西藏双须叶须鱼年龄与生长特点研究

双须叶须鱼（Ptychobarbus dipogon Regan）隶属裂腹鱼亚科（Schizothoracinae）叶须鱼属（Ptychobarbus）,是西藏特有经济鱼类,2016年被列入中国脊椎动物红色名录,必须加快推动该鱼的养护工作。2013年2~3月份及2014年2~6月份,在雅鲁藏布江谢通门段与支流拉萨河上游段采集1 030尾双须叶须鱼样本,以脊椎骨作为年龄鉴定材料进行年龄与生长特点研究,以期分析和评价该类群鱼类资源情况。研究结果如下：双须叶须鱼样本中最大年龄为49龄,最小年龄为4龄;体重与体长关系是样本总体W=4.4×10^-5?SL^2.7688、雌鱼W_♀=5.0×10^-4?SL^2.3474、雄鱼W_♂=2.8×10^-5?SL^2.8414;体长生长方程为雌鱼L_t（♀）=431.8［1-e^-0.19（t+1.19）］,渐进体长L∞_（♀）=431.8 mm,拐点年龄为3.3龄,雄鱼L_t（♂）=367.6［1-e^-0.42（t+3.37）］,渐进体长L∞_（♂）=367.7 mm;体重生长方程为雌鱼W_t（♀）=767.40［1-e^-0.19（t+1.19）］^2.3474,雄鱼W_t（♂）=545.02［1-e^-0.42（t+3.37）］^2.8414;群体异速生长指数b=2.768 8与匀速生长指数3存在显著性差异,即P<0.05。研究表明双须叶须鱼体趋向低龄化,应当予以充分关注。     

南方红壤典型水土流失区马尾松林地上林木碳储量的遥感监测——以长汀县河田镇为例

森林碳储量动态变化对揭示区域水土流失治理成效具有重要指示意义。以长汀县河田镇为例,2017年随机设置34个马尾松林样本作为建模集,分别与同期Landsat影像的原始波段、植被指数及主成分因子进行回归分析,构建马尾松（（Pinus massoniana））林地上林木碳储量的最佳反演模型,基于伪不变特征原理的线性归一化法实现该模型在2003、2010年影像上的适用性校正转换,实现研究区2003、2010、2017年马尾松林地上林木碳储量的反演及时空分异特征的研究。结果表明：研究区2017年马尾松林地上林木碳储量最佳遥感反演模型是以绿色植被指数（GNDVI）为自变量构建的指数模型：C₂₀₁₇=0.006e^{14.357GNDVI₂₀₁₇},该模型拟合的决定系数为0.57,平均相对精度为82.19%;2003年、2010年马尾松林地上林木碳储量遥感估测模型为：C₂₀₀₃=0.006e^{（16.4086GNDVI₂₀₀₃+1.1428）}、C₂₀₁₀=0.006e^{（15.1677GNDVI₂₀₁₀+1.5821）},两期校正模型的决定系数均在0.85以上;2003、2010及2017年碳储量分别为8.24 t/hm²、11.34t/hm²、16.14 t/hm²,整体呈上升趋势;地上林木碳储量随海拔、坡度的升高而增加,向阳坡地上林木碳储量高于背阴坡;碳储量增长率随海拔、坡度的升高而降低,背阴坡碳储量增长率高于向阳坡。     

3种酰胺类稻田除草剂对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性

[目的] 研究稻虾共作模式条件下,稻田封闭除草剂对克氏原螯虾产生的急性毒性。[方法] 采用半静态试验方法,研究3种酰胺类除草剂（乙草胺、丙草胺和丁草胺）对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性,计算3种酰胺类除草剂对克氏原螯虾的安全浓度,并分析其LC₅₀衰减规律。[结果] 随着暴露时间和除草剂浓度的增加,虾体侧躺,步行足和游泳足活动频率降低,最终死亡。乙草胺对克氏原螯虾的96 h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）和安全浓度（SC）分别为0.0707和0.0146 mL·L^-1;丙草胺对克氏原螯虾的96 h LC₅₀和SC分别为0.0119和0.0021 mL·L^-1;丁草胺对克氏原螯虾的96h LC₅₀和SC分别为0.0073和0.0014 mL·L^-1。乙草胺、丙草胺及丁草胺除草剂LC₅₀随着暴露时间延长呈下降趋势,符合双曲线衰减模型,回归方程分别为：① y₁=2.0840x^-0.7380（R²=0.9973）;② y₂=0.1106x^-0.4930（R²=0.9872）;③ y₃=0.2236x^-0.7480（R²=0.9990）。克氏原螯虾对3种除草剂的敏感性由高到低依次为：丁草胺 > 丙草胺 > 乙草胺。[结论] 乙草胺和丙草胺可在稻田综合种养生产过程中按常规剂量使用,而丁草胺按常规剂量使用可能存在较大的风险。     

PRGDWR-尿激酶原双功能嵌合分子的性质研究

为赋予单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator, scu-PA, 尿激酶原)以抗血小板聚集的功能,在scu-PA的kringle区118位Gly与119位Leu之间插入PRGDWR序列（insert mutant B,InB）.利用甲醇酵母（Pichia pastoris）进行分泌表达,经金属离子螯合亲和层析与S强阳离子交换层析,得到纯蛋白.实验测定InB对人工合成底物S-2444的酰胺解活性为5 900 IU/mg,动力学常数为：K_m,S-2444^InB=56.8 μmol·L^-1,k_cat,S-2444^InB=0.33 s^-1;水解天然底物plasminogen的动力学常数为：K_m,plg^InB=0.397 μmol·L^-1,k_cat,plg^InB=0.0164 s^-1.InB激活plasminogen的反应在有fibrin存在条件下InB的活性为无fibrin条件下的46.3％.该突变体在体外激活plasminogen的活性与同一系统表达的野生型scu-PA基本相同.该突变体表现出较强的抗血小板聚集活性,IC₅₀＝12.7 μmol·L^-1,而野生型scu-PA无此功能.实验表明scu-PA的K区插入突变体InB是一种极具潜力的双功能溶栓分子.     

超氧化物歧化酶模拟化合物的生物活性研究

根据天然超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性部位结构合成了含苯并咪唑的5种配体及其32种分别含Cu（Ⅱ）、Fe（Ⅲ）、Mn（Ⅱ）、Co（Ⅱ）的模拟化合物.经光谱、电化学测试证明这些化合物具有拟S3D活性,其50％抑制率浓度（IC50）为10-6～10-8mol·L-1,催化超氧离子自由基（O-·2）歧化的反应速率常数kq为106～108mol-1·L·s-1.同时观察到几种模拟化合物有抗肿瘤活性或增强水稻抗寒性.     

盐度、温度和光照强度对针叶蕨藻的生长及光合活性的影响

为探究环境因子对针叶蕨藻（Caulerpa sertularioides）生长的影响,对不同盐度、温度和光照强度下针叶蕨藻的生长和叶绿素荧光参数进行了研究。结果表明：藻体日特定生长率（SGR）、最大光量子产量（F_v/F_m）、实际光合效率（Yield）、电子传递速率（ETR）和光化学淬灭（qP）随盐度升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,非光化学淬灭（qN）则呈相反的变化趋势,藻体光合活性和固碳效率在盐度27.5‰时达到最高,且与25‰和30‰盐度的差异显著（P<0.05,n=3）。藻体SGR、F_v/F_m、Yield、ETR和qP随温度升高而下降,qN则相反,藻体光合活性和固碳效率在26℃下达到最高,且与28℃和30℃的差异显著（P<0.05,n=3）。藻体的SGR、F_v/F_m、Yield、ETR和qP随光照强度升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,qN则相反,且在18.75 μmol/（m²·s）弱光照下出现轻微光抑制,藻体生长、光合活性及固碳效率在光照强度25.00 μmol/（m²·s）时达到最高,但与18.75和31.25 μmol/（m²·s）的差异不显著（P>0.05,n=3）。因此,针叶蕨藻在27.5‰盐度、26℃和25.00 μmol/（m²·s）光照强度下生长最快且光合作用能力最高。     

枯落物输入变化对云南松林地CO2释放的影响

为研究枯落物输入变化对云南松（Pinus yunnanensis）林地CO₂释放的影响。本研究于2018年3月至2020年2月,应用枯落物添加和去除实验（DIRT）,设置对照（CK）、双倍枯落物（DL）、去除枯落物（NL）、去除有机层和A层（O/A-Less）、去除根系（NR）和无输入（NI）6个处理水平,采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测量仪及TRIME-PICO 64/32土壤温度水分测定仪对不同处理样地每月的CO₂通量（R_s）、土壤温度和土壤水分（15cm）进行了测定。结果表明：（1）不同处理样地CO₂通量均呈现出明显的月变化,7至8月最高,1至4月最低,平均值表现为R_{s （DL）}=8.10 μmol m^-2 s^-1 > R_{s （CK）}=6.27 μmol m^-2 s^-1 > R_{s （NL）}=5.44 μmol m^-2 s^-1 > R_{s （NR）}=4.46 μmol m^-2 s^-1 > R_{s （O/A-Less）}=3.86 μmol m^-2 s^-1 > R_{s （NI）}=2.94 μmol m^-2 s^-1。（2）与CK相比,DL样地CO₂通量升高了29.12%,而去除地上枯落物和地下根系样地CO₂通量显著降低,CO₂通量平均变幅分别为α（NR）=-28.85%,α（NI）=-53.14%,α（O/A-Less）=-38.46%,α（NL）=-13.29%。（3）不同处理土壤水分和土壤温度均存在显著的月变化（P<0.01）,NL和O/A-Less的土壤水分显著低于CK,而其余处理与CK间无显著差异（P>0.05）;不同处理间土壤温度表现为NR和NI均显著高于CK,其余处理与CK间无显著差异（P>0.05）。（4）不同处理样地CO₂通量与土壤温度呈显著指数相关（P<0.01）,与土壤水分在NI和O/A-Less处理中无显著相关（P>0.05）;与CK相比,NI、O/A-Less和NL处理的Q₁₀增加,而NR和DL处理的Q₁₀则降低;不同处理林地CO₂通量与土壤水热因子双因素模型能更好的解释林地CO₂通量的变化。本研究表明枯落物不同处理通过改变土壤碳输入和土壤环境因子从而影响生态系统碳排放,研究结果可为未来气候变化和人为干扰下云南松林的碳循环提供基础数据。     

不同城市化梯度下木荷(Schima superba)功能性状差异

城市化过程会引起周边环境要素的改变,而这种变化是否会对植物功能性状产生影响目前尚不清楚。选择我国亚热带常绿阔叶林优势树种木荷（Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.）为研究对象,分别在杭州市中心（HZ）、郊区（FY）及偏远地区（JD）3个位置采集阴生和阳生枝条样品进行植物枝条功能性状测定,并对各功能性状在3个区域间的差异性以及阴生阳生枝条功能性状间的差异性进行双因素方差分析（Two-way ANOVA）和多重比较（Tukey法）,对所有区域的功能性状与环境气象因子进行相关分析。结果表明,从JD到HZ,阳生枝条水力结构性状枝条密度（ρ）,叶片比叶面积（SLA）及叶枝比（A_L∶A_S）逐渐降低,而边材导水率（K_S）则逐渐增加。而阴生枝条除了A_L∶A_S不受影响以外,其他水力结构性状也存在相同的变化趋势。在叶片气体交换能力上,阳生枝条叶片最大净光合速率（A_n）,蒸腾速率（E_l）以及气孔导度（g_s）均从JD到HZ逐渐增加,其中HZ的阳生枝条E_l是JD的2.8倍,而水分利用效率（WUE）以及¹³C同位素丰度（δ¹³C）则逐渐降低。阴生枝条除了A_n不存在显著差异以外（P > 0.05）,其他与阳生枝条也具有相同的变化趋势。此外,阳生和阴生枝条的对比结果表明,除了WUE和δ¹³C,两者的各功能性状均存在显著差异,并且阳生枝条对于城市化的环境效应的敏感性更高。植物水力结构性状和叶片气体交换功能性状之间存在显著相关性（P<0.05）,尤其是K_S与叶片气体交换能力（A_n,E_l）。而3个区域温度（T_a）和水汽压亏缺（VPD）的变化对植物水力结构性状的影响较大。这些结果表明,城市化会导致植物的生存策略向高气体交换能力-低水力安全阈值转变。     

盐分胁迫下杠柳叶片光合特性的光响应研究

利用CID型便携式光合作用仪测定不同NaCl浓度下杠柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率（WUE）及光能利用率(LUE)生理参数的光响应过程,阐明盐分胁迫下其对光照响应的规律,探讨有利于杠柳正常生长的盐分浓度和光照条件。结果表明:（1）各盐分浓度下杠柳叶片光补偿点（LCP）在21.89～65.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间变动,介于阴性植物与阳性植物之间;杠柳随土壤盐分的不同,其光合作用参数对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性;50 mmol·L^-1盐分浓度下杠柳光合同化能力最强,最有利于其干物质的积累,表现出一定的耐盐性。（2）轻度的盐分胁迫（小于50 mmol·L^-1）可以提高杠柳叶片的P_n、G_s、WUE和LUE,而盐分胁迫对杠柳的T_r有抑制作用,并随着盐分浓度的增加其抑制作用愈强烈。（3）维持杠柳正常生长的土壤盐分浓度小于50 mmol·L^-1,最佳PAR为1 000～2 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;而保持杠柳最大WUE和LUE的光照强度分别为800和100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

不同CO2浓度升高和氮肥水平对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为研究不同CO₂浓度升高和氮肥水平对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响,利用由开顶式气室（OTC）组成的CO₂浓度自动调控平台开展田间试验。以粳稻9108为试验材料,CO₂浓度设置CK（对照,环境大气CO₂浓度）、C₁（CO₂浓度比CK增加160 μmol/mol）和C₂（CO₂浓度比CK增加200 μmol/mol）3个水平;氮肥设置低氮（N₁：10 g/m²）、中氮（N₂：20 g/m²）和高氮（N₃：30 g/m²）3个水平。结果表明,在低氮条件下,与CK相比,C₁处理使拔节期的F_o上升4.8%（P=0.031）;C₂处理使拔节期的F_o上升6.3%（P=0.015）,F_v/F_m下降4.8%（P=0.003）,使孕穗期的F_o上升12.7%（P=0.039）,F_v/F_o下降18.2%（P=0.039）。在高氮条件下,与CK相比,C₂处理使灌浆期的F_m、F_v和F_v/F_m分别下降3.6%（P=0.039）、4.9%（P=0.013）和1.3%（P=0.039）。在中氮条件下,与CK相比,C₁和C₂处理的影响不明显。在整个生育期内,CO₂浓度升高与施氮处理交互作用对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响未到达显著水平。研究表明,大气CO₂浓度升高使水稻叶片光系统Ⅱ受损,抑制其电子传递能力、电子受体Q_A氧化还原情况、最大光化学效率和潜在活性,通过适量施氮可以有效地缓解其负面效应。     

Hidden species diversity in Marcusenius moorii (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from the Congo Basin

New collections from the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve (YBR) and Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR) revealed the presence of two groups of specimens similar to, but different from Marcusenius moorii. To study both these groups, an integrated morphological and genetic (mtDNA, cytb) approach was used. This study revealed that one of the two groups is conspecific with Marcusenius lambouri, a junior synonym of M. moorii, which is herein revalidated, with M. moorii longulus as its junior synonym. Marcusenius lambouri differs from M. moorii by a higher number of lateral line scales (44–46 vs. 40–43), a shorter pectoral-fin length (14.6–19.9 vs. 20.3–25.2% standard length; L_S) and a more elongated body due to a usually shallower middle body depth (19.8–26.5 vs. 26.3–35.9% L_S). The other group revealed to be a new species for science, Marcusenius verheyenorum, which can be distinguished from its congeners with eight circumpeduncular scales by the following unique combination of characters: a rounded head with a terminal mouth; a short and deep caudal peduncle (middle caudal-peduncle depth, 44.9–54.6% caudal-peduncle length; L_CP), a deep body (middle body depth, 27.7–34.2% L_S), 38–43 scales on the lateral line, 40–41 vertebrae, 20–21 dorsal-fin rays and 26 anal-fin rays. Some specimens previously attributed to M. moorii were examined and reassigned to M. lambouri or M. verheyenorum. As a result, M. moorii and M. lambouri occur in sympatry in the middle Congo Basin, with the distribution area of M. moorii still further extending into the lower Congo Basin. Instead, the distribution of M. verheyenorum is limited to some right bank tributaries of the upstream part of the middle Congo Basin. Two museum records from the Lilanda River (YBR), collected in the 1950s and previously identified as M. moorii, were re-identified as belonging to the new species, M. verheyenorum. However, the species now seems locally extinct in that region, which reflects the significant anthropogenic effects even within this reserve.     

Genetic analysis for main length ratio associated with morphological traits in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of main length ratios associated with morphological traits in Paralichthys olivaceus. At 180, 240 and 360 days of age, body length (L₁), head length (L₂), body depth (L₃), caudal peduncle depth (L₄) and caudal‐peduncle length (L₅) were observed in 4757–5224 individuals from 52 full‐sib families. Based on these observed traits, the main length‐ratio traits including L₃:L₁, L₂:L₁, L₅:L₁ and L₄:L₃ were constructed. Three single‐trait animal models were used to examine the phenotypic variation of length‐ratio traits and were compared using the likelihood ratio test. As a result, the optimal model for all the analysed traits was determined as the model with the fixed, additive genetic and full‐sib family effects. Using the optimal model, animal model analysis for single trait showed that heritabilities were estimated to be low, ranging from 0·122 to 0·276. The estimates for all length‐ratio traits decreased while the days of age increased except for L₃:L₁. Multivariate animal model analysis indicated that within and among days of age, genetic correlations between length‐ratio traits were different in the direction and magnitude. Genetic parameter estimation of main length ratios would be helpful for genetic improvement of body shape in P. olivaceus.     

油棕鲜果穗产量构成因素的相关性和回归分析

为明确油棕鲜果穗产量构成因素之间的关系,利用相关性、回归和通径等分析方法,对58株油棕单株鲜果穗产量与其它性状相关性进行了研究。结果表明:油棕鲜果穗产量与鲜果穗重和每株果穗数的相关性最为密切。另外,在油棕高产品种选育过程中,应着重对平均果穗重、每株果穗数、果实大小和含油量等性状进行选择,并综合权衡这些产量性状之间的相互作用。产量性状变异和相关性分析表明,平均种壳厚度变异程度最大(88.34%),平均果长变异最小(11.99%),鲜果穗产量与鲜果穗重、每株果穗数、平均果重呈极显著正相关关系(0.882**,0.714**,0.439**),与平均果长呈显著正相关关系(0.334*)。多元线性回归和通径分析结果表明,通过比较多元线性回归方程的相关参数,建立了可实用的最优多元线性回归方程x_1=-281.511+2.787x_4+3.455x_5-2.672x_6+0.411x_7+6.690x_8+3.664x_9,平均鲜果穗重和每株果穗数对单株鲜果穗产量的直接作用最大(0.670,0.439),其它性状对单株产量的直接作用较小,平均果重和平均果长对单株鲜果穗产量的间接作用最大(0.335,0.322)。该研究结果为油棕高产品种选育提供了依据。     

牛角瓜离体快繁技术

该文选用牛角瓜茎段为外植体,通过组织培养方法探索牛角瓜组织培养和种苗快繁技术。结果表明:最佳外植体表面消毒方法是以0.1%HgCl_2处理7 min,外植体存活率为32.3%;初代培养基为MS+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),培养20 d后形成3～4 cm高的再生芽。增殖培养前期筛选的较为适宜的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.05 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),增殖系数4.6。但在后续的培养过程中发现,牛角瓜组培苗易玻璃化,且随着世代更迭,玻璃化程度加重,到了第四代几乎全部玻璃化。因此在上述增殖培养的基础上,以AgNO_3作为玻璃化抑制剂,筛选出最终的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA1.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.05 mg·L~(-1)+AgNO_31.0 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)。用此增殖培养基,培养25 d,苗高5～8 cm,增殖系数5.8,玻璃化率低于10%,且连续培养多代,玻璃化率维持在10%以下。生根壮苗培养基为1/2MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.6 g·L~(-1),培养14 d,生根率98%;将生根苗移栽于70%遮阴度的大棚中,30 d后,苗高20 cm左右,成活率85%。利用该方法可对牛角瓜优良种苗进行规模化生产。     

Effects of Temperature and Body Size on the Swimming Speed of Larval and Juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua): Implications for Individual-based Modelling

Synopsis The routine swimming speed (S) of three groups of 4, 9 and 32 cm total length (L_T) juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) was quantified in the laboratory at 6 – 10 different temperatures (T) between 3.2 and 16.7°C. At temperatures between 5 and 15°C, mean group S increased exponentially with increasing T (S=a e^bT) and the effect of temperature (b = 0.082, Q₁₀ = 2.27) was not significantly different among the groups (over the 8-fold difference in fish sizes of early- and post-settlement juveniles). Differences in mean S among individuals within each group were quite large (coefficient of variation = 40 – 80%). Swimming data for juveniles and those collected for groups of 0.4, 0.7 and 0.9 cm standard length (L_S) larvae were combined to assess the effect of body size on S. At 8°C, S (mm s⁻¹) increased with L_S (mm) according to: S = 0.26L_S^Φ−5.28L_S⁻¹, where Φ = 1.55L_S^−0.08. Relative S (body lengths s⁻¹) was related to L_S by a dome-shaped relationship having a maximum value (0.49 body lengths s⁻¹) at 18.5 – 19 mm L_S corresponding to the sizes of fish at the end of larval-juvenile metamorphosis. Previous larval cod IBM’s using a cruise-predator mode likely overestimated rates of foraging (prey searching and encounters) by a factor of ~2, whereas foraging rates in pause-travel models are closer to estimates of swimming velocities obtained in this and other laboratory studies.     

Study on the purification of polysaccharides from Noscoc flagelliforme with radial flow chromatography

The isolation and purification of polysaccharide from Noscoc flagelliforme by radial flow chromatography were studied. The column (7.7 cm of bed length and 229.6 cm³ of bed volume) was packed with DEAE-01 anion ion-exchange resin and gradient eluted with NaCl solutions. The content of the polysaccharide was determined with the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The effects of sampling weight, elution velocity, and elution concentration gradient on the separation efficiency were examined and three isolated peaks were obtained. The optimal separation conditions are 10 mg of the sampling weight (sampling volume is 20 mL), 1.0 mL/min of the elution velocity, and 1.00 mol/L² of NaCl gradient elution. The adjacent peak resolutions among the three main components (1, 2, and 3 according to their elution order) are 0.660 (R ₁₂) and 0.786 (R ₂₃), respectively. It is deduced that 39.8 cm of the bed length is required for the fully separation of the three polysaccharides. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Flight of the honey bee VI: energetics of wind tunnel exhaustion flights at defined fuel content,speed adaptation and aerodynamics

To gain information on extended flight energetics, quasi-natural flight conditions imitating steady horizontal flight were set by combining the tetheredflight wind-tunnel method with the exhaustion-flight method. The bees were suspended from a two-component aerodynamic balance at different, near optimum body angle of attack and were allowed to choose their own speed: their body mass and body weight was determined before and after a flight; their speed, lift, wingbeat frequency and total flight time were measured throughout a flight. These values were used to determine thrust, resultant aerodynamic force (magnitude and tilting angle), Reynolds number, total flight distance and total flight impulse. Flights in which lift was body weight were mostly obtained. Bees, flown to complete exhausion, were refed with 5, 10, 15 or 20 l of a 1.28-mol·l^-1 glucose solution (energy content w=18.5, 37.0, 55.5 or 74.0 J) and again flown to complete exhaustion at an ambient temperature of 25±1.5°C by a flight of known duration such that the calculation of absolute and relative metabolic power was possible. Mean body mass after exhaustion was 76.49±3.52 mg. During long term flights of 7.47–31.30 min similar changes in flight velocity, lift, thrust, aerodynamic force, wingbeat frequency and tilting angle took place, independent of the volume of feeding solution. After increasing rapidly within 15 s a more or less steady phase of 60–80% of total flight time, showing only a slight decrease, was followed by a steeper, more irregular decrease, finally reaching 0 within 20–30 s. In steady phases lift was nearly equal to resultant aerodynamic force; tilting angle was 79.8±4.0°, thrust to lift radio did not vary, thrust was 18.0±7.4% of lift, lift was somewhat higher/equal/lower than body mass in 61.3%, 16.1%, 22.6% of all totally analysable flights (n=31). The following parameters were varied as functions of volume of feeding solution (5–20 l in steps of 5 l) and energy content. (18.5–74.0 J in steps of 18.5 J): total flight time, velocity, total flight distance, mean lift, thrust, mean resultant aerodynamic force, tilting angle, total flight impulse, wingbeat frequency, metabolic power and metabolic power related to body mass, the latter related to empty, full and mean (=100 mg) body mass. The following positive correlations were found: L=1.069·10^-9 f ^2.538; R=1.629·10^-9 f ^2.464; P _m=7.079·10^-8 f ^2.456; P _m=0.008v+0.008; P _m=18.996L+0.022; P _m=19.782R+0.021; P _m=82.143T+0.028; P _m=1.245·bm _f ^1.424 ; P _{mrel e}=6.471·bm _f ^1.040 ; =83.248+0.385. The following negative correlations were found: V=3.939–0.032; T=1.324·10^-4–0.038·10^-4. Statistically significant correlations were not found in T(f), L(), R(), f(), P _m(bm _e), P _{m rel e}(bm _e), P _{m rel f}(bm _e), P _{m rel f}(bm _f).Abbreviations A(m²) frontal area - bl(m) body length - bm(mg) body mass - c(mol·1^-1) glucose concentration of feeding solution - c _D (dimensionless) drag coefficient, related to A - D(N) drag - F _w(N) body weight - F _wp weight of paper fragment lost at flight start - f wingbeat frequency (s^-1) - g(=9.81 m·s^-2) gravitational acceleration - I(Ns)=R(t) dt total impulse of a flight - L(N) lift vertical sustaining force component - P _m(J·s^-1=W) metabolic power - P_{m ret} (W·g^-1) metabolic power, related to body mass - R(N) resultant aerodynamic force - Re v·bl·v ^-1 (dimensionless) Reynolds number, related to body length - s(m) v(t) dt virtual flight distance of a flight - s(km) total virtual flight distance - T (N) thrust horizontal force component of horizontal flight - T _a (°C) ambient temperature - t(s) time - t _tot (s or min) total flight time - v(m·s^-1) flight velocity - v(l) volume of feeding solution - W (J) energy and energy content of V - ( °) body angle of attack between body longitudinal axis and flow direction - ( °) tilting angle ( 90°) between R and the horizont in horizontal flight v(=1.53·10^-5m²·s^-1 for air at 25°) kinematic viscosity - (=1.2 kg·m^-3 at 25°C) air density     

Absence of the glutamine-synthetase-linked methylammonium (ammonium)-transport system in the cyanobiont of Cycas-cyanobacterial symbiosis

Using the ammonium analogue ¹⁴CH₃NH ₃ ⁺ , ammonium transport was studied in the cyanobiont cells freshly isolated from the root nodules of Cycas revoluta. An L-methionine-dl-sulphoximine (MSX)-insensitive ammonium-transport system, which was dependent on membrane potential (), was found in the cyanobiont. However, the cyanobiont was incapable of metabolizing exogenous ¹⁴CH₃NH ₃ ⁺ or NH ₄ ⁺ because of the absence of another ammonium-transport system responsible for the uptake of ammonium for assimilation via glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2). Such a modification seems to be the result of symbiosis because the free-living cultured isolate, Anabaena cycadeae, has been shown to possess both the ammonium-transport systems.Abbreviations and symbol ATS/ATSs ammonium transport system/systems - Chl chlorophyll - GS glutamine synthetase - MSX L-methionine-dl-sulphoximine - membrane potential     

Correlated Responses in Male Reproductive Traits in Mice Selected for Litter Size and Body Weight

Correlated responses in male reproductive traits were determined at 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age in lines of mice selected for large litter size (L⁺), large 6-week body weight (W⁺), large litter size and small body weight (L⁺W^-) and small litter size and large body weight (L^-W⁺), and in an unselected control (K). Concentration of serum testosterone and weights of testes, seminal vesicles, epididymides and adrenal glands increased with age. Line differences in testosterone concentration were not detected. L⁺ and W⁺ males exhibited positive correlated responses in testes, epididymides and seminal vescile weights. Testis weight adjusted for body weight was significantly larger for L⁺ than controls and approached significance for W⁺. Realized genetic correlation betestis weight and litter size was 0.60 ± 0.04, and the realized partial genetic correlation holding body weight constant was 0.42. Therefore, pleiotropic loci, acting via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, affect testis weight and litter size independently of body weight. Additionally, genes influencing overall growth have a pleiotropic effect on testis weight and litter size in mice; the realized genetic correlations of body weight with testis weight and with litter size were 0.60 ± 0.03 and 0.52 ± 0.10. Testis weight increased in both L⁺W^- and L^-W⁺ males. The positive correlated response in L⁺W^- may have resulted from changes in frequency of genes controlling reproductive processes; whereas, in L^-W⁺ it could have been the result of changes in the frequency of genes associated with body weight.     

白花泡桐优树组织培养及产业化快繁技术

以自选育的白花泡桐优树茎段为外植体,进行种苗组培快繁技术研究。结果表明:其最佳的外植体灭菌方法是以0.1%升汞处理7 min;合适的初代诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8),培养30 d,芽诱导率70%;合适的继代增殖方法为在高浓度植物生长物质培养基MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8)和低浓度植物生长物质培养基MS+6-BA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.04 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8)中交替培养,获得的丛生芽长势良好,玻璃化率低于5%,增殖系数大于6.0/25 d;最适的生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.2 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+卡拉胶3.4 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8),培养14 d,得到白花泡桐生根苗,每株长根5~10条,根长3~5 cm,生根率98%,根系洁白、根毛少而短,易于清洗。将生根苗按照常规方法炼苗后移栽于温室大棚中,50 d后即可出圃,此时平均苗高1.0 m、地径1.0~2.0 cm,成活率在90%以上。