸,其含量为0.25 g/L。向以蔗糖为碳源的发酵液添加曲酸,胞外多酚含量从0.209 g GAE/L提高至0.376 g GAE/L。以甘油为碳源的发酵液中,酚氧化酶活性较低。粒毛盘菌DP5通过莽草酸途径和聚酮途径合成多酚,甘油有利于莽草酸途径和聚酮途径前体物质的合成。【结论】粒毛盘菌以甘油为碳源合成出曲酸,曲酸抑制多酚向黑色素的转化;甘油促进多酚前体的合成,从而提高了粒毛盘菌胞外多酚的积累量。     

链霉菌来源的苯并异色烷醌家族抗生素的生物合成

苯并异色烷醌(benzoisochromanequinones,BIQs)家族抗生素是由链霉菌产生的聚酮类抗生素,其芳香聚酮母核结构中含有并联的两个芳香环和一个吡喃环,具有抗菌、抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性。BIQ抗生素聚酮链的早期生物合成过程代表了芳香聚酮抗生素母核的典型合成机制,而不同的后期修饰则决定了它们结构和生物学活性的多样性。在过去的二十几年中,以放线紫红素和美达霉素为研究重点,BIQ家族抗生素的生物合成机制逐渐得到揭示,但在后期结构修饰方面仍有许多问题有待解决。本文对BIQ家族抗生素的生物合成机制研究进行了综述,比较了不同BIQ家族抗生素结构特点、生物学活性,并重点阐述了它们生物合成中的后期结构修饰和调控过程的研究进展,并对BIQ抗生素在代谢工程方面的研究进行了展望。     

聚酮类抗生素生物合成基因簇间的关系

<正>放线菌基因组测序显示基因组中平均有超过20个以上的次生代谢生物合成基因簇,但通常放线菌在试验条件下能检测到的产物仅有2-3个,因此这些次生代谢生物合成基因簇引起了研究者的极大关注,期望通过基因组的挖掘来发现新的代谢产物。除虫链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)产生的16元大环内酯化合物阿维菌素及衍生物被广泛用于防治动植物的线虫类和节肢动物类害虫[1-2]。除虫链霉菌的基因组中,除了阿维菌素生物合成基因簇外,还有其它11种聚酮合成酶类(Polyketide synthesase,PKS)抗生素生物合成基因簇[3]。由于聚酮化合物生物合     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.