正交试验法探讨单酸降解纤维素的最佳条件

正交试验法探讨了乙酸、草酸、盐酸、硫酸等单酸降解植物纤维素的最佳条件。研究结果表明,乙酸降解纤维素时,影响因素的主次顺序为：A＞B＞C,最佳组合为A3B1C2。即乙酸浓度为30％,温度40℃,反应1．5h为最佳条件,验证性试验结果表明,单用乙醇能使纤维素降解成葡萄糖的转化率达42．2％。而草酸影响因素的主次则为A＞C＞B,最佳组合为A2C1B2。即草酸度浓度0％,70℃酸解1h为最佳条件。在此条件下,转化率可达40．8％。对于盐酸影响因素的主次为A＞B＞C,最佳组合为A3B3C1。即在20％盐酸,100℃酸解1h的条件下,转化率可达42．8％。而硫酸影响因素的主次顺序为B＞A＞C,最佳组合为A3B3C1。即在40％硫酸,100℃反应1h的最佳条件下能使转化率达40．9％。研究还发现,乙酸、草酸、盐酸、硫酸降解纤维素特性不同。乙酸、草酸同属有机酸,但因二者的酸性、挥发性、溶解性等不同,致使温度、时间两因素对纤维降解的影响相关很大。盐酸、硫酸无机强酸,都要求高温短时,但随着浓度的升高,转化度呈下降趋势,且二者的下降幅度不同,硫酸大于盐酸。     

烹調方法對於食物中草酸及鈣含量的影響

菠荣中草酸的分佈,極大部分存在葉內,其含量比莖約高4倍,比根約高12倍。 紅莧菜(水分89％)及龍井綠茶(水分8.2％)的草酸含量,約舆菠菜(水分89.5％)相等,但鈣量則比菠菜約多3—4倍。薺菜和苜蓿含鈣甚高而草酸很低。石榴含草酸特高而鈣極低。其他水果如熟柿子、袖子、橘子、香蕉、蘋果合草酸均少。普通煑法對於所分析四種蔬菜中的草酸及鈣含量,無甚改變。草酸在菜湯中均比熟菜多,而鈣在菜湯內均比熟菜少。以上四種蔬菜經炒過後,對於鈣量並無影響,但草酸有顯著的減低,平均約損失12％左右。     

甘蔗品质指标的通径分析和因子分析

应用通径分析和因子分析方法,对36个甘蔗品种（系）的11个品质指标数据进行分析。简单相关分析结果表明,甘蔗蔗糖分除了与蔗渣蒸煮液失水量没有显著相关外,与其他9个品质指标均有显著或极显著相关性。甘蔗纤维分与甘蔗出汁率、蔗汁折光锤度、蔗汁旋光读数、蔗汁直接转光度、蔗汁间接转光度和蔗渣含水量有极显著相关性,而与蔗渣蒸煮液失水量、蒸煮液的折光锤度和蒸煮液的旋光读数的相关性不显著。通径分析结果表明,甘蔗蔗糖分主要受甘蔗出汁率、蔗汁直接转光度、蔗汁间接转光度、蔗渣蒸煮液失水量和蒸煮液的旋光读数等5个指标影响较大,而甘蔗纤维分主要受甘蔗出汁率、蔗渣含水量、蔗渣蒸煮液失水量和蒸煮液的折光锤度等4个指标影响较大。因子分析结果表明,9个甘蔗品质指标可由4个主因子所代表。其特征值的累计贡献率迭94．30％。前3个主因子分别为蔗汁糖分指标因子、蔗渣糖分指标因子和蔗渣水分因子。其特征值的累计贡献率达83．06％,第4个主因子只有蔗渣蒸煮液失水量载荷值较大。     

原生质体融合技术选育分解草酸乳酸菌菌株的研究

将具有草酸分解能力的乳双歧杆菌和具有耐氧特性的嗜酸乳杆菌进行原生质体融合,其最佳条件为:50%的PEG6000,融合温度30℃,融合时间为7 min,CaCl2浓度为0.02 mol/L,MgCl2浓度为0.5 mol/L,在此条件下融合率可达7.6%。从中筛选出同时具有耐氧特性和草酸分解能力的融合子,草酸分解率为13.4%。     

不同预处理及发酵方式对提高蔗渣发酵产物蛋白含量的研究

采用不同的预处理方法对蔗渣进行预处理,并测定了其各个组分的含量。利用霉菌对蔗渣进行微生物降解,并讨论了不同发酵方式对产物中蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,木霉与热带假丝酵母共发酵时蛋白含量最高,为17．74％。     

pH响应型蔗渣木质素水凝胶的制备及其对蛋白质的控释性能

该研究以蔗渣木质素和甲基丙烯酸为原料合成了pH敏感型蔗渣木质素/聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶,对其合成条件、pH敏感性、溶胀-退溶胀性能以及对牛血清蛋白的控释等性质进行研究,并采用红外光谱、扫描电镜等对凝胶进行表征。结果表明:(1)对凝胶溶胀比影响的因素由大到小依次为甲基丙烯酸用量、交联剂用量、催化剂用量、反应的温度、木质素用量。当甲基丙烯酸单体浓度为1.75 mol·L~(-1)、木质素浓度为25 g·L~(-1)、交联剂浓度为3.25×10~(-2)mol·L~(-1)、引发剂浓度为1.25×10~(-2)mol·L~(-1)、反应温度为65℃时,所得水凝胶在模拟肠液中的溶胀比最大(28.16 g·g~(-1))。与不加木质素的聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶相比,蔗渣木质素/聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶的溶胀比有所下降,但其敏感pH由4~5碱移至6~8。(2)蔗渣木质素/聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶的溶胀—退溶胀可逆性受组成的影响较大,但相对于聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶,蔗渣木质素/聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶对pH值的敏感响应性更强、响应速率更快,同时能在更短时间内达到溶胀平衡。(3)加入木质素可以提高水凝胶对牛血清蛋白的负载量,所试验的蔗渣木质素/聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶样品对牛血清蛋白的最大负载量可达577 mg·g~(-1)。(4)牛血清蛋白在12 h后基本可达释放平衡;在模拟胃液中,牛血清蛋白的释放率仅10%,而在模拟肠液中释放率达92%。pH响应型蔗渣木质素/聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶可以作为口服型蛋白类药物的潜在载体。     

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropiclis)去除蔗渣木聚糖酶解副产物的研究

该文研究了木糖、木糖醇对木聚糖酶Shearzyme 500L酶解蔗渣木聚糖的影响。通过热带假丝酵母(Candida tropiclis)转化酶解副产物木糖,解除木糖对木聚糖酶的抑制作用,从而获得高木二糖含量的低聚木糖。结果表明:木糖是Shearzyme 500L的酶活性抑制物,其抑制作用与溶液中的木糖量成正比;木糖醇对木聚糖酶无抑制作用;热带假丝酵母可将蔗渣木聚糖酶解液中的木糖转化为木糖醇而不利用低聚木糖,木二糖占总糖比例由53.09%升高到62.92%,经二次酶解后,木二糖比例可达78.90%。     

胆结石患者应注意怎样饮食?

肾结石中１１～８４％是草酸钙结石，５％～１０％是尿酸结石，此外还有胱胺酸结石、磷酸镁胺结石等。就大多数结石而言，采取适当饮食有利于抑制结石形成。①饮食应少吃肉类、少吃盐，有利于抑制结石形成。②少吃富含草酸的食物：如菠菜、大黄、豌豆、巧克力、茶等。③增加含钙食品：含钙食品进入肠道后，其中钙可和肠道中草酸结合成草酸钙而排出体外，从而阻抑了肠道草酸的重吸收，使血中草酸浓度低，从而抑制草酸钙结石形成。④多饮水、多运动、尽量少饮酒。肾结石患者应注意怎样饮食?     

用普通纯水代替缓冲液时蔗渣酶法水解反应的考察

使用Onozuk RS型纤维素酶,以普通的城市自来水和纯水代替缓冲液,直接加热膨化甘蔗渣进行酶法水解实验研究,结果表明:所使用的各种水代替缓冲液时,蔗渣酶解还原糖得率基本不变,还原糖得率最高时的最适宜pH为4.2～4.9,当蔗渣浓度大于1％时,反应液的pH恰好处于最适宜pH范围内,还原糖得率最高的酶解反应温度为50℃。     

喷射酸性水溶液诱集棉铃虫产卵试验

1976年8月上旬正值第4代棉铃虫产卵始盛期,我们于8月4日上午在江西省九江县永安公社农科所一块生长嫩绿、盛花期的棉田,分别喷射0.133％草酸水溶液和0.2％食醋水溶液,以喷水作对照。每小区     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.