星星草光合蒸腾特性的季节变化

对松嫩碱化草地上人工种植生长一至三年的星星草和自然生长的天然星星草的光合蒸腾特性的季节变化进行了测定。星星草光合速率的季节变化是单峰曲线,抽穗期光合速率最大。星星草的蒸腾速率则随生育期进程逐渐减小,但单位面积草地上星星草群体蒸腾速率的季节变化为单峰曲线,一年生、二年生和三年生星星草的最大值在开花期,而天然星星草则在抽穗期。星星草水分利用效率的季节变化也是单峰曲线,峰值均在抽穗期。     

生长不同年数星星草光合能力的比较研究

对松嫩盐碱草地上人工种植生长１年、２年、３年、６年的星星草和野生的天然星星草,在星星草光合速率最高的抽穗期测定了光－光合速率曲线,比较了不同生长年数星星草的光合能力。不同生长年数星星草的光－光合速率曲线均近似为双曲线,但又有各自的特点。１年生星星草的光补偿点和光饱和点最低,光饱和光合速率和低光强下的光强系数最高。６年生星星草的光补偿点和光饱和点最高,光饱和光合速率和低光强下的光强系数也最低。据此推定不同生长年数星星草的光合能力由强到弱的顺序为１年生星星草＞２年生星星草≥３年生星星草＞天然星星草＞６年生星星草。     

星星草光合蒸腾日变化与气候因子的关系

在测定天然星星草和人工种植生长一至三年星星草抽穗期的光合蒸腾特性日变化的同时,测定了光强、气温、地温、ＣＯ２浓度和相对湿度等气候因子的日变化,并采用相关系数和通径系数分析方法分析了星星草光合蒸腾特性日变化与这些气候因子的关系。对抽穗期星星草光合蒸腾特性即光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率日变化直接影响最大的是空气的相对湿度,其次是地表温度和ＣＯ２浓度,光强和气温主要是通过影响空气的相对湿度而间接影响星星草光合蒸腾特性的日变化     

人工种植星星草的光合蒸腾日变化

对松嫩碱化草地上人工种植生物一至三年星星草光合蒸腾特性的日变化进行了测定。二年生和三年生星草光合蒸腾的日变化规律比较一致,而一年生星星草不同于二者。一年生星星草光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化幅度大于二年生和三年生星星划,其水分利用效率在一日中也均氏于二年生和三年生星星草。     

星星草光合蒸腾季节变化与气候因子的关系

本项研究工作在测定天然星星草和人工种植生长一至三年星星草光合蒸腾特性季节变化的同时,测定了日照量、气温、地温、相对湿度,降雨量和蒸发量等气候因子的季节变化,并采用相关系数和通径系数分析方法分析了星星草光合蒸腾特性季节变休与气候因子的关系。     

2种麻黄光合及其耐逆性分析

在河西临泽小泉子麻黄大田种植试验区和民勤沙生植物园中草药种植区,对多年生中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex Mey.)和草麻黄(E.sinica Stapf)的光合速率、蒸腾速率及其影响因子进行测试分析,结果表明:(1)中麻黄和草麻黄的光合速率日变化均为单峰曲线,峰值均出现在11:00时,分别为12.098和11.560μmol.m-2.s-1。(2)中麻黄蒸腾速率日变化为单峰曲线,峰值在11:00时,为25.992 5 mol.m-2.s-1;草麻黄蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在11:00时与15:00时,峰值为26.280 0和24.3600 mol.m-2.s-1。(3)2种麻黄光合速率与光量子通量密度、大气温度、水汽压亏缺及蒸腾速率之间均呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与大气CO2浓度和胞间CO2浓度之间均呈显著或极显著负相关关系,与其余因子相关不显著。(4)2种麻黄水分利用效率对比分析显示,中麻黄水分利用效率值(平均0.9022)高于草麻黄(平均0.4532),表明中麻黄与草麻黄相比在生长过程中是以较低的蒸腾强度和相对较高的光合速率值来适应干旱荒漠环境的,比草麻黄更具抗干旱性。     

重庆石灰岩地区十大功劳光合特性动态变化和对CO2的响应研究

运用开放式气体交换C I-310便携式光合作用测定系统,研究了重庆石灰岩地区适生灌木十大功劳(Maho-nia fortunei)光合特性的动态变化和对CO2的响应。结果表明:十大功劳的净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化为双峰曲线,蒸腾速率的日变化为单峰曲线,净光合速率出现了光合午休现象,主要由非气孔因素影响,水分利用效率的日变化呈“L”型。在季节变化中净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度都呈现双峰曲线,而水分利用效率呈现“W”型。气体交换的日动态和季节动态变化是与植物生存的气候环境相适应的,在石灰岩地区表现出低光合低蒸腾和高水分利用效率的节水特性。净光合速率随着CO2浓度的升高而表现出升高趋势,其CO2补偿点为90μmol.mol-1左右,羧化效率为0.0125,较低的羧化效率是十大功劳净光合速率较低的一个原因。     

大亚湾红树林研究Ⅱ,澳头港部分红树植物的生态生理

对大亚湾澳头港的３种红树植物的光合速率、呼吸速率和蒸腾速率进行测定,结果表明：桐花树、白骨壤和木榄的光合速率日进程呈双峰曲线,日平均光合速率的大小为桐花树＞木榄＞白骨壤,而日均呼吸速率的大小为桐花树＞白骨壤＞木榄,呼吸速率的变化幅度小于光合速率,提示白骨壤的生产力最低,可能与其所处的生境含盐量更高有关。蒸腾速率日进程呈单峰曲线,且泌盐植物桐花树和白骨壤的日均值很接近,都高于拒盐种木榄,表明蒸腾速率与它们的泌盐或拒盐生理特性密切相关。总体上,这些红树植物具有较高的光合速率、较低的呼吸速率和蒸腾速率,有利于生长在盐渍淹水的特殊海滩环境。     

辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)幼苗对土壤干旱的生理生态适应性研究

用盆栽方法人工模拟土壤干旱条件,研究辽东栎天然萌生幼苗对土壤干旱的生理生态反应。结果表明:随土壤含水量的减少,辽东栎幼苗的耗水量明显下降,耗水高峰期提前,在重度干旱下耗水峰形由单峰变为双峰。在干旱胁迫前期辽东栎叶水势变化较平缓,后期则急剧下降,尤其在严重干旱下,水势变化趋势呈"M"形,叶片含水量较稳定,对土壤水分含量变化不敏感。在中度干旱下辽东栎叶片的持水力有所增加。辽东栎属低蒸腾速率树种,平均仅为2.98μg cm^-2·s^-1。不同生长季节蒸腾速率日进程不同, 8月份的蒸腾速率日进程在适宜水分下是双峰曲线,在中度干旱下是单峰曲线,重度干旱下蒸腾速率一直维持在较低水平,呈波状起伏;9月份的蒸腾速率下降近50%,仍有明显的单峰(适宜水分下)和双峰(中度干旱下)。对蒸腾速率与环境因子的简单相关分析表明:在适宜水分和中度干旱下,光照强度对辽东栎幼苗蒸腾速率影响最大,在重度干旱下,大气温度对辽东栎的蒸腾速率影响较大。随土壤含水量减少,辽东栎幼苗的蒸腾速率在中度干旱时上升,重度干旱时急剧下降,光合速率、瞬时水分利用效率、羧化效率均下降;地上部生长受抑,根冠比加大, WUE₁下降,而WUE₂在中度干旱下升高,在重度干旱下下降。其幼苗不耐高温强光,高温强光对其光合和蒸腾有抑制作用,特别是在土壤严重干旱下表现更明显。     

芦苇与入侵植物互花米草的光合特性比较

以上海崇明东滩湿地外来入侵植物互花米草与本地种芦苇为研究对象,对它们的光合特性进行了比较研究,结果表明:(1)与芦苇相比,互花米草具有更高的表观量子效率(AQY)、CO2羟化效率(CE)和最大净光合速率(pmax);(2)生长季节初期,互花米草午间时段的光合、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均高于芦苇,各指标与光、温的变化基本一致;(3)互花米草的净光合速率曲线呈“单峰”型,测定指标在强光合辐射、高温条件下迅速上升,芦苇则表现出明显的“午休”现象;(4)在生长季节初期(5月份)和活跃期(9月份),互花米草的净光合速率显著高于芦苇,而在生长季节后期(11月份)则低于芦苇。该项研究有利于解释互花米草生长迅速,生产力高,竞争性强的生理生态学特性。     

不同盐度对鱼藤幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

鱼藤(Derris trifoliata)是红树林常见伴生藤本植物。为了解其对潮间带高盐生境的响应和适应,研究了0～40的盐度对鱼藤幼苗生长、光合和叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明:1)盐度低于20处理,幼苗生长相对较快;2)随盐度升高,根冠比下降、地下部分生物量受到影响大于地上;3)随盐度升高,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈显著下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)先降低后升高,盐度为20时达到最小值;Tr和气孔限制值(Ls)与Ci趋势相反;PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量显著下降,非光化学淬灭系数趋势与之相反。综上表明,盐胁迫对鱼藤幼苗生长、光合和叶绿素荧光均有影响,盐度越高,抑制越明显;低盐(盐度低于20)利于鱼藤幼苗生长。     

土壤水分与短期遮光对棉花光合及其气孔响应的影响

以陆地棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ Ｌ．Ｚｈｏｎｇｍａｉｎ,Ｎｏ２３）为供试材料,探讨了在充分供水－水分胁迫－复水的处理过程中,短期不同遮光水平对棉花光合特性及其气孔响应的影响。结果表明,在水分处理过程中,所有不同遮光水平的棉花叶片对短期遮光具有相似的基本响应规律;短期遮光使净光合速率迅速降低,气孔导度减少,但减少速率缓慢;遮阳网去掉后,叶片气 重新开放速率和光合恢复被延迟,水分胁迫期     

Growth and photosynthetic responses to salinity of the salt-marsh shrub Atriplex portulacoides

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Atriplex (Halimione) portulacoides is a halophytic, C(3) shrub. It is virtually confined to coastal salt marshes, where it often dominates the vegetation. The aim of this study was to investigate its growth responses to salinity and the extent to which these could be explained by photosynthetic physiology. METHODS: The responses of young plants to salinity in the range 0-700 mol m(-3) NaCl were investigated in a glasshouse experiment. The performance of plants was examined using classical growth analysis, measurements of gas exchange (infrared gas analysis), determination of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics (modulated fluorimeter) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations; total ash, sodium, potassium and nitrogen concentrations, and relative water content were also determined. KEY RESULTS: Plants accumulated Na(+) approximately in proportion to external salinity. Salt stimulated growth up to an external concentration of 200 mol m(-3) NaCl and some growth was maintained at higher salinities. The main determinant of growth response to salinity was unit leaf rate. This was itself reflected in rates of CO(2) assimilation, which were not affected by 200 mol m(-3) but were reduced at higher salinities. Reductions in net photosynthetic rate could be accounted for largely by lower stomatal conductance and intercellular CO(2) concentration. Apart from possible effects of osmotic shock at the beginning of the experiment, salinity did not have any adverse effect on photosystem II (PSII). Neither the quantum efficiency of PSII (Phi(PSII)) nor the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (F(v)/F(m)) were reduced by salinity, and lower mid-day values recovered by dawn. Mid-day F(v)/F(m) was in fact depressed more at low external sodium concentration, by the end of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: The growth responses of the hygro-halophyte A. portulacoides to salinity appear largely to depend on changes in its rate of photosynthetic gas exchange. Photosynthesis appears to be limited mainly through stomatal conductance and hence intercellular CO(2) concentration, rather than by effects on PSII; moderate salinity might stimulate carboxylation capacity. This is in contrast to more extreme halophytes, for which an ability to maintain leaf area can partially offset declining rates of carbon assimilation at high salinity.     

The Effects of NaCl Treatment on Water Relations, Growth, and ABA Content in Barley Cultivars Differing in Drought Tolerance

Changes in transpiration and stomatal conductance and other characteristics of water relations, growth rate, and ABA content have been followed in short- and long-term experiments in two barley cultivars (cv. Michaelovsky and cv. Prairie) with contrasting drought resistance characteristics. The aim of this work was to reveal the importance of stomatal behavior in salt tolerance and also the involvement of ABA in its control. Salinity stress brought about a reduction in stomatal conductance in both cultivars, but the effect was initially more pronounced in the drought-tolerant cv. Prairie than in the drought-sensitive cv. Michaelovsky. The difference between the two cultivars changed with time, and later on transpiration and stomatal conductance became higher in Prairie than in Michaelovsky. In both the short and the long term, the extent of stomatal closure due to salinity correlated with the level of ABA accumulation in the leaves of the plants. Fast stomatal closure was likely to be responsible for growth resumption after an initial arrest by salt treatment and for the maintenance of extension growth later on, thus enabling its higher rate in Prairie than in Michaelovsky plants. Leaves of Prairie accumulated less toxic chloride ions, which may be the result of a lower transpiration rate observed during the first phase of salt treatment. A subsequent increase in stomatal conductance observed in Prairie is likely to ameliorate their gas exchange and maintain photosynthesis and growth. Thus, differences between the cultivars in the stomatal response to salinity changed with time, which may be why there are discrepancies in the attempts to relate stomatal conductance to salt tolerance observed in literature.     

Effects of various mixed salt-alkaline stresses on growth,photosynthesis, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago ruthenica</Emphasis> seedlings

Soil salinization and alkalinization frequently co-occur in naturally saline and alkaline soils. To understand the characteristics of mixed salt-alkali stress and adaptive response of Medicago ruthenica seedlings to salt-alkali stress, water content of shoots, growth and photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings under 30 salt-alkaline combinations (salinity 24–120 mM and pH 7.03–10.32) with mixed salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaHCO₃, and Na₂CO₃) were examined. The indices were significantly affected by both salinity and pH. The interactive effects between salt and alkali stresses were significant, except for photosynthetic pigments. Water content of shoots, relative growth rates of shoots and roots and pigment concentrations showed decreasing trends with increasing salinity and alkalinity. The root activity under high alkalinity and salinity treatments gradually decreased, but was stimulated by the combined effects of low alkalinity and salinity. The survival rate decreased with increased salinity, except at pH 7.03–7.26 when all plants survived. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased with increased salinity and pH. M. ruthenica tolerated the stress of high salt concentration when alkali concentration was low, and the synergistic effects of high alkali and high salt concentrations lead to the death of some or all seedlings. M. ruthenica appeared to be saltalkali tolerant. Reducing the salt concentration or pH based on the salt components in the soil may be helpful to abate damage from mixed salt-alkaline stress.     

Diffusional conductance to CO2 is the key limitation to photosynthesis in salt‐stressed leaves of rice (Oryza sativa)

Salinity significantly limits leaf photosynthesis but the factors causing the limitation in salt‐stressed leaves remain unclear. In the present work, photosynthetic and biochemical traits were investigated in four rice genotypes under two NaCl concentration (0 and 150 mM) to assess the stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical contributions to reduced photosynthetic rate (A) in salt‐stressed leaves. Our results indicated that salinity led to a decrease in A, leaf osmotic potential, electron transport rate and CO₂ concentrations in the chloroplasts (C_c) of rice leaves. Decreased A in salt‐stressed leaves was mainly attributable to low C_c, which was determined by stomatal and mesophyll conductance. The increased stomatal limitation was mainly related to the low leaf osmotic potential caused by soil salinity. However, the increased mesophyll limitation in salt‐stressed leaves was related to both osmotic stress and ion stress. These findings highlight the importance of considering mesophyll conductance when developing salinity‐tolerant rice cultivars.     

Growth and photosynthetic responses to salinity in an extreme halophyte, Sarcocornia fruticosa

Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J. Scott is found in coastal marshes of south-west Spain, growing under a very wide range of interstitial soil salinity from 10 m M up to nearly 1000 m M . A glasshouse experiment was designed to investigate the effect of this range of salinities on the morphology and the photosynthetic apparatus of S. fruticosa by measuring growth rate, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic area, atrophy of distal branch ends, water status, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, gas exchange and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. The long-term effects of salinity on the growth of S. fruticosa were mainly determined by the extent of photosynthetic area rather than the variations in net photosynthetic rate. Photosynthetic area was reduced at 1030 m M as a result of a decrease in the length of the photosynthetic portions. This was induced by fewer internodes and, at salinities lower than 510 m M , smaller internode diameter. Net photosynthetic rate increased as the quantum efficiency of photosystem II decreased in the different salinity treatments, which means that the plant could be increasing photorespiration and/or using cyclic electron transport as additional photoprotective mechanisms. The recorded drop in net photosynthetic rate at higher salinities appeared to be due to a reduction in stomatal conductance. The results indicate that S. fruticosa is capable of tolerating very high and continued exposure to salt, showing its greatest growth rate at 510 m M NaCl.     

盐胁迫对转AtNHX1基因杨树光合特性与叶绿体超微结构的影响

以欧美107杨(Populus×euramericana ‘Neva',Wt)和转拟南芥液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1的欧美107杨新品系(Tr) 幼苗为材料,研究了高低度盐胁迫对两品系幼苗光合色素含量、光合参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响,以阐明转AtNHX1基因杨树的耐盐性与其光合作用及叶绿体结构之间的关系.结果表明:(1)盐处理后,两品系叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均下降,且高盐度处理下降幅度更大;同等盐度处理下,Tr品系叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度的下降幅度显著低于Wt品系,且在高盐度处理间差异更大;两品系杨树叶片P_n下降的原因在低盐处理时以气孔限制为主,而在高盐下则是气孔限制和非气孔限制共同作用的结果.(2)盐胁迫对T_r 品系叶片叶绿体超微结构的影响较轻,其在高盐下仍保持了较好的内部结构;盐胁迫Wt品系叶绿体则缩皱成球形,内部结构趋向简单,以至解体,脂质球显著增多.可见,盐胁迫导致杨树叶绿体结构破坏而引起叶绿体色素含量下降,最终降低其光合作用效率;同等盐度胁迫下,转AtNHX1基因品系叶片保持了较完整的叶绿体超微结构、更高的叶绿素含量,能维持较好的光合状态,从而表现出较高的耐盐能力.     

Abscisic Acid Reduces Leaf Abscission and Increases Salt Tolerance in Citrus Plants

This paper describes the physiological effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and 100 mM NaCl on citrus plants. Water potential, leaf abscission, ethylene production, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chloride accumulation in roots and leaves were measured in plants of Salustiana scion [Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck] grafted onto Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf) rootstock. Plants under salt stress accumulated high amounts of chloride, increased ethylene production, and induced leaf abscission. Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates rapidly dropped after salinization. The addition of 10 mM ABA to the nutrient solution 10 days before the exposure to salt stress reduced ethylene release and leaf abscission. These effects were probably due to a decrease in the accumulation of toxic Cl- ions in leaves. In non-salinized plants, ABA reduced stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation, whereas in salinized plants the treatment slightly increased these two parameters. The results suggest a protective role for ABA in citrus under salinity.     

Gas Exchange and Carbon Partitioning in the Leaves of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) at Various Levels of Root Zone Salinity

Both mannitol and sucrose (Suc) are primary photosynthetic products in celery (Apium graveolens L.). In other biological systems mannitol has been shown to serve as a compatible solute or osmoprotectant involved in stress tolerance. Although mannitol, like Suc, is translocated and serves as a reserve carbohydrate in celery, its role in stress tolerance has yet to be resolved. Mature celery plants exposed to low (25 mM NaCl), intermediate (100 mM NaCl), and high (300 mM NaCl) salinities displayed substantial salt tolerance. Shoot fresh weight was increased at low NaCl concentrations when compared with controls, and growth continued, although at slower rates, even after prolonged exposure to high salinities. Gas-exchange analyses showed that low NaCl levels had little or no effect on photosynthetic carbon assimilation (A), but at intermediate levels decreases in stomatal conductance limited A, and at the highest NaCl levels carboxylation capacity (as measured by analyses of the CO2 assimilation response to changing internal CO2 partial pressures) and electron transport (as indicated by fluorescence measurements) were the apparent prevailing limits to A. Increasing salinities up to 300 mM, however, increased mannitol accumulation and decreased Suc and starch pools in leaf tissues, e.g. the ratio of mannitol to Suc increased almost 10-fold. These changes were due in part to shifts in photosynthetic carbon partitioning (as measured by 14C labeling) from Suc into mannitol. Salt treatments increased the activity of mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR), a key enzyme in mannitol biosynthesis, 6-fold in young leaves and 2-fold in fully expanded, mature leaves, but increases in M6PR protein were not apparent in the older leaves. Mannitol biosynthetic capacity (as measured by labeling rates) was maintained despite salt treatment, and relative partitioning into mannitol consequently increased despite decreased photosynthetic capacity. The results support a suggested role for mannitol accumulation in adaptation to and tolerance of salinity stress.