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1.
R. W. Grigg 《Coral reefs (Online)》1998,17(3):263-272
In the high Hawaiian Islands, significant accretion due to coral reef growth is limited by wave exposure and sea level. Holocene
coral growth and reef accretion was measured at four stations off Oahu, Hawaii, chosen along a gradient in wave energy from
minimum to maximum exposures. The results show that coral growth of living colonies (linear extension) at optimal depths is
comparable at all stations (7.7–10.1 mm/y), but significant reef accretion occurs only at wave sheltered stations. At wave
sheltered stations in Hanauma Bay and Kaneohe Bay, rates of long term reef accretion are about 2.0 mm/y. At wave exposed stations,
off Mamala Bay and Sunset Beach, reef accretion rates are virtually zero in both shallow (1 m) and deeper (optimal) depths
(12 m). At wave sheltered stations, such as Kaneohe Bay and Hanauma Bay, Holocene reef accretion is on the order of 10–15 m
thick. At wave exposed stations, Holocene accretion is represented by only a thin veneer of living corals resting on antecedent
Pleistocene limestone foundations. Modern coral communities in wave exposed environments undergo constant turnover associated
with mortality and recruitment or re-growth of fragmented colonies and are rarely thicker than a single living colony. Breakage,
scour, and abrasion of living corals during high wave events appears to be the major source of mortality and ultimately limits
accretion to wave sheltered environments. Depth is particularly important as a modulator of wave energy. The lack of coral
reef accretion along shallow open ocean coastlines may explain the absence of mature barrier reefs in the high Hawaiian Islands.
Accepted: 14 May 1998 相似文献
2.
Surveys conducted at Niau, a slightly raised atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago, revealed a brackish community with only a few extant species of fishes, crustaceans and molluscs in the residual semi-enclosed lagoon. Dredging of superficial sediments near the Niau lagoon resulted in a rich shell mollusc assemblage with 120 species, dating from the Pleistocene Last Interglacial Maximum (120,000 years BP). The assemblage contains 3 previously described new species, collected nowhere else since, and 12 species locally extinct but extant in the Indo-Pacific. Results are compared with previous studies on Pleistocene reefs of the Indo-Pacific. 相似文献
3.
S. O. SCHLANGER G. W. GILLETT F.L.S. † 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1976,8(3):205-216
Laysan Island, a low atoll in the Leeward Hawaiian Islands, exhibits a biota that contains nine genera of upland and montane lineages of animals and plants usually of restricted range and occurrence and adapted to high island habitats. The geological history of Laysan Island, interpreted in terms of plate tectonic theory and recent ideas on the formation of linear island chains, shows that Laysan existed as an active high volcanic island approximately 15 million years ago. Since that time subaerial erosion and tectonic subsidence have combined to reduce the height of the island. During the past 250,000 years glacioeustatic sea level changes have resulted in Laysan Island fluctuating, geomorphologically, between a high limestone island and an atoll status. Laysan is viewed as a refugium for upland and montane lineages able to keep pace, via great adaptive flexibility, with drastic habitat changes. The thesis that plants of Laysan are recent arrivals is considered unlikely, as regards the upland contingent, in view of the geological history of the island. 相似文献
4.
Kikai-jima in the central Ryukyu Islands of Japan is fringed by exposed terraces of Holocene reefs, which formed as a result
of periodic local tectonic uplift associated with subduction/collision. The terraces form four topographically distinct features
(TI-IV) around the island and represent reefs that grew to sea level at 9000–6065 y BP, 6065–3390 y BP, 3790–2630 y BP, and
2870 to 1550 y BP. The modern reef terrace has been growing since approximately 1550 y BP. The reef terraces were uplifted
sequentially around 6050 y BP (4 m), 3390–3790 y BP (2.5 m), 2630–2870 y BP (1 m) and 1550 y BP (2.5 m). Five sites were studied
to define reef development in response to periodic relative sea level fall and different stillstand recovery periods. Thirty
coral genera and 70 species were recorded from four distinct shallow reef flat to upper reef slope and one deeper reef slope
coral assemblage. Significant lateral variations in total coral abundance, genera number, diversity, and the coverage density
of Acropora spp. and Faviids occur both within and between the terraces. Stratigraphically, drill core and outcrop data recorded shallowing
upward sequences characterised by tabulate Acropora spp. overlying massive Porites sp. and Faviids. The biological variations may represent growth strategies responding to initial colonisation, episodic perturbation
(relative sea level fall) and differing recovery times during stillstands, and indicate a reef ecosystem stable and strong
enough to recover after substantial perturbations. However, this study suggests that relatively small geological changes have
had substantial biological effects, and modelling indicates that such changes would have been more profound had a third factor,
such as substrate angle, varied more dramatically. In such a case, the drowning growth strategy exhibited in the drill core
transect may have been more prevalent, and reefs would be struggling to grow around Kikai-jima today.
Accepted: 27 May 1998 相似文献
5.
JOHN M. PANDOLFI 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1995,56(1-2):63-77
Henderson Island, in the Pitcairn Group, preserves a Pleistocene atoll physiography with the rim of the raised reef structure, supporting spur and groove topography, enclosing a central lagoon. Excellent preservation of coral reef communities occurs along the ancient atoll rim and within the central lagoon. The previously interpreted depositional nature of the fossil atoll structure is herein corroborated with geomorphologic and stratigraphic evidence from previously un-visited portions of the island. Stratigraphic and lateral facies relationships indicate a physiographic zonation which includes spur and grooves, outer reef flat, lagoon margin, and an interior lagoon with patch reefs. The in situ occurrence and zonation of reef coral communities around the periphery and within the interior of the island appear to reflect the original physiography of the atoll lagoon, with the most pronounced reef development on the SE side of the original atoll. Stratigraphic units which comprise the raised atoll lagoon structure represent different time intervals, so the atoll lagoon structure formed during various sea level fluctuations. The modern atolls of the Pitcairn Group, Oeno and Ducie, provide some comparisons (similarities and differences) with the fossil lagoon on top of Henderson Island. 相似文献
6.
Well-preserved, Holocene coral reefs provide the opportunity to discriminate between models of intrinsically driven succession
and extrinsically driven species replacement, especially when paleontological patterns can be combined with ecological observations
of the underlying mechanisms. Rhomboid shoals in the central shelf lagoon of the Belizean Barrier Reef experienced a recent
and dramatic change in community composition. Agaricia tenuifolia replaced Acropora cervicornis as the dominant coral species at 3–15 m depth along the flanks of the reefs. We tested the hypothesis that shallowing upward
caused this shift in dominance. A core extracted from 0.5 m water depth on one of the shoals, Channel Cay, revealed a shallowing-upward
shift in dominance from Acropora to Porites divaricata. This successional sequence was quite different from the Acropora-to-Agaricia transition observed in four cores from 6–11 m water depth. Ecological observations showed that Agaricia became the dominant at ≥3 m depth after Acropora populations were decimated by a regional outbreak of white-band disease. The Acropora-to-Agaricia transition was clearly a case of extrinsically driven species replacement rather than an intrinsically driven, successional,
shallowing-upward sequence.
Accepted: 14 May 1998 相似文献
7.
Coral growth in subtropical eastern Australia 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
V. J. Harriott 《Coral reefs (Online)》1999,18(3):281-291
Extension rates of corals at two sites in subtropical eastern Australia (Solitary Islands and Lord Howe Island) were measured
to determine whether growth was low relative to tropical locations. Growth was measured using alizarin staining of skeletons
and X-radiographic analysis, and was compared between colonies, species, and sites. Linear extension of individual Pocillopora damicornis colonies averaged 12.4 to 16.1 mm per year at Solitary Islands and Lord Howe Island respectively, which is 50% to 80% of
published values for this species at tropical sites. Similarly, average extension of most massive faviid species examined
at these sites was between 2.6 mm and 4.6 mm per year, considerably lower than most values reported from lower latitudes (generally
6 mm to 10 mm per year). However, growth rates of Acropora yongei, Turbinaria frondens, and Porites heronensis were close to those of closely-related taxa from the tropics. Causal links between latitude, growth rates of coral colonies,
and the potential for reef accretion remain unclear.
Accepted: 22 April 1999 相似文献
8.
In recent years, marine scientists have become increasingly alarmed over the decline of live coral cover throughout the Caribbean
and tropical western Atlantic region. The Holocene and Pleistocene fossil record of coral reefs from this region potentially
provides a wealth of long-term ecologic information with which to assess the historical record of changes in shallow water
coral reef communities. Before fossil data can be applied to the modern reef system, critical problems involving fossil preservation
must be addressed. Moreover, it must be demonstrated that the classic reef coral zonation patterns described in the early
days of coral reef ecology, and upon which “healthy” versus “unhealthy” reefs are determined, are themselves representative
of reefs that existed prior to any human influence. To address these issues, we have conducted systematic censuses of life
and death assemblages on modern “healthy” patch reefs in the Florida reef tract that conform to the classic Caribbean model
of reef coral zonation, and a patch reef in the Bahamas that is currently undergoing a transition in coral dominance that
is part of a greater Caribbean-wide phenomenon. Results were compared to censuses of ancient reef assemblages preserved in
Pleistocene limestones in close proximity to each modern reef. We have determined that the Pleistocene fossil record of coral
reefs may be used to calibrate an ecological baseline with which to compare modern reef assemblages, and suggest that the
current and rapid decline of Acropora cervicornis observed on a Bahamian patch reef may be a unique event that contrasts with the long-term persistence of this taxon during
Pleistocene and Holocene time.
Accepted: 19 May 1998 相似文献
9.
Lanyu and Lutao Islands to the southeast of Taiwan are located in the northern extension of the Luzon Arc. Crustal deformation
of these islands provides a key to understand the collision of the Luzon Arc against Taiwan. To clarify the style and the
rate of vertical movement during the Holocene, uplifted coral reefs fringing these two islands were investigated. Living corals
were also investigated for comparison with fossil corals. It was found that Isopora palifera lives dominantly in the upper slope of the present-day fringing coral reefs in Lanyu Island at an average depth of 101 ± 46 cm
(one standard deviation) below mean sea level. Using I. palifera as an accurate indicator of paleo-sea levels, Holocene relative sea-level changes were reconstructed. Lanyu Island has been
uplifted continuously at a rate of 2.0 mm yr−1, at least during the late Holocene from 2,269 cal. yr BP to the present. Lutao Island has been uplifted at an average rate
of 1.2 mm yr−1, since at least 5,749 cal. yr BP, although it is unclear whether the uplift was continuous. The present observations, combined
with the GPS displacement field and deep crustal structure, suggest that the continuous uplift is related to aseismic slip
on the Longitudinal Valley Fault. 相似文献
10.
Holocene growth of a mid-Pacific atoll: Tarawa,Kiribati 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cores from ten holes, drilled to a maximum depth of 30 m, on Tarawa atoll in the central Pacific have been utilised in a study of the Holocene development of the atoll. Four dominant lithologies, in descending order, are cay rock, unconsolidated sediment, corals and leached limestone. Petrographic and radiometric age analyses indicate that the Holocene reef has developed on a previous (last interglacial) reef; the latter shows the effects of both vadose and phreatic freshwater diagenesis. Hydrological investigations beneath the present islands indicate the presence of freshwater lenses up to 29 m thick; the modern lenses are unrelated to freshwater diagenetic imprints preserved within the limestones. Vertical accretion rates of 5–8 m/1000 years for the Holocene reef section on Tarawa are significantly higher than rates measured for other Pacific atolls. The dated coral sequences suggest a more rapid rate of sea level rise during the early Holocene, and a relatively earlier stabilisation of sea level than has been suggested previously. 相似文献
11.
Michael J. O'Leary Paul J. Hearty Malcolm T. McCulloch 《Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology》2008,259(4):424-435
Field observations and U-series ages reveal that Shark Bay, Western Australia (WA) has been inundated by the sea on at least three occasions during the Late Pleistocene/Holocene, resulting in a succession of marine deposits around the Bay. The exact age of these deposits has until now been problematic due to a lack of reliable and accurate age data. This study reports 16 new U-series coral dates from emergent reef deposits around Shark Bay, and point to an extended period of coral reef development during the peak of the last interglacial, marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e. This is attributed to enhancement of marine circulation within the reaches and basins, a result of higher sea levels and an absence of major sill and bank structures. Stromatolites are absent from the geological record within Shark Bay until the late Holocene, suggesting that sea levels and marine sedimentary processes that have operated during the present sea-level highstand are unique to this period. There is little direct evidence of fossil reef development occurring during interglacials of the middle/late Pleistocene (MIS 9/11). 相似文献
12.
G. F. Camoin M. Colonna L. F. Montaggioni J. Casanova G. Faure B. A. Thomassin 《Coral reefs (Online)》1997,16(4):247-259
The sedimentological and chronological study of Holocene reef sequences recovered in drill cores through modern reefs of
Mauritius, Réunion Island and Mayotte allows the reconstruction of sea level changes and reef growth patterns during the Holocene.
The branching-coral facies systematically predominates over coral head facies throughout the Holocene reef sequences, and
Acropora is the main frame builder among the branching forms. The reconstructed sea level curves, based both on identification of
coral assemblages and on radiometric U/Th ages, are characterized by a rapid rise between 10 and 7.5 ky BP, followed by a
clear inflection between 7.5 and 7 ky BP. The stabilization of sea level at its present level occurred between 2000 and 3000
years ago, probably without a higher sea level stand. Rates of vertical reef accretion range between 0.9 and 7 mm. y-1. In Mauritius, and also probably in Réunion Island, the reef first tracked, then caught-up to sea level to reach an equilibrium
position (“catch-up” growth), while the barrier reef margin off Mayotte has been able to keep pace with rising sea level (“keep-up”
growth).
Accepted: 1 March 1997 相似文献
13.
Eberhard Gischler 《Facies》2007,53(1):27-41
The knowledge of Pleistocene reef facies of Belize, Central America, is largely limited to outcrops in the northernmost part
of the country. Otherwise, Pleistocene limestone, which forms the basement of the modern barrier and atoll reefs, occurs in
the subsurface and is to a major extent unstudied. Based on the study of 40 m of core from 25 rotary core holes collected
on central and southern Belize barrier and on atoll reefs, five Pleistocene reef facies are distinguished in the present study.
They include (1) Acropora palmata grainstone, (2) Acropora cervicornis grainstone, (3) biogenic grainstone, (4) mollusk packstone, and (5) mollusk-foram wackestone. Facies 1 and 3 occur on marginal
reefs, facies 2 is found on marginal and lagoonal reefs, and facies 4 and 5 mark lagoon shoals and lagoons, respectively.
Most of the facies have equivalents in the Pleistocene of the wider Caribbean and also in the modern of the study area. Diagenetic
features include dissolution, caliche formation, laminated blocky low-magnesium-calcite and dogtooth spars. Age data from
Pleistocene corals obtained during earlier studies are discussed, and indicate deposition during marine isotope stage 5, between
140–80 ka bp. 相似文献
14.
Porites growth characteristics in a changed environment: Misima Island, Papua New Guinea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The construction in 1988 of an open-cut gold mine and ore-processing facility at Misima Island, Papua New Guinea, resulted
in disturbance of the adjacent fringing coral reef, mostly because of large increases in sedimentation. This provided an opportunity
to examine whether growth characteristics of the major reef-building coral, Porites, changed in response to this sudden and sustained increase in sedimentation. Annual variation in skeletal density was measured
in 93 colonies variously affected by sedimentation. The colonies provided data for average annual density, annual extension
and annual calcification covering the periods 5 y before and 5 y after mining operations began. The average depth of skeleton
occupied by tissue (tissue layer thickness) was also measured for most colonies. There was high mortality of Porites in regions strongly affected by increased sedimentation. In colonies that survived, density, extension and calcification
tended to be less (in some cases significantly) in the period after mining operations began compared with pre-construction
levels. However, these decreases were not linked with proximity to the mine site and probably reflect a regional-scale response
of Porites growth to some other environmental change. This suggests that periods of high sedimentation may not be recorded by the growth
characteristics of massive Porites. Average growth characteristics of surviving Porites from Misima Island were similar to those from inshore reefs of the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Tissue layer thickness
in Porites from the control areas at Misima Island were also similar to colonies from the northern inshore GBR reefs. However, tissue
layer thickness significantly decreased with increased proximity to the mine site at Misima Island.
Accepted: 15 May 1999 相似文献
15.
《Journal of human evolution》2013,64(5):356-365
Laser ablation U-series dating results on human and faunal bone fragments from Wajak, Indonesia, indicate a minimum age of between 37.4 and 28.5 ka (thousands of years ago) for the whole assemblage. These are significantly older than previously published radiocarbon estimates on bone carbonate, which suggested a Holocene age for a human bone fragment and a late Pleistocene age for a faunal bone. The analysis of the organic components in the faunal material show severe degradation and a positive δ13C ratio indicate a high degree of secondary carbonatisation. This may explain why the thermal release method used for the original age assessments yielded such young ages. While the older U-series ages are not in contradiction with the morphology of the Wajak human fossils or Javanese biostratigraphy, they will require a reassessment of the evolutionary relationships of modern human remains in Southeast Asia and Oceania. It can be expected that systematic direct dating of human fossils from this area will lead to further revisions of our understanding of modern human evolution. 相似文献
16.
Michael J. Jowers Juan Luis Garcia Mudarra Stevland P. Charles John C. Murphy 《Zoologica scripta》2019,48(3):263-276
In this study, we analyse New World coral snakes in a phylogenetic framework based upon an increased molecular data set, including novel sequences for the only two sympatric species known from an island (Trinidad, West Indies). Their presence in Trinidad and absence in Tobago offers a unique system to study the phylogeography of the region. We assess the tempo and mode of colonisation of Micrurus on the island, in addition to discussing the phylogenetic relationships for the genus Micrurus concerning two phenotypic traits, body and tail banding patterns. These relationships are analysed for the first time on statistical coalescent phylogeographic discrete ancestral reconstruction. We find a robust phylogenetic component in these characteristics, where strongly supported clades are recovered: prior to the onset of the Early Miocene, a triadal and tricolour tail clade composed of species from South America, and a second clade dating to the Middle‐Late‐ Miocene with monadal and bicolour tails widely distributed from North to South America. The divergence between clades dates to the Oligocene and suggests an ancient pre‐isthmus divergence supporting the arrival of the triadal clade into South America, before the connection between Central and South America was established. We find the two coral snakes present in the West Indies, M. diutius and M. circinalis, belong to the triadal and monadal clades, respectively. Guyana and Trinidad Micrurus diutius share the same haplotypes suggesting a Late Pleistocene–Holocene vicariance when sea level rises separated Trinidad from the mainland. A second lineage of diutius‐like snakes is present in Guyana and is confirmed as M. lemniscatus which is assigned as a voucher and restricts the type locality for M. lemniscatus. 相似文献
17.
Farzin Shabani Mohsen Ahmadi Katharina J. Peters Simon Haberle Antoine Champreux Frdrik Saltr Corey J. A. Bradshaw 《Ecography》2019,42(9):1587-1599
The koala's Phascolarctos cinereus distribution is currently restricted to eastern and south‐eastern Australia. However, fossil records dating from 70 ± 4 ka (ka = 103 yr) from south‐western Australia and the Nullarbor Plain are evidence of subpopulation extinctions in the southwest at least after the Last Interglacial (~128–116 ka). We hypothesize that koala sub‐population extinctions resulted from the eastward retraction of the koala's main browse species in response to unsuitable climatic conditions. We further posit a general reduction in the distribution of main koala‐browse trees in the near future in response climate change. We modelled 60 koala‐browse species and constructed a set of correlative species distribution models for five time periods: Last Interglacial (~128–116 ka), Last Glacial Maximum (~23–19 ka), Mid‐Holocene (~7–5 ka), present (interpolations of observed data, representative of 1960–1990), and 2070. We based our projections on five hindcasts and one forecast of climatic variables extracted from WorldClim based on two general circulation models (considering the most pessimistic scenario of high greenhouse‐gas emissions) and topsoil clay fraction. We used 17 dates of koala fossil specimens identified as reliable from 70 (± 4) to 535 (± 49) ka, with the last appearance of koalas at 70 ka in the southwest. The main simulated koala‐browse species were at their greatest modelled extent of suitability during the Last Glacial Maximum, with the greatest loss of koala habitat occurring between the Mid‐Holocene and the present. We predict a similar habitat loss between the present and 2070. The spatial patterns of habitat change support our hypothesis that koala extinctions in the southwest, Nullarbor Plain and central South Australia resulted from the eastward retraction of the dominant koala‐browse species in response to long‐term climate changes. Future climate patterns will likely increase the extinction risk of koalas in their remaining eastern ranges. 相似文献
18.
A spectacular mound-like reef formation (126 m in circumference, 10 m high) dominated by highly arched and record-size colonies
of the unattached mushroom coral Halomitra pileus, along with 17 other species of the family Fungiidae, occurs in 31 m of water on the sedimentary lagoon floor of the Great
Astrolabe Reef, Fiji. Core samples show radiocarbon dates which indicate that the formation hypothetically began building
∼4500 y ago, with a calculated mean accretion rate of 2.2 mm ⋅ y-1. The majority of fossil and living material is contributed by H. pileus colonies between 40–70 cm mean diameter, with some individuals up to 1.5 m in diameter. The size, fungiid diversity, and
geological history of the bioherm is unprecedented and represents the first example of a coral reef constructed almost entirely
by Fungiidae.
Accepted: 29 July 1996 相似文献
19.
Melissa L. Thomas Katrin Becker Kirsti Abbott Heike Feldhaar 《Biological invasions》2010,12(3):677-687
Invasive species are one of the main reasons for the ongoing global loss of biodiversity. Anoplolepis gracilipes is an invasive ant that has recently received significant attention due to its negative effect on the native fauna and flora
of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. This species has contributed to a drastic change in the structure of the Christmas Island
rainforest through its negative impact on the island’s endemic red land crab, the dominant consumer on the islands forest
floor. In this study, we investigate the population structure of A. gracilipes on Christmas Island in order to determine whether multiple introductions occurred on the island and how they correspond to
known infestations. We genotyped 578 individuals collected from 50 nests across the Island. We identify two distinct subgroups
in the population that represent two different supercolonies. These supercolonies are interspersed across the island, however
both nuclear (microsatellites) and mitochondrial markers strongly suggest that there is no gene flow between the two colonies.
Significant heterozygote excess within the entire sampling area, with all but one worker examined being heterozygous for all
seven microsatellite loci, suggests an unusual reproductive system in these ants. Our results are consistent with recent sociogenetic
findings in a population of A. gracilipes in Northern Borneo. 相似文献
20.
A small-scale, “no-use zone policy” has been implemented since 1992 at Eilat’s Coral Nature Reserve (Northern Red Sea). Six
years later, the status of this closed-to-the-public reef area was compared to two nearby open-to-the-public sites, by evaluating
populations of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata in the strolling zone (0.5–1.5 m depth). Results from the open sites show that: (1) Live coral cover was three times lower
than at the closed site; (2) numbers of small colonies (recruits) were significantly higher than in the closed site, while
numbers of medium and large size colonies (geometric mean radius, rˉ>4.1 cm) per m2 were significantly lower; (3) maximum rˉ was almost half than that in the closed site (9.6 cm versus 16.7 cm); (4) average number of broken colonies was three times
higher than in the closed site; (5) significantly fewer colonies were partially dead. The latter result may reflect senescence
processes in the large colonies of the closed site. Although colony breakage is reduced, it appears that the “no-use zone”
policy is not sufficient for protecting small reef areas. The intense exploitation of Eilat’s coral reef by the tourist industry
requires’ in addition to the conventional protective measures, the initiation of novel management solutions such as reef restoration
by sexual and asexual recruits.
Accepted: 11 August 1999 相似文献