白腐菌木质素降解酶及其在木质素降解过程中的相互作用

木质素是一类不易降解的生物物质,在自然界中,白腐真菌对木质素的降解能力最强.白腐真菌降解木质素主要依靠分泌的三种酶:木质素过氧化物酶(Lip)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和漆酶(Lac).对白腐真菌分泌的三种木质素降解酶在性质、分布等方面进行了比较,系境地介绍三种木质素降解酶的催化作用,并阐述其在木质素降解过程中的相互作用.     

采自武夷山高温木质素降解菌优良菌株筛选及其木质素降解效果测定

本文旨在筛选能够高效降解秸秆木质素的高温真菌。对来自福建武夷山的农田土壤进行富集,采用苯胺蓝、愈创木酚和α-萘酚3种筛选平板结合木质素磺酸钙降解试验筛选木质素高温降解菌,采用范氏洗涤剂法测定一株高效降解菌对秸秆木质素的降解效果;最后以经典形态学和多基因分子系统学相结合的方法对该菌株进行鉴定。结果表明：经钓饵法,分离获得8株高温菌;通过初筛和复筛,获得了1株较好的木质素高温降解菌A12638H;将其用于降解水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆,发现木质素降解率分别达到41.7%和48.3%;该菌株经鉴定为大孢戴氏霉Taifanglania major。菌株A12638H具有很好的应用价值,值得在秸秆资源的开发利用中开展更深入的研究。     

木质素降解酶及相关基因研究进展

生物质的高效综合利用已成为全球关注的热点问题。生物质的主要成分是木质素、纤维素和半纤维素,其利用的关键是如何去除木质素,从而提高纤维素和半纤维素的得率。其中利用真菌的生物预处理方法因条件温和、无二次污染等优点符合全球经济可持续发展需要,受到研究者的普遍关注。综述了近年国内外真菌分泌的主要木质素降解酶,包括木质素过氧化物酶(Li P)、锰过氧化物酶(Mn P)、漆酶(laccase)和多功能过氧化物酶(VP)的主要特点,总结了木质素降解相关酶的基因工程、基因组学的研究成果,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

三种重要木质素降解酶研究进展

就三种重要木质素降解酶：LiP、MnP和漆酶在自然界的分布,化学组成、结构特征、降解机制、分子生物学等进行综述,并探讨了其作用协同性。     

耐高温木质素降解菌筛选及降解效果研究

为提高育苗基质中废弃物木质素降解速率,在废弃物堆腐生产育苗基质高温阶段取样,筛选耐高温木质素降解菌,并对菌种进行鉴定,同时测定其对秸秆木质素和菌糠木质素的降解效果。获得了1株较好的木质素高温降解菌HZ11,鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）,结果显示,该菌株对秸秆木质素和菌糠木质素降解效果较好,50 ℃条件下,20 d木质素降解率分别为46.7%和42.4%。菌株HZ11在降解秸秆和菌糠方面具有很好的应用潜力,为利用农业废弃物生产育苗基质提供更加丰富的菌种资源,具有重要的参考价值。     

漆酶／介体体系降解黄麻纤维木质素的研究

为了研究漆酶／介体处理过程中,黄麻纤维木质素结构的变化,采用二氧六环水溶液抽提制取了黄麻纤维木质素,再用漆酶／介体对其处理,通过GPC、元素分析、酚羟基含量测定、红外光谱以及核磁共振氢谱分析了漆酶／介体处理后,黄麻纤维木质素结构的变化。结果表明：经漆酶／介体处理后,黄麻纤维木质素重均分子量和数均分子量减小,酚羟基、醇羟基以及甲氧基含量降低,羰基含量增加。     

木质素降解菌的筛选及混合菌发酵降解秸秆的研究

农作物秸秆是农业生产的副产品,也是一项重要的生物资源。由于其成分结构的特殊性所导致的难降解问题,一直成为了转化利用秸秆的难题。目前,利用混合菌将秸秆纤维素转化为蛋白质、乙醇、乙酸、乳酸等研究已逐渐为人们所重视。本文通过马铃薯琼脂平板培养、马铃薯液体摇瓶培养和稻草秸秆固态发酵,从6株常见的食用白腐菌中筛选出了生长优势较强、产漆酶酶活高的平菇HF。为了让秸秆得到更好的降解和利用,采用平菇和康氏木霉二步混合发酵法;通过不同的组合方式,发现H6-T10组合得出的降解效果最好,其木质素降解率达到44.77%,纤维素降解率达到41.48%。     

白蚁菌圃中木质素降解菌的筛选及降解效果

为了选出能够有效降解木质素的菌株,以废弃的白蚁巢为来源进行筛选,并以无氮培养基、碱木质素培养基、苯胺蓝培养基和愈创木酚培养基进行复筛.对筛选出的菌株进行16SrRNA鉴定以及形态学分析.通过扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱对降解前后的碱木质素进行降解特性的解析.结果筛选出一株具有木质素降解能力的细菌经鉴定并命名为R.ornit...     

木质素降解菌BYL-7的筛选及降解条件优化

[背景]微生物降解木质素因其具有降解效率高和环保等特点而备受关注.[目的]筛选高效木质素降解真菌,并对其降解条件进行优化.[方法]通过愈创木酚-马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar,PDA)和苯胺蓝平板法筛选高效木质素降解菌株,利用单因素筛选及响应面试验对培养条件进行优化.[结果]筛选到一株高效木...     

木质素降解菌株的分离及其降解玉米秸秆过程中产酶特点

【目的】筛选高效降解木质素的菌株,并研究其以玉米秸秆为底物时木素降解酶活性。【方法】本研究以愈创木酚培养基和苯胺蓝培养基从吉林省不同经纬度的自然朽木及腐朽玉米秸秆土壤样品中分离、筛选得到高效降解木质素的菌株,并对其形态学鉴定,通过ITS序列分析构建系统发育树,分析菌株的分类地位。通过秸秆固体发酵过程产生的胞外木质素酶的活性分析,选出高效秸秆降解菌。【结果】筛选出1株高效降解秸秆的真菌,对其进行形态学特征和ITS序列分析,命名为白囊耙齿菌W2(Irpex lacteus W2)。该菌株在4–8 d内产生的锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidase)呈上升趋势,并且在8 d达到峰值86.31 U/mL,与黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)的最高酶活力45.86 U/mL相比,高出了88.20%(P0.01);该菌株的漆酶(Laccase)活力8 d时达到20.60 U/mL,比对照高40.76%(P0.05)。【结论】本研究分离到一株具有较强降解秸秆能力的真菌,初步鉴定为Irpex lacteus W2,具有较强的降解秸秆能力,其降解秸秆过程中产生较高的锰过氧化物酶与漆酶活力。     

Effects of a pulp and paper mill on the ecology of the La Trobe River,Victoria, Australia

Four riverine animal communities were measured to assess the impact of extensively treated wastewater from a pulp and paper mill on the lower La Trobe River in Victoria, Australia. Benthic macroinvertebrates in channel and bankside habitats were sampled using a new air-lift corer. Population density was expressed in relation to substrate volume. Other communities measured at five sites upstream and downstream of the mill's wastewater outfall were the zooplankton, and the animals associated with submerged littoral vegetation. Ten environmental variables were also measured during the two sampling periods.A total of 50 benthic macro-invertebrate taxa were dominated by Oligochaeta, Chironomidae and Bivalvia. Benthic communities upstream and downstream of the outfall were very similar. Benthic samples showed large unexplained variation between stations and seasons, despite the similarity of stations and the stratified sampling design, but within-sample variation was small. There was some evidence that benthic faunal patchiness was associated with patterns of stream-bed scouring and deposition in periods of high flow. Littoral samples collected 28 taxa, dominated by Decapoda and Hemiptera. The benthic and littoral communities were quite distinct, with only three species common to both.Only two of the biological and environmental variables responded to wastewater from the mill: total dissolved solids rose by 20–25% over upstream levels; and zooplankton density increased by 2–3 orders of magnitude. It was concluded that wastewater treatment had successfully avoided the major environmental problems often associated with pulp and paper mills.     

Screening Diverse Fungi for Laccases of Varying Properties

Qualitative screening of 295 fungi for laccases yielded 125 laccase positive ones, mostly basidiomycetes. Fifty of these were tested for laccase activity at pH 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0. Most showed maximum activity at pH 4.5, a few showed a broad activity range, two were optimal at pH 3.0 and only the mitosporic fungus Beltraniella sp. was best at pH 6. Most of the 25 fungi assayed at three different temperatures had an optimum at 45°C. The basidiomycete Auricularia sp. acted best at 30°C, while three others showed best activity at 60°C. This study shows the potential of screening diverse fungi for laccase with varying pH and temperature preferences for different applications.     

Comparative Characterization of Laminarinases from the Filamentous Marine Fungi Chaetomium Indicum Corda and Trichoderma Aureviride Rifai

Marine filamentous fungi (103 strains) isolated from various marine habitats were studied for their ability to produce extracellular O-glycosylhydrolases. Cultural filtrates of these strains were shown to contain a series of glycanases (laminarinases, amylases, cellulases, pustulanases) and glycosidases (β-glucosidases, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidases, β-galactosidases, α-mannosidases).Two species of marine fungi from different habitats were chosen for isolation of laminarinases and detailed study on enzyme properties. The fungus Chaetomium indicum associated with the alga Fucus evanescens C. Agardh was collected near the Kuril Islands, and T. aureviride was sampled from bottom deposits of South China Sea. Properties of extracellular laminarinases were similar: temperature optimums (40–45 ^∘C), molecular masses (54–56 kDa), K _m (0.1–0.3 mg ml⁻¹). Temperature stability of laminarinase of C. indicum was significantly higher than those from T. aureveride. It is shown that these enzymes are specific to β-1,3-bonds in glucans, release predominantly glucose from laminaran and do not catalyze reaction of transglycosylation. Accoding to these data enzymes are exo-1,3-β-D-glucan-glucanohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.58). Inhibitor analysis demonstrated the significant role of tryptophan and tyrosine residues in the catalytic activity of enzymes. Molecules of T. aureviride laminarinase contained the functionally important thiol group.     

根癌农杆菌在丝状真菌转化中的应用

原生质体转化法是丝状真菌转化的传统方法,但其过程繁琐且转化效率低。根癌农杆菌介导的转化方法原本是进行植物遗传转化的标准方法,但近年来发现该方法还可用于丝状真菌的转化。根癌农杆菌介导的丝状真菌转化具有操作简便、转化效率高、重复性好等优点,从而可以解决丝状真菌转化难的问题。在本文中,就其转化机制、特点和转化条件优化等方面的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

Nickel Tolerance and Accumulation by Filamentous Fungi From Sludge of Metal Finishing Industry

Industrialization, urbanization and increased vehicular traffic have resulted in increased contamination of our environment by heavy metals. The long persistence of heavy metals in nature has in turn resulted in development of metal resistant microbial strains. These strains are minimizing heavy metals toxicity, either by metal complexation or precipitation and other mechanisms. Characterization of fungal diversity was done in contaminated soil of the Wazirpur industrial area throughout the year. In this area highly acidic hazardous solid waste produced high concentration of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn). Nickel toxicity is a major environmental concern. Due to long persistence of this waste in the environment without any treatment, many fungal isolates from the surrounding environment settle on the upper surface of waste. Few of them are capable of growing in the toxic conditions. More than 20 strains were isolated, most of them belonging to species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Mucor genera. Seasonal variation in fungal diversity was significant. Four filamentous fungal isolates were found to be resistant for nickel (II) and a strain of Papulaspora sepedonoides reported first time for bioremediation of Ni (II) in this investigation, which is absorbing 62.33 μmol Ni gr^?1. These fungal isolates showed a high level (100–10000 mg kg^?1) of resistance for Ni (II) salt and removing Ni (II) from solution. Metal uptake varied with fungi. The toxicity also was influenced by different factors like pH and composition of growth medium.     

Levanases for control of slime in paper manufacture

Formation of slime deposits is a major problem facing paper industries. The slime may be biological or nonbiological. Biological deposits that are composed of varied microflora along with fibers, fillers and dirt are the most troublesome. Slime producing microbes secrete extracellular polysaccharides that gum up the process machinery. The specific nature of slime and its formation depend on the mill environment. Correspondingly, countermeasures vary with the type of slime deposit. Conventional slime control methods generally employ combinations of biocides. This leads to effluent toxicity, as well as high processing and treatment costs. Therefore, alternative control measures are in demand. Once such measure is the use of enzymes (levanases) that dissolve the slime to some degree and improve biocide penetration into the slime layer. As a result, the amount of biocide required is reduced, process economics improve and effluent treatment is simplified.