Ovarian development rates in the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana

Rates of ovarian development in relation to temperature were determined for autogenous females of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana. Percentage durations of the different ovarian stages (scaled 2–10) were estimated on the basis of observed lengths of the developing oocytes. Mean durations (h) of each ovarian stage was determined at 20, 25, 28 and 35°C. A model of ovarian development rate (%/d) in relation to temperature (T) is presented, the fitted curve being give by R(T)=EXP (–2.73+0.362T–0.0055T²).     

Specific detection of the Old World screwworm fly,Chrysomya bezziana,in bulk fly trap catches using real‐time PCR

The Old World screwworm fly (OWS), Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is a myiasis‐causing blowfly of major concern for both animals and humans. Surveillance traps are used in several countries for early detection of incursions and to monitor control strategies. Examination of surveillance trap catches is time‐consuming and is complicated by the presence of morphologically similar flies that are difficult to differentiate from Ch. bezziana, especially when the condition of specimens is poor. A molecular‐based method to confirm or refute the presence of Ch. bezziana in trap catches would greatly simplify monitoring programmes. A species‐specific real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed to target the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (rDNA ITS1) of Ch. bezziana. The assay uses both species‐specific primers and an OWS‐specific Taqman^® MGB probe. Specificity was confirmed against morphologically similar and related Chrysomya and Cochliomyia species. An optimal extraction protocol was developed to process trap catches of up to 1000 flies and the assay is sensitive enough to detect one Ch. bezziana in a sample of 1000 non‐target species. Blind testing of 29 trap catches from Australia and Malaysia detected Ch. bezziana with 100% accuracy. The probability of detecting OWS in a trap catch of 50 000 flies when the OWS population prevalence is low (one in 1000 flies) is 63.6% for one extraction. For three extractions (3000 flies), the probability of detection increases to 95.5%. The real‐time PCR assay, used in conjunction with morphology, will greatly increase screening capabilities in surveillance areas where OWS prevalence is low.     

Ingestion of food by the adult screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

When females of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve, were given a choice of solutions of protein, sucrose and water, their protein intake was substantial only on days 2, 3 and 4 after emergence, and during the 3 days following the first oviposition. Protein consumption by males remained consistently low for 10 days following emergence.Protein ingestion by laboratory-bred autogenous and anautogenous females, autogenous wild females of C. bezziana, and females of the anautogenous blowly species, Chrysomya megacephala (F), was compared. During the first ovarian cycle (days 1–6), protein solution accounted for 9.5% and 9.4% of the total liquid intake of laboratory-bred and wild anautogenous females of C. bezziana. Protein ingestion by C. megacephala females during the first ovarian cycle represented 23% of the total liquids. During the second ovarian cycle in C. bezziana, protein ingestion represented 21% of total liquids.The presence of dry sucrose or sucrose solution of high concentration depressed protein intake during the first ovarian cycle in C. bezziana.Most feeding by females occurred during the photophase with early morning and late evening peaks in carbohydrate ingestion and a late afternoon peak in protein ingestion.The ecological implications of the results are discussed.

---

Résumé Quand les femelles de Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve ont le choix entre des solutions de protéine, de sucrose et d'eau, la consommation de protéines n'est importante que lesond, troisième et quatrième jours après l'émergence, et pendant les 3 jours suivant la première ponte. La consommation de protéines par les mâles reste faible pendant les 10 jours qui suivent l'émergence.Les consommations de protéines par des femmelles de Chrysomya bezziana (sauvages autogènes, elevées en laboratoire autogènes et anautogènes) et par des femelles de l'espèce anautogène Chrysomya megacephala F. ont été comparées. Pendant le premier cycle ovarien (jours 1 à 6) les solutions de protéine ingérées par les femelles autogènes (issues du laboratoire et sauvages de Chrysomya bezziana) correspondent respectivement à 9,5% et 9,4% du liquide total absorbé. Pendant le premier cycle ovarien la quantité de protéine ingérée par les femelles de Chrysomya megacephala représente 23% du liquide absorbé total. Pendant le second cycle ovarien de Chrysomya bezziana, les protéines ingérées représentent 21% de l'absorption totale de liquide.La présence de sucrose sec ou en liquide à concentration élevée réduit la consommation de protéines pendant le premier cycle ovarien de Chrysomya bezziana.L'essentiel de l'alimentation des femelles en carbohydrates a lieu pendant la photophase avec des pics tôt le matin et tard le soir, et avec un pic en find d'après midi pour les protéines.Les conséquences écologiques de ces résultats sont discutées.

     

The life expectancy of phlebotomine sandflies: first field estimates from southern France

Abstract. 1. A field study of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, the vector of Leishmania infantum Nicolle in southern France, addressed the following questions: Is it possible to estimate reliably the life expectancy of this sandfly; can spatial or temporal variation in the life expectancy be detected, and is such variation significant for disease transmission? 2. Life expectancy was estimated by examining follicular relics in the ovaries of more than ten thousand females caught in light traps at seven sites in the Cévennes and the Garrigues, throughout their active period in 1985 and 1986. Whilst the distinction between nulliparous and parous flies was easily made, assessments of the number of times a parous fly had laid eggs were unreliable. Best estimates of life expectancy were therefore calculated from the parous rate. 3. Large samples collected from one site in the Cevennes in both years gave very similar estimates of life expectancy. 4. There was also no significant difference between estimates obtained from the Cévennes and the Garrigues, despite their distinct vegetation and climates. Therefore, large regional differences in sandfly population size and the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis cannot be explained by a difference in adult survival rate. 5. With no systematic annual or regional variation, a useful mean life expectancy can be calculated from the data collected at all sites in both years. It is 1.54 (SE 0.04) ovarian cycles. However, this estimate is sensitive to the assumption that survival rate is a discrete rather than a continuous variable. 6. Local variation in the parous rate may be associated with the proximity of traps to P.ariasi emergence sites.     

Oosorption during ovarian development in the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana

The majority of wild and laboratory-reared Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are autogenous, maturing their ovaries during the first ovarian cycle in the absence of external sources of protein. Very few females mature all their oocytes however, resorption occurring in approximately 30% of oocytes if protein is not available and 10% when protein is ingested. Protein-fed flies produce larger eggs than protein-deprived ones. Females which are underfed as larvae are small and anautogenous, requiring external sources of protein to mature their ovaries. Protein-fed autogenous and anautogenous females mature a similar proportion of oocytes. During the second and subsequent ovarian cycles C. bezziana females are physiologically anautogenous although ad lib. protein feeding during the first ovarian cycle results in most females reaching an early stage of vitellogenesis in the second ovarian cycle. Protein-deprived females cease second cycle development in a previtellogenic stage. When females are given access ad lib. to protein, approximately 16% fewer oocytes are matured in the second and subsequent ovarian cycles than in the first cycle. Oosorption occurs during the early stages of vitellogenesis (stages IV–VI) and follows a similar temporal pattern in successive ovarian cycles.

---

Résumé La plupart des femelles de C. bezziana provenant de populations naturelles ou d'élevages au laboratoire sont autogènes, leurs ovocytes murissent sans apport externe de protéines au premier cycle ovarien. Chez très peu de femelles tous les ovocytes murissent; environ 30% d'entre eux sont résorbés sans, et 10% avec ingestion de protéines. Les mouches nourries de protéines ont des oeufs légèrement plus grands (1,31 à 1,33 mm de long) que celles privées de protéines (1,29 mm). Les femelles issues de larves sousalimentées sont de taille réduite, non-autogènes, et leurs ovocytes exigent un apport externe de protéines pour mûrir. 88% à 90% des ovocytes des femelles autogènes ou non nourries de protéines parviennent à maturité. A partir du second cycle ovarien, aucune femelle n'est autogène; 56% de celles qui ont disposé de protéines à discrétion pendant le premier cycle ovarien atteignent un stade précoce de vitellogenèse au second. Les femelles privées de protéines ne dépassent pas un stade de prévitellogenèse au second cycle ovarien. Le nombre d'ovocytes parvenant à maturité au cours du cycle second et des suivants n'est diminué que d'environ 16% par rapport au premier cycle si les femelles ont libre accès aux protéines. Quel que soit le cycle ovarien, la résopption a lieu à un stade précoce de vitellogenèse (stade IV à VI) et se déroule de manière comparable dans tous les cycles.

     

Mortality rate, reproductive output, and trap response bias in populations of the blowfly Lucilia sericata

1. The ages of 877 females of the blowfly Lucilia sericata, collected from two farms in south-west England between May and September 1996, were determined using a combination of ovarian dissection and wing fray analysis. 2. Using survivorship analysis, the mortality rates over the entire field season were estimated to be 2.2 and 1.9% per day-degree at the two farms, respectively. These gave a mean life expectancy of 46 and 53 day-degrees, and a lifetime reproductive output of 130 and 172 eggs per female. 3. The mortality rate remained relatively constant over time, with one exception, the first sample of the season when no older flies were present, indicating that underlying changes in demography (emergence and senescence of generations) over the field season were not sufficient to affect the rates calculated by survivorship analysis. 4. The response of L. sericata to liver-baited traps was affected strongly by age and reproductive status, with gravid females and females in the early stages of ovarian development being most markedly over-represented relative to other age categories.     

Characterization of age and cuticular hydrocarbon variation in mating pairs of house fly,Musca domestica,collected in the field

House flies, Musca domestica L., were collected in copula over two summers from six dairies located in three climatically distinct regions in the U.S.A. southern California, Minnesota and Georgia. Ages of males and females from a total of 511 mating pairs were estimated using pterin analysis. Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and gonotrophic ages of females also were evaluated. Mean age of mating males ranged from 54 to 102 degree‐days (DD) (4–10 days based on field air temperatures), depending on the farm. Very young males (< 10–20 DD) and old males (> 200 DD) were rare in mating pairs. Mean female age at mating ranged from 20 to 46 DD (2.5–4 days). All mating females had eggs in the early stages of vitellogenesis and 99.2% were nulliparous. However, some older and parous females were collected, demonstrating that re‐mating can occur in the field. Head width measurements of mating pairs suggested that assortative mating by size did not occur. The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of females were determined, with emphasis on (Z)‐9‐tricosene (muscalure). Overall, only 55% of mating females had detectable amounts (> 4 ηg per fly) of (Z)‐9‐tricosene. Of the females that had detectable (Z)‐9‐tricosene, variation in amount per female was high in all fly populations, and thus was not statistically related to the size or age of the mating female. The proportion of mating females with detectable levels of (Z)‐9‐tricosene varied by geographic region. Seventy‐one, 63, and 27% of females from southern California, Minnesota and Georgia had detectable amounts of (Z)‐9‐tricosene. Principal components analysis of the eight most abundant hydrocarbons from mating females, by state, revealed state‐level distinctiveness of hydrocarbons in house fly populations, which may reflect genetic variation associated with environmental stresses in those geographical zones.     

瓜实蝇卵巢的发育阶段及分级

瓜实蝇是热带和亚热带地区最重要的经济害虫之一。本研究拟对卵巢发育进行分级,以判断田间捕获的瓜实蝇是否达到性成熟。室内饲养瓜实蝇成虫,对开始羽化至羽化后80 d的不同日龄成虫卵巢进行解剖,并记录了卵巢长度、卵巢宽度、卵巢指数（卵巢长度＆#215;卵巢宽度）和所含卵粒数。将瓜实蝇卵巢发育过程分为4期6个级别,分别为卵黄发生前期（Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级）、卵黄发生期（Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级）、抱卵期（Ⅴ级）、经产期（Ⅵ级）。随着卵巢的发育,Ⅰ～Ⅴ级卵巢长度和宽度迅速增长,卵巢发育成熟开始产卵以后,Ⅵ级卵巢长度和宽度逐渐减小。Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级卵巢长度与宽度大致相等,以后各期卵巢长度均大于宽度。Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级可见清晰的卵室,卵母细胞迅速增长,卵黄逐渐沉积。Ⅴ级可见清晰的卵粒,整个卵巢呈圆柱状。Ⅵ级开始排出卵子,所含卵粒数显著少于Ⅴ级;虽然此级卵巢长度大于Ⅳ级,但卵巢宽度、卵巢指数与Ⅳ级基本一致;Ⅵ级卵巢可见黄体,可结合黄体判定卵巢所处发育级别。本研究对评估粘虫板捕获的瓜实蝇雌虫生理日龄结构有潜在应用价值。     

Age distribution of adult female screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae) captured on sentinel animals in the coastal lowlands of Guatemala

The age structure of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), populations was studied in the Guatemalan lowlands with the pteridine technique of age determination. Flies (95% were 4-15 d old) were captured on sentinel animals. Mean age was 7.5 d. The oldest fly captured was 21 d old. Most flies visiting wounds were reproductively mature females. Of these, about one-half oviposited once, one-third oviposited twice, and 1 in 10 completed three ovarian cycles (assuming a 3-d interval between clutches). Periodicity in adult capture rates may be related to the reproductive cycle. Results suggest that local populations are composed of a high proportion of synchronized cohorts.     

Facultative blood-feeding in the crabhole mosquito, Deinocerites cancer

1. Most of the female crabhole mosquitoes Deinocerites cancer Theobald entering bait traps had undeveloped ovaries. 2. Nearly half of the D. cancer females that were captured in bait traps, but denied blood, were gravid following a 1 week holding period; they developed relatively small egg clutches autogenously (mean = 7.4 eggs per gravid female). 3. Although both parous and nulliparous D. cancer females were captured exiting from crabholes, only parous females were attracted to and collected in bait traps. 4. Much larger egg clutches (mean = 41.8 eggs per female) were produced anautogenously by mosquitoes that blood-fed on chickens. 5. All D. cancer females from field collected pupae developed eggs autogenously when allowed to mate and sugar feed in the laboratory. These mosquitoes produced an initial egg clutch with a mean size equivalent to that found in blood-fed, parous mosquitoes from bait traps. 6. In the field, mating and sugar feeding rather than blood-feeding seem to stimulate production of the initial egg clutch. 7. D. cancer blood-feeding appears to be delayed until after the first egg clutch has been laid; some parous crabhole mosquitoes are facultative blood feeders and can produce an egg clutch either with or without a blood meal.     

Ovarian development status and population characteristics of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål): implications for pest forecasting

Migratory behaviour in insects correlates with reproductive development in females, and migration often occurs during the pre‐reproductive stage of adults. The relationship between ovarian development and population status of the white‐backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) was evaluated. Females of both species were captured in rice fields and light traps and then dissected in double‐season rice‐farming regions of southern China. The ovarian development of S. furcifera and N. lugens was divided into five levels, following previous studies. The population statuses of both species were examined based on the ovarian development of female adults caught in rice paddies. The ovarian development in N. lugens females caught in light traps mostly ranged from level I to level II, whereas that in S. furcifera females caught in light traps mostly ranged from level I to level III. During peak immigration, ovarian development in N. lugens females was mainly at level II, whereas that in S. furcifera females was mainly at level II and sporadically at level III. During peak emigration, both S. furcifera and N. lugens showed level I ovarian development. The temporal dynamics of ovarian development in light trap catches revealed that (i) significant emigration and partial immigration periods occur in S. furcifera, with ovarian development mainly at level I and sporadically from level II to level III and (ii) numerous immigrants of N. lugens were detected during sedentary and local breeding periods. The temporal dynamics of ovarian development provides more information than does the paddy population. Thus, this study proposes another method for pest forecasting, which is more precise and efficient than conventional forecasting methods such as light trap catching and monitoring population dynamics in rice fields.     

Number of reproductive cycles of Varroa jacobsoni in honey-bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Very little data exists concerning the number of reproductive cycles performed by individual Varroa mites. To understand the population dynamics of the Varroa mite it is necessary to know the number of fertile female offspring each Varroa female produces during her lifetime. The lifetime reproduction capacity of the mite consists of the mean number of fertile female offspring produced during each reproductive cycle multiplied by the mean number of cell passages. This paper describes an experimental design to estimate the number of reproductive cycles where mites are transferred to new mite-free colonies for reproduction in sealed brood cells. The data presented suggests that the mean number of reproductive cycles performed by the individual female mite is larger than previously accepted. Under optimal conditions, the mean number of reproductive cycles by Varroa females is probably greater than 1.5 but less than 2. Furthermore, the results show that the reproductive success of Varroa females going into cells to reproduce is not influenced by previous brood cycles.     

The screw-worm flyChrysomya bezziana villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a sterile insect release trial in Papua New Guinea

The feasibility of the sterile insect release method (SIRM) was tested against natural populations of the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana in the Musa Valley, Papua New Guinea. Sterile mating frequencies were determined from egg masses laid by native females on wounded, sentinel cattle. The aerial release of sterilised puparia resulted in low frequencies of sterile matings and few trap recaptures of released material. The release of chilled adult flies resulted in higher frequencies of sterile matings and many trap recaptures. The mean density of males released was 230 males per km² per week over a target area of 361 km² (48% of the valley). Sterile masses were first detected 2 weeks after the release of chill flies commenced, reaching a weekly peak of 33% after 5 weeks of releases with 15% of egg masses found to be sterile during the final month. The levels of sterile matings achieved in this trial were similar to comparable SIRM studies made in the USA, Mexico and Guatemala to control the New World screw-worm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax.     

Reproductive disorders in Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in forested areas of Ivory Coast

Study of reproductive disorders were carried out through the dissection of 11,012 tsetse flies caught over a period of one year in forested different habitats of Glossina palpalis palpalis of Daloa in Ivory Coast. The proportion of females with reproductive disorders was very low and estimated at 0.79%. Out of 87 tsetse files with reproductive disorders, 93.10% were abortions, 5.77% were ovular blockage and 1.13% was uterine pupaison. Reproductive disorders were recorded from all age groups: 0.78% in young parous (out of 6,398 tsetse flies examined) and 0.80% in old parous (out of 4,614 tsetse flies dissequed). Our results show that reproductive disorders occur at any stage of the female pregnancy cycle. Amplifying these reproductive disorders using chemical compounds is proposed as a way of improving the efficacy of insecticide-impregnated targets (pour-on, traps and screens) of tsetse control in rain-forest areas.     

Ovarian maturity,egg development,and offspring generation of the deep-water shrimp Plesionika edwardsii (Decapoda,Pandalidae) from three isolated populations in the eastern North Atlantic

Ovarian maturity, egg development and brood size were analysed for three isolated populations (Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands) of Plesionika edwardsii (Decapoda, Pandalidae) in the eastern Atlantic. Multiple colour patterns were observed at the same ovarian maturity stage, which was verified histologically, invalidating the extensive use of ovarian colour as a maturity stage criterion. The physiological size at sexual maturity, based on the maturity of the ovaries, was higher in Madeira (carapace length of 19.73?mm) and decreased to the Cape Verdes (16.39?mm). Synchronic ovarian maturation was observed during the embryo incubation process, and ovigerous females bearing embryos at the final stage of development were found throughout the year. Females are multiple spawners during the reproductive season, after which the reproductive process ends and a rest period begins. The absence of females larger than the size at sexual maturity with ovaries in Stage 1, the incubation of embryos in the final developmental stages, suggests that the resting period begins with a process that reabsorbs the energy located in the ovaries and that the resting period occurs asynchronously in females in each of the studied populations. Embryo size was independent of female body size in the three populations studied, but increased with the developmental stage. A power equation was used to describe the relationship between brood size and female body size in the three areas studied. The mean number of external Stage I embryos carried by females decreased from Madeira (n?=?7868) to the Cape Verdes (n?=?3781), where less energy, in terms of the number of embryos and the size of the eggs, was invested in reproduction. Although female size decreases from north to south, the egg number was higher in Madeira than in the Cape Verdes for the same size range.     

Re-evaluation of reproductive cycle and fecundity of finetooth sharks Carcharhinus isodon (Valenciennes 1839) from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean,with new observations on ovarian cycle and reproductive endocrinology of biennially reproducing sharks

To provide updated information on life history for improved fishery management, the reproductive cycle of the finetooth shark Carcharhinus isodon from Northwest Atlantic (NWA) populations was investigated by examining temporal changes in morphology and histology of reproductive organs. Changes in plasma concentrations of gonadal sex hormones in relation to reproductive stage were also examined. Increases in testis width, epididymis head width, plasma testosterone concentrations and occurrence of mature spermatozoa were observed in male sharks between December and April, suggesting a seasonal pattern in reproduction that culminates with copulatory activity in May. Increases in maximum follicular diameter, oviducal gland width, plasma 17β-estradiol concentrations and occurrence of vitellogenic follicles were observed in non-pregnant female sharks during the same time period along with the occurrence of newly pregnant females in May, demonstrating strong synchronicity between male and female reproductive cycles. Pregnant females bearing full-term embryos were also observed in May, indicating that parturition occurs between mid-May and early June and gestation requires 12 months. Only transient temporal changes in follicle size and oviducal gland width were observed in pregnant females, indicating that reproductive periodicity is biennial; nonetheless, a single female exhibiting signs of concurrent vitellogenesis and pregnancy was observed. Mean brood size ± S.D. was 3.9 ± 0.9 offspring/female. Fecundity was not significantly correlated with female size, in part due to an unexpectedly high rate of early embryo mortality, which occurred in 11% of pregnant females, and was more common in larger individuals. Changes in ovarian activity during mid-pregnancy were observed, suggesting possible roles for the ovary in regulating some aspects of early to mid-gestation. This study confirms that earlier characterizations of the reproductive cycle and fecundity in NWA finetooth sharks remain valid for use in fishery management. This study also highlights unusual features of finetooth shark pregnancy (e.g., early embryo death, mid-pregnancy changes in ovarian function) that may have broader relevance to understanding elasmobranch reproduction.     

Reproductive performance in captivity of Austropotamobius pallipes in Abruzzi Region (central Italy)

Austropotamobius pallipes juveniles for restocking should originate from native breeders to preserve the genetic integrity of the populations. We compared the reproductive performance in captivity of A. pallipes populations of four drainage basins of the Abruzzi Region to assess their reproductive efficiency and improve their aquaculture. The broodstock were collected before the breeding season and reproduction took place in an experimental hatchery. The female carapace length ranged from 35.4 to 59.0?mm. Spawning occurred in 84% of females (range 69–93%) and the mean number of eggs per female was 89 (range 80–104). No significant differences were observed among the groups. Close to hatching, two groups maintained a high percentage of egg-bearing females (52%) and a high number of eggs, while the other groups lost most of their eggs. At the end of the cycle, the stage 2 juveniles obtained represented 19.5% of the initial egg number. The efficiency for stage 2 juvenile production ranged from 48.2 to 0.1%, and the mean number of stage 2 juveniles per female ranged from 42.2 to 1. These differences were not attributable to maternal size, but the characteristics of the brooks of origin might have influenced the reproductive performances of crayfish in the hatchery.     

Ovarian development of Agrilus planipennis: effects of age and mating status and influence on attraction to host volatiles

Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a major pest of ash trees, Fraxinus spp. (Oleaceae), in North America. This study investigated the timing of reproductive development in female beetles and the influence of female reproductive maturity on attraction to host volatiles. Based on dissections of females of increasing age, females with access to males for mating, and thus presumed mated, developed mature eggs only after 18–24 days. In contrast, female beetles reared without access to males, and thus unmated, did not develop mature eggs at any age. Chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons detected the contact sex pheromone, 9‐methyl‐pentacosane, in cohorts of females which were 8–9 days old and older, supporting previous research that this compound signals sexual maturity to males. Results from field‐trapping bioassays demonstrated that stage of female reproductive maturity influenced their attraction to host volatiles: females caught on traps baited with foliar volatiles contained eggs and ovarioles that were significantly less developed than those on traps baited with bark sesquiterpenes. However, our results revealed that females with immature stages of ovarioles and undeveloped eggs, such as those observed in unmated females, were rarely ever caught on traps baited with either of the host volatile lures. Further research on host compounds attractive to immature females is critical for early detection and possible control of A. planipennis populations during the extended pre‐oviposition period.     

Larval fat body and its relationship to protein storage and ovarian development in adults of the screw-worm fly Chrysomya bezziana

The vast majority of females of the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from field populations and from normally maintained laboratory cultures are autogenous. Anautogenous C. bezziana females which are smaller in size are produced when the larval feeding period is curtailed. Autogenous and anautogenous C. bezziana were compared with reference to abdominal larval fat body (LFB), ovarian development and protein relationships. At emergence, autogenous C. bezziana have larger amounts of LFB relative to body size than anautogenous C. bezziana. Volume of LFB is directly correlated with body size in females showing autogeny but there is no correlation with size in females in the anautogenous size classes. Males and females of equal sizes have the same volume of LFB and their rates of LFB depletion are similar and temperature-dependent. In autogenous females, about 70% of the LFB disappears before vitellogenesis begins. LFB disappears more rapidly in smaller flies. In anautogenous C. bezziana females, access to a source of protein from the time of adult emergence reduced the rate of LFB depletion, but in autogenous flies the depletion rate is not affected by diet.LFB protein accounts for about 24% of total protein in newly emerged autogenous females of C. bezziana. The protein content of the mature ovaries of non-protein-fed wild C. bezziana is 85% of that of the original LFB protein. Non-protein-fed anautogenous C. bezziana of the same age have negligible quantities of ovary protein.

---

Résumé Les femelles provenant de populations naturelles ou d'élevages traditionnels en laboratoire de la mouche Chrysomya bezziana sont en large majorité autogènes. Des femelles de C. bezziana non-autogènes et de taille réduite sont obtenues lorsque la durée de l'alimentation larvaire est abrégée. Les relations entre corps gras abdominal des larves (CGL = LFB dans le texte anglais), développement ovarien et réserves protéiniques ont été comparées chez les femelles autogènes et non-autogènes. A l'émergence, les femelles autogènes ont un CGL rapporté au poids corporel plus abondant que les femelles non-autogènes. Le volume du CGL est en relation directe avec la taille des femelles autogènes, mais cette corrélation ne se vérifie pas chez les femelles non-autogènes. A taille égale, mâles et femelles ont un volume égal de CGL, lequel s'épuise à la même vitesse, dépendant de la température. Chez les femelles autogènes, 70% environ du CGL disparaît avant le début de la vitellogenèse. Le CGL décroît plus rapidement ches les mouches de petite taille. Chez les femelles autogènes, le taux d'utilisation du CGL n'est past affecté par l'alimentation; chez les femelles non-autogènes en revanche, l'accès à une source de protéines après émergence des adultes réduit le taux d'utilisation du CGL.Les protéines provenant du CGL représentent quelque 24% du total des protéines ches les femelles autogènes fraîchement émergées. Chez C. bezziana, prélevé dans des populations naturelles et n'ayant pas reçu d'appoint en protéines, les ovaires mûrs contiennent 82% des protéines du CGL d'origine. Au même âge, les femelles non-autogènes n'ayant reçu aucun appoint en protéines ont des quantités insignifiantes de protéines ovariennes.

     

Early embryonal culture of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Ovaries of ten female cynologus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were superstimulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). During this treatment, follicular development was monitored by ultrasonography. After three to four injections of PMSG, ovaries began to show an increase in their size. After seven to ten injections of PMSG and a hCG injection, a total of 183 oocytes (18.3±14.1/ animal, mean±SD) were recovered from these females by laparotomy. Five nulliparous females produced 24.2±18.2 oocytes per animal, and the remaining five parous females produced 12.5±5.46 oocytes per animal. In total, 133 (72.6%) of the 183 oocytes were classified morphologically as matured, and 130 of them were inseminated with cynomolgus monkey sperm for 18 hours in vitro. The second polar body was observed in 92 (71%) of the inseminated oocytes, and 54 (59%) of the 92 oocytes showed cleavage division at least once. When these oocytes were fertilized and cultured in serum-free media, they stopped their development at 4-cell stage. In contrast to this condition, about a half of fertilized oocytes in serum-free media were able to develop to morula stage 4 days after insemination by transferring them into serum-containing media after 2-cell stage.