淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌孢囊形成过程显微观察的染色差异

为了研究黏菌孢囊形成过程中显微结构的变化,文中探讨了番红-固绿和铁帆-苏木精染色条件下淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌孢囊不同发育阶段显微结构的差异显示效果。结果表明：在幼孢囊中原质团有种水平的割裂,大割裂和微割裂,这些割裂和孢丝及孢子的形成有关;全白绒泡菌囊轴表现了和孢囊柄不一致的状态和染色结果;番红-固绿染色下,淡黄绒泡菌在孢囊形成前期原质团被染成淡红色,可以分辨出大量游离存在的细胞核;孢囊壁及囊轴被染成绿色,孢子灰绿色;全白绒泡菌原质团被染成绿色,初期可见较厚孢囊壁,囊轴绿色。铁帆-苏木精染色下,淡黄绒泡菌和全白绒泡菌原质团均被染成灰色,囊壁不明显,成熟孢子发生皱缩。     

Autofluorescence and Ultrastructure in the Myxomycete Diachea leucopodia (Physarales)

Autofluorescence is reported for the first time in Myxomycete fruiting bodies. Ultrastructure of stalked sporangia of Diachea leucopodia (Didymiaceae, Physarales) was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and fluorescence microscopy. External and internal properties of the peridium that surround the spores and capillitium exhibit autofluorescence. The stalk is composed of calcareous granules and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis demonstrates that the elemental composition of the peridium, capillitium, and stalk has varying concentrations of calcium.     

The Life Cycle of Ganymedes oaklandi n. sp., an Acephaline Gregarine of Gammarus fasciatus (Say)*

SYNOPSIS. Ganymedes oaklandi n. sp. (Ganymedidae) from the intestine of Gammarus fasciatus (Say) is described, and its life cycle is given. In the trophic stage the gregarine is acephaline, with an elongated cylindrical body slightly tapered anteriorly, and is up to 298 × 64 μ. The gametocysts are up to 121 × 99 μ, and are covered with a secreted thick sticky gelatinous coat. The spores are released from the gametocyst by rupturing of the cyst wall. The spore body is spherical, approximately 6 μ in diameter, and has 4 episporal rays about 20 μ long.     

UV Micrographs and Photomicrographs from the Palynological Laboratory,Stockholm-Solna

In Equisetum both the spore and the rhizoidal and first-formed prothallial cells contain sac-like cytoplasmic particles limited by a unit membrane. After KMnO₄ fixation these bodies resemble the spherosomes described from earlier studies (e.g. Frey-Wyssling et al., 1964). They are bounded by a unit membrane, have a diameter of 0.8–1.7 μ and a fine granular content. After double fixation with buffered glutaraldehyde combined with an osmium post-fixative, or triple fixation with buffered formaldehyde added, the bodies resemble microbodies in fine structure. They have a thin unit membrane, a more coarsely granular matrix than after KMnO₄ fixation and very often a core like a 0.5 μ cluster of tubules or discs of around 200 Å in diameter. When spores are fixed in glutaraldehyde the bodies often show cytoplasmic invaginations or inclusions, which is never the case when they are fixed with KMnO₄     

A SEM–study of Listerella paradoxa (Myxomycetes)

Apart from the presence of a capillitium, the fructifications of Listerella paradoxa Jahn resemble those of some species of Licea Schrad. Similarities exist in general appearance, mode of dehiscence, structure of peridium, and sculpturing of spores. The capillitium of Listerella is attached near the margins of the peridial lobes, and the moniliform threads are extensions from pillars from which the threads sometimes break. Aberrant capillitial outgrowths may be reminiscent of the processes bordering the peridial lobes in Licea. Although mostly found on podetia of the lichen genus Cladonia, Listerella may also occur on other substrates. A large–spored specimen developed on an oak leaf in California falls within the intraspecific variation of L. paradoxa. LwtereWa–resembling species of Licea may also occur on Cladonia. An x–ray analysis did not reveal any Ca or other elements with an atomic weight equal to or above that of Na in peridium, capillitium and spores of L. paradoxa , nor in peridium, peridial protuberances and spores of Licea pusilla Schrad.     

The structure of the hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera)

Four hemocyte types have been identified in the late last larval instar of Galleria mellonella. Plasmatocytoids are round to spindle shaped cells, 10–20 μ long and 5–10 μ wide. The cytoplasm contains no distinguishing inclusions. Golgi complexes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are abundant. Granular hemocytes are oval shaped cells, 10–20 μ long and 5–10 μ wide. The granules, their most characteristic feature, have a diameter of 0.2 μ, a microtubular sub-structure, and are made up of acidic mucosubstances. Lipid droplets may be present in these cells at some stage of development. These cells appear to be phagocytic. Spherule cells are oval shaped, 15–20 μ long and 5–10 μ wide. The spherules, approximately 2 μ in diameter, have a highly ordered substructure and are made up of acidic mucosubstances. Oenocytoids are the largest cells, 20 by 40 μ. The cytoplasm contains mostly free ribosomes and microtubules.     

黑蛋巢菌属新种新变种和中国新记录种

本文报道了黑蛋巢菌属Cyathus的三个新种、一个新变种和一个新记录种,它们分别是:四川黑蛋巢菌C.sichuanensis Liu et Y.M.Li,关帝山黑蛋巢菌C.guandishanensisLiu et Y.M.Li,云南黑蛋巢菌C.yunnanensis Liu et Y.M.Li,五台山黑蛋巢菌垣曲变种C.wutaishanensis Liu,Shangguan et Yuan var.yuanquensis Liu et Y.M.Li和栗褐黑蛋巢菌C.badius Kobayasi。模式标本除C.yunanensis Liu et Y.M.Li保存在中国科学院微生物研究所标本室外,其余均保存在山西大学真菌标本室。     

黑蛋巢菌属新种新变种和中国新记录种*

本文报道了黑蛋巢菌属Cyathus的三个新种、一个新变种和一个新记录种,它们分别是:四川黑蛋巢菌C.sichuanensis Liu et Y.M.Li,关帝山黑蛋巢菌C.guandishanensisLiu et Y.M.Li,云南黑蛋巢菌C.yunnanensis Liu et Y.M.Li,五台山黑蛋巢菌垣曲变种C.wutaishanensis Liu,Shangguan et Yuan var.yuanquensis Liu et Y.M.Li和栗褐黑蛋巢菌C.badius Kobayasi。模式标本除C.yunanensis Liu et Y.M.Li保存在中国科学院微生物研究所标本室外,其余均保存在山西大学真菌标本室。     

黑蛋巢菌属新种和新变种

本文报道了黑蛋巢菌属Cyathus四个新种和二个新变种,它们分别是:内蒙黑蛋巢菌Cyathus neimonggolensis Liu et Y.M.Li,盘柄黑蛋巢菌C.discostipltatus Liu et Y.M.Li,太原黑蛋巢菌C.taiyuanensis Liu et Y.M.Li,毛被黑蛋巢菌C.hirtulus Liu et Y.M.Li,天山黑蛋巢毛被变种C.tianshanensis Liu et Cao var.tomentosus Liu, Cao et Y.M.Li,环状黑蛋巢武夷山变种 C. annulatus Brodie var. wuyishanensis Liu et Y.M.Li。全部模式标本均保存在山西大学真菌标本室。     

A helical,polymeric extracellular protein associated with the luminal surface of Haemonchus contortus intestinal cells

The structure of the intestinal cells of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is described. The cells have numerous microvilli about 0.09 μ in diameter; most being 5.5–7.5 μ in length. The microvillar (plasma) membrane is coated with a layer of amorphous material (glycocalyx) about 60 Å thick which is electron dense in sectioned preparations. Associated with the surface of this material, and filling the spaces between the microvilli, are filaments in the form of helices about 400 Å in diameter and of variable pitch. The helices appear to be flexible but they are aligned approximately with the long axes of the microvilli. There are up to ten helices per microvillus; they extend beyond the tips of the microvilli and are up to 10 μ long. The material has been obtained nearly pure in small amounts. It is primarily protein and it is proposed that it should be called contortin. The monomeric form (of molecular weight about 60,000) has been identified with a Y-shaped structure with arms about 45 Å long and 25 Å wide seen in negatively stained preparations. The helical filament appears to be formed by lateral polymerization of pairs of these units.     

团毛菌目粘菌个体发育比较研究

利用有饲培养方法,对团毛菌目粘菌的盖碗菌属、团网菌属、半网菌属、变毛菌属及团毛菌属 7个种的个体发育进行了比较研究。描述了其原质团发育特征及小胞囊的特点,并将团毛菌目粘菌原质团划分为两种类型,即原始中间型和发达中间型。同时利用光学显微镜及电子显微镜观察描述了子实体的主要发育特征。结果表明,孢丝或孢子表面纹饰不明显的种类较原始,表面纹饰明显的种类为发达类型。     

Nosema whitei, a microsporidan pathogen of some species of Tribolium : I. Morphology,life cycle,and generation time

The morphology of Nosema whitei is described from 4 host beetles, Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum, T. anaphe, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The effect of host species on the sizes of the various stages was small. The predominant schizogonic stages were mononuclear (26%) and binuclear (73%) although schizonts with up to 5 nuclei were seen. In stained preparations the schizonts were approximately 2.7–7.0 μ in diameter. The sporonts, which do not divide, were elongate (5.6 × 3.1 μ), and had 1 or 2 nuclei. Both the sporoblast (4.2 × 2.2 μ) and the spores (3.5 × 2.0 μ) were binucleate. Fresh spores averaged 4.6 × 2.9 μ. The polar filament length ranged from 75 to 135 μ (mean = 112 μ). The only tissue found infected was the fat body. Host species, dose, and temperature were all found to affect the generation time, which ranged from 8 to 17 days.     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE ELECTRIC ORGAN OF TORPEDO MARMORATA

The fine structure of the electric organ of the fish Torpedo marmorata has been examined after osmium tetroxide or potassium permanganate fixation, acetone dehydration, and Araldite embedment. This organ consists of stacks of electroplaques which possess a dorsal noninnervated and a ventral richly innervated surface. Both surfaces are covered with a thin basement membrane. A tubular membranous network whose lumen is continuous with the extracellular space occupies the dorsal third of the electroplaque. Nerve endings, separated from the ventral surface of the electroplaque by a thin basement membrane, contain synaptic vesicles (diameter 300 to 1200 A), mitochondria, and electron-opaque granules (diameter 300 A). Projections from the nerve endings occupy the lumina of the finger-like invaginations of the ventral surface. The cytoplasm of the electroplaques contains the usual organelles. A "cellular cuff" surrounds most of the nerve fibers in the intercellular space, and is separated from the nerve fibre and its Schwann cell by a space containing connective tissue fibrils. The connective tissue fibrils and fibroblasts in the intercellular space are primarily associated with the dorsal surface of the electroplaque.     

Honey-coloured,sessile Endogone spores: II. Changes in fine structure during spore development

Summary The fine structure of honey-coloured, sessile Endogone spores is described from initiation of the mother spore to dormancy of the resting spore. Three unusual organelles occur viz. pigment granules, large crystals and selfduplicating bacteria-like organisms. The first two are very numerous, and are specifically associated with spore formation. The pigment granules are involved in the deposition of the honey-coloured wall, and change into myelin-like figures when cytoplasm moves from the mother into the resting spore. The crystals, whose function is not known, are most conspicuous just before the resting spore reaches dormancy. The bacteria-like organisms, which may be actinomycete spores living symbiotically in the fungus, multiphy greatly as the spore enters dormancy. The dormant spore contains very little cytoplasm compressed into a fine network between very large polygonal oil globules and large round bodies thought to contain a storage polysaccharide.     

Morphology and biochemical composition of mineralized granules from the malpighian tubules of Musca autumnalis de geer larvae (Diptera: Muscidae)

Musca autumnalis De Geer (face fly) larvae form numerous small mineralized granules in the lumen of the anterior Malpighian tubules. The granules are spherical, ranging in diameter from 0.2 to > 10 μm and are composed of many concentric thin layers. The layers appear to be covered by an organic-rich material that may help to bind adjacent layers together. Individual layers appear to be heterogeneous with some composed of small rounded particles of inorganic-rich material imbedded in a loose fibrous mat while other layers appear more solid. The granules are primarily inorganic in composition (>85% ash) with calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium contributing more than 98% of the inorganic elements. Water content is approx. 10%. Carbonate carbon and hydrogen account for 2 to 3% of the granule weight. Nitrogen and organic carbon are only minor elements primarily present in the form of amino acids which contribute only 0.4% of the total granule weight. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid comprise more than 30% of the total amino acids detected after acid hydrolysis. The properties of face fly granules and puparial cuticle are compared, together with those of mineralized granules from other species of invertebrates.     

On the Ultrastructure of Pollen Exine in Metasequoia Hu and Cheng

Metasequoia is endemic to China. Present study deals with ultrastructure of pollen exine of M. glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, and in comparision with other genera of the family. Pollen grains of Metasequoia are spheroidal or subsphoroidal and 27.8(24.3–32.3) μm in diameter. There is a papilla in the distal face. The papilla is wide at the base, 3.5–5.2 μm high, with pointed and circular end and the base crooked toward one side. Exine is about L5 μm thick, layers distinct, Nexine is as thick as sexine. Surface weakly granulate. According to observation by SEM, exine is covered with fine granules and rather coarse tuberculae. The former can be easily separated from the latter. The loose and uneven tuberculae are provided with minute spinules on the surface and generally fall off after acetolysis. The fine and dense granulae, however, remain intact after acetolysis. The study by TEM shows that ektexine is made of granules densely arranged and connected with each other. In addition, sparse Ubisch bodies are unevenly distributed on granular layer with geminate surface. The thick endexine, is composed of 10–15 lamellae. It is worthy to note that all lamellae possess tripartite structure. But lamellae of endexine in other genera of Taxodiaceae have no tripartite structure except the lamella near ektexine. Number of lamella and thickness of endexine in Metasequoia differ from those of other genera in Taxodiaceae; for example endexine with 8–10 lamellae in Taxodium, 8–9 lamellae in Sequoia, 6–7 lamellae in Glyptostrobus, 6–8 lamellae in Cunninghamia, about 16 lamellae in Cryptomeria etc.     

RNA TRANSPORT FROM NUCLEUS TO CYTOPLASM IN CHIRONOMUS SALIVARY GLANDS

The fine structure and cytochemistry of the extremely large RNA puffs, or Balbiani rings, in salivary gland nuclei of midge, Chironomus thummi, larvae have been investigated. The Balbiani rings are composed of a diffuse mass of electron-opaque 400 to 500 A granules, short threads about 180 to 220 A in diameter and associated fine chromatin fibrils. These components appear to be organized into brushlike elements which form the ring. Electron microscope cytochemistry has shown that the granules and short threads contain RNA. After ribonuclease digestion, only 50 to 100 A chromatin fibrils were apparent in the Balbiani ring, and the granules were no longer demonstrable. Deoxyribonuclease digestion had no apparent effect on these structures. Observations indicate that the granules are formed from the short threads and released into the nucleoplasm in which they are evenly distributed. At the nuclear envelope, many granules have been observed partially or completely within the nuclear pores. These granules become elongated and are shown to penetrate the center of the pore in a rodlike form, about 200 A in diameter. The Balbiani ring granules are not normally visible within the cytoplasm adjacent to the nuclear envelope, but have been rarely found in this region. It is suggested that the granules represent the product of the Balbiani ring, possibly a messenger RNA bound to protein, and that they regularly pass into the cytoplasm through a narrow central channel in the pores of the nuclear envelope.     

Nivicolous Myxomycetes from tyrol (Austria). I

25 taxa of Myxomycetes collected around melting snow banks in montaneous and alpine areas of Tyrol are presented. From a chorological point of view especially interesting are: Diderma asteroides, D. lyallii, D. peyerimhoffii, Didymium nivicolum, Hemitrichia abietina, Physarum alpestre, Trichia persimilis, Trichia sordida var. sordida, Trichia sordida var. sordidoides. The nivicolous taxa Badhamia alpina and Didymium wilczekii are considered to be synonyms of Badhamia foliicola and Didymium dubium. SEM micrographs of spores and capillitia of the most significant species are included.     

Effect of particle size on the anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rat.

The effect of reduction in particle size on the anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole (methyl 5 (6)- benzoyle 1–2 benzimidazole carbamate) was studied in rats undergoing a primary infection with N. brasiliensis. A single oral treatment with fine ground mebendazole (particle size spectrum—54·95 per cent of particles less than 10·62 μ dia.; 86·06 per cent less than 21·27 μ) removed more than 98 per cent of adult worms from the intestine at a dose rate of 12·5 mg/kg body wt. On the other hand the best result achieved with coarse ground mebendazole (18·47 per cent of particles less than 10·62 μ dia; 42·26 per cent less than 21·27 μ dia) was 58 per cent of adult worms removed at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg body wt. It was also shown that fine ground mebendazole adversely affected migrating third stage larvae of N. brasiliensis.