中国土壤小型多足类Ⅲ．矮瘤带马陆属一新种（倍足纲：带马陆目）

本文描述的新种,异齿矮瘤带马陆Ｎａｎｏｃｏｎｄｙｌｏｄｅｓｍｕｓａｎｉｓｏｄｅｎｔｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．与该属的模式种栉齿矮瘤带马陆Ｎ．ｐｅｃｔｉｎａｔｉｄｅｎｔｉｓＺｈａｎｇ之雄性生殖肢端肢有明显的不同特征,模式标本采自福建省武夷山桐树林中。     

中国土壤小型多足类III.矮瘤带马陆属一新种（倍足纲：带马陆目）

本文描述的新种,异齿矮瘤带马陆Ｎａｎｏｃｏｄｙｌｏｄｅｓｍｕｓ ａｎｉｓｏｄｅｎｔｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．与该属的模式种栉齿矮瘤带马陆Ｎ．ｐｅｃｔｉｎａｔｉｄｅｎｔｉｓ Ｚｈａｎｇ之雄性生殖肢端肢有明显的不同特征。模式标本采自福建省武夷山桐树林中。     

中国土壤小型多足类II.浙江矛带马陆科一新属一新种（倍足纲：带马陆目）

本文记述了Ｈｏｆｆｍｏｎ（１９８２）提出的１０个矛带马陆科,提出产于浙江天目山的新属矮瘤带马陆属Ｎａｎｏｃｏｎｄｙｌｏｄｅｓｍｕｓ ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．及矮瘤带马陆Ｎ．ｐｅｃｔｉｎａｔｉｄｅｎｔｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

中国土壤小型多足类Ⅱ．浙江矛带马陆科一新属一新种（倍足纲：带马陆目）

本文记述了Ｈｏｆｆｍｏｎ（１９８２）提出的１０个矛带马陆科,提出产于浙江天目山的新属矮瘤带马陆属Ｎａｎｏｃｏｎｄｙｌｏｄｅｓｍｕｓｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．及矮瘤带马陆Ｎ．ｐｅｃｔｉｎａｔｉｄｅｎｔｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

类葡柄菌属（丝孢纲）一新种

蒲桃Ｓｖｚｙｇｉｕｍ ｊａｍｂｏｓ （Ｌ．）Ａｌｓｔｏｎ叶上的类葡柄菌属Ｓｔｅｍｐｈｙｌｉｏｍｍａ Ｓａｃｃａｒｄｏ ＆Ｔｒａｖｅｒｓｏ－一新种定名为异色类葡柄菌Ｓｔｅｍｐｈｙｌｉｏｍｍａ ｈｅｔｒｅｏｃｈｏｍｕｍ Ｎ．Ｌｉ＆Ｚｈａｏ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。,地该种形态作了汉、拉文描述,并绘图示之。模式标本保存在西南林学院（ＨＳＦＣ）森林病理标本室。     

羽爪瘿螨科一新属三新种记述（蜱螨亚纲;真螨目）

记述了羽爪瘿螨科一新属,即新兰瘿螨属Ｎｅｏｌａｍｂｅｌｌａ ｇｅｎ。ｎｏｖ。三新种是女贞新兰瘿螨Ｎｅｏｌａｍｂｅｌｌａ ｌｉｇｕｓｔｒｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。,麻栎 蜡皮瘿螨Ａｐｏｄｉｐｔａｃｕｓ ａｃｕｔｉｓｓｉｍａｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。和榆畸刺瘿螨Ａｂａｃｏｐｔｅｓ ｕｌｍｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。对其形态进行了描述并与近缘种作了比较,模式标本保存在南京农业大学。     

齿背茧蜂属一新种（膜翅目∶茧蜂科）

本文报道了采自云南的齿背茧蜂属Ａｃａｎｔｈｏｒｍｉｕｓ Ａｓｈｍｅａｓ一新种∶双色齿背茧蜂Ａ．ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于福建农业大学益虫研究室。     

中国西南地区叶蜂新属种(膜翅目: 叶蜂科)(英文)

本文记述中国西南地区叶蜂２新属１０新种：短跗富槛叶蜂Ｔｏｇａｓｈｉａｂｒｅｖｉｔａｒｓｕｓｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，新属新种，模类秋叶蜂Ａｐｅｔｈｙｍｏｒｐｈａｔｙｐｉｃａｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，新属新种，西藏弓脉叶蜂Ｈｅｍａｔｈｌｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｔｉｂｅｔａｎｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，红跗长距叶蜂Ｍｉｍａｔｈｌｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｆｕｌｖｉｔａｒｓｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，平盾长距叶蜂Ｍｉｍａｔｈｌｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｐｌａｎｏｓｃｕｔｅｌｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，邻脉尖唇叶蜂Ｍａｌａｃｈｉｅｌａｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｉｔｉａｌｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，缢腹平背叶蜂Ａｌａｎｔｕｓａｔｈｌｏｐｈｏｒｏｉｄｅｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，中华歧爪叶蜂Ｎａｇａｍａｓａｉａｓｉｎｉｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，中华宽颊叶蜂Ａｄｕｎｇｉａｓｉｎｉｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，短角宽颊叶蜂Ａｄｕｎｇｉａｂｒｅｖｉｃｏｒｎｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，模式标本除注明外均保存于中南林学院环境与资源系昆虫标本室。此外长距叶蜂属ＭｉｍａｔｈｌｏｐｈｏｒｕｓＭａｌａｉｓｅ，歧爪叶蜂属ＮａｇａｍａｓａｉａＴｏｇａｓｈｉ和宽颊叶蜂属ＡｄｕｎｇｉａＭａｌａｉｓｅ为中国新记录属。还建立一新组合：Ｔｏｇａｓｈｉａ     

白粉菌属一新种

报道了寄生在人参（ＰａｎａｘｇｉｎｓｅｎｇＭｅｙｅｒ）上的白粉菌属一新种：人参白粉菌（ＥｒｙｓｉｐｈｅｐａｎａｃｉｓＲ．Ｌ．Ｂａｉ．ｅｔＷ．Ｃ．Ｌｉｕｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,此为白粉菌有性型在五加科（Ａｒａｌｉ ａｃｅａｅ）植物上寄生的首次记载。模式标本存放在解放军农牧大学真菌标本室     

中国枝孢菌属的分类研究XII.露珠草上一新种

报道寄生在柳叶菜科南方露珠草上枝孢菌属一新种：露珠草枝孢Ｃｌａｄｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ ｃｉｒｃａｅａｅ Ｙ．Ｑｉｎ ｅｔ Ｚ．Ｙ．Ｚｈａｎｇ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。枝孢菌属真菌在柳叶菜科是首次报道。文中为新种提供了拉丁文描述和附图。模式标本保藏于云南农业大学真菌标本室（ＭＨＹＡＵ）。     

Sterol molecule: structure, biosynthesis, and function.

This review briefly summarizes key researches on the structure of the sterol molecule from its very beginnings to the definitive elucidation in 1932. Cholesterol biosynthesis treated in somewhat greater detail covers the period from the 1930s to the 1960s. As a historic contribution, it presents researches previously published in numerous books, reviews, and original papers. The selection of topics, dictated by limits of time and space, is necessarily arbitrary and a personal choice. Readers of this journal will be familiar with the relevant chemical structures. Structural formulas are therefore omitted.     

Bismuth autometallography: protocol, specificity, and differentiation.

We provide a detailed protocol of the autometallographic bismuth technique and evaluate the specificity of the technique. We show by the multi-element technique "proton-induced X-ray microanalysis" (PIXE) that the autometallographic grains contain silver, bismuth, and sulfur, proving that autometallography can be used for specific tracing of bismuth bound as bismuth sulfide clusters in tissue sections from Bi-exposed animals or humans. In sections from animals exposed concurrently to selenium and bismuth, the autometallographic grains also contain selenium. This demonstrates that, if present in excess in the organisms, selenium will bind to exogenous bismuth, creating bismuth selenide clusters. As a further possible control for specificity and as a tool for differentiating among autometallographically detectable metals in sections containing more than one, we describe how bismuth sulfide clusters can be removed from Epon-embedded tissue sections by potassium cyanide.     

Revisione delle specie: Actinomyces albus,A. chromogenus,A. odorifer,A. thermophylus,A. viridis,A. viridochromogenes,A. hominis,A. innominatus

Riassunto Lo studio comprende una revisione critico-sperimentale della specie Actinomyces albus, della quale vengono considerati come sinonimi circa 30 nomi speeifici, fra i quale A. chromogenus, A. odorifer, A. thermophylus p.p.; della specie é data una diagnosi ed una particolareggiata descrizione.Sono inoltre studiate le specie A. viridis, (= A. viridochromogenus) e A. innominatus, n. nomen. Quest'ultima é preceduta da una breve discussione sulla specie A. homini.

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Summary Twenty-six strains of Actinomyces albus are studied redescribed from morphological, cultural and biochemical standpoints. Many biological activities of A. chromogenus, A. odorifer and A. thermophilus are in common with other species of the same genus, so that they may be considered for sub-specific, (not specific) differentiation. A discussion on A. farcinicus, A. albidoflavus and A. aureus has been originated from mislabeling as A. albus; the group including the two last named species (flavus group) must be revised. A few strains classified A. farcinicus are in no doubt true A. albus, but this real specific entity remains to be revised from Nocard's strain. A. viridis, for the first time described by Lombardo-Pellegrino, has been redescribed three times as a new species under the same binomial, and the fourth as A. viridochromogenes. A. hominis Bostroem is an uncorrect determination for the species originally described by Waksmann and Curtiss, and it is renamed A. innominatus, the binomial A. (Streptothrix) hominis Auct. being a nomen ambiguum. In conclusion, 30 bionmial are appended in sinonimy to A. albus, including Cladothrix dichotoma Macé (1888) non Cohn, G. invulnerabilis Acosta et G. Rossi, C. odorifera Rullm. Actinomyces chromogenus Gasp., A. thermophilus Auct., p.p., A. (Streptothrix) Sanninii (Cif.) Westerd., A. Almquisti Duché, A. Gougeroti Duché, and so on.

     

Iberia: population genetics, anthropology, and linguistics.

Basques, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Algerians have been studied for HLA and mitochondrial DNA markers, and the data analysis suggests that pre-Neolithic gene flow into Iberia came from ancient white North Africans (Hamites). The Basque language has also been used to translate the Iberian-Tartesian language and also Etruscan and Minoan Linear A. Physical anthropometry of Iberian Mesolithic and Neolithic skeletons does not support the demic replacement in Iberia of preexisting Mesolithic people by Neolithic people bearing new farming technologies from Europe and the Middle East. Also, the presence of cardial impressed pottery in western Mediterranean Europe and across the Maghreb (North Africa) coasts at the beginning of the Neolithic provides good evidence of pre-Neolithic circum-Mediterranean contacts by sea. In addition, pre-dynastic Egyptian El-Badari culture (4,500 years ago) is similar to southern Iberian Neolithic settlements with regard to pottery and animal domestication. Taking the genetic, linguistic, anthropological, and archeological evidence together with the documented Saharan area desiccation starting about 10,000 years ago, we believe that it is possible that a genetic and cultural pre-Neolithic flow coming from southern Mediterranean coasts existed toward northern Mediterranean areas, including at least Iberia and some Mediterranean islands. This model would substitute for the demic diffusion model put forward to explain Neolithic innovations in Western Europe.     

Studies of cell pellets: II. Osmotic properties, electroporation, and related phenomena: membrane interactions.

Using the relations between pellet structure and electric properties derived from the preceding paper, the responses of rabbit erythrocyte pellets to osmotic or colloidal-osmotic effects from exchanged supernatants and from electroporation were investigated. Changing the ionic strength of the supernatant, or replacing it with dextran or poly(ethylene glycol) solutions, caused changes of Rp according to the osmotic behavior of the pellet. Rp was high and ohmic before electroporation, but dropped abruptly in the first few microseconds once the transmembrane voltage exceeded the membrane breakdown potential. After the initial drop, Rp increased as a result of the reduction of intercellular space. Rp increased regardless of whether the pellets were formed before or immediately after the pulse, indicating that porated cells experienced a slow colloidal-osmotic swelling. The intercellular or intermembrane distances between cells in a pellet, as a function of osmotic, colloidal-osmotic, and centrifugal pressures used to compress rabbit erythrocyte pellets, were deduced from the Rp measurement. This offered a unique opportunity to measure the intermembrane repulsive force in a disordered system including living cells. Electrohemolysis of pelleted cells was reduced because of limited swelling by the compactness of the pellet. Electrofusion was observed when the applied voltage per pellet membrane exceeded the breakdown voltage. The fusion yield was independent of pulse length greater than 10 microseconds, because after the breakdown of membrane resistance, voltage drop across the pellet became insignificant. Replacing the supernatant with poly(ethylene glycol) or dextran solutions, or coating pellets with unporated cell layers reduced the colloidal-osmotic swelling and hemolysis, but also reduced the electrofusion yield. These manipulations can be explored to increase electroloading and electrofusion efficiencies.     

Single-cell microbiology: tools, technologies, and applications.

The field of microbiology has traditionally been concerned with and focused on studies at the population level. Information on how cells respond to their environment, interact with each other, or undergo complex processes such as cellular differentiation or gene expression has been obtained mostly by inference from population-level data. Individual microorganisms, even those in supposedly "clonal" populations, may differ widely from each other in terms of their genetic composition, physiology, biochemistry, or behavior. This genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity has important practical consequences for a number of human interests, including antibiotic or biocide resistance, the productivity and stability of industrial fermentations, the efficacy of food preservatives, and the potential of pathogens to cause disease. New appreciation of the importance of cellular heterogeneity, coupled with recent advances in technology, has driven the development of new tools and techniques for the study of individual microbial cells. Because observations made at the single-cell level are not subject to the "averaging" effects characteristic of bulk-phase, population-level methods, they offer the unique capacity to observe discrete microbiological phenomena unavailable using traditional approaches. As a result, scientists have been able to characterize microorganisms, their activities, and their interactions at unprecedented levels of detail.     

Flow of blood to the ovaries of ewes throughout the estrous cycle: Niswender,G.D., R.T. Moore,A.M. Akbar,T.M. Nett and M.A. Diekman: Biol. Repr., 13: 381, 1975. Department of Physiology and Biophysics,Colorado State University,Fort Collins,Colorado 80523

This study was undertaken to determine whether a specific antimycoplasmal immune response could be detected in the male bovine genital tract and to better define mechanisms of immunity at that site. Specific $\text{Mycoplasma agalactiae}$ subsp. $\text{bovis}$ agglutinins were titrated in the serum, semen and preputial mucus extracts of two bulls with $\text{M. agalactiae}$ induced chronic seminal vesiculitis and of one normal control bull. Titers from infected bulls averaged 64 for serum, 1024 for semen and <8 for preputial mucus extracts whereas the control bull titers were 16 for serum, <8 for semen, and <8 for preputial mucus extracts. Because of the high semen agglutinin titers from infected bulls it was proposed that semen titers may be more useful diagnostically than serum titers.Studies of immunoglobulin levels in semen revealed that IgA, IgG₁ and IgG₂ levels were all much higher in infected bulls than in the control bull. These high semen IgA levels together with the high semen agglutinin titers indicated a local secretory immune response in genital tracts of infected bulls.     

Revision of genus Melamphaes (Melamphaidae): Part 4. Multi-raker species: M. ebelingi, M. occlusus sp. nova, and M. nikolayi sp. nova

In the fourth part of the revision of the genus Melamphaes (Melamphaidae) multi-raker species (20 and more rakers at the first gill arch, rarely 19??in M. ebelingi) with eight soft rays in the ventral fin are considered. In this species, temporal spine is absent, there are 15 rays in the pectoral fin, and there are 11 to 12 abdominal vertebrae. M. ebelingi inhabits tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean. A new catch of this rare species in the northeastern part of the ocean is reported. The new species M. occlusus is described from one specimen from the subtropical part of the southwestern part of the Indian Ocean. Still another new species, M. nikolayi, is described from one specimen from the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean (subtropical waters). A table for identification of 15 multi-raker species of the genus Melamphaes is provided.