湿地植被地上生物量遥感估算方法研究进展

湿地植被生物量是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指标,其估算方法研究一直是湿地领域的研究热点。传统的植被地上生物量测算主要依靠样方调查,对于复杂湿地生态系统存在一定的局限,而随着遥感估算方法的发展,湿地植被生物量的研究实现了长期、动态且大尺度的监测。本文在查阅和分析国内外相关文献的基础上,以遥感数据为主要数据源,阐述了基于光学、合成孔径雷达(SAR)、激光雷达(Lidar)以及多源协同遥感数据反演湿地植物地上生物量的理论基础及计算原理,总结了其研究进展,分析了其适用性,继而从湿地植被生物量监测类型的拓展、多源遥感数据的融合、遥感数据的同化以及遥感机理模型发展等方面出发,对植物生物量研究的发展趋势进行了深入探讨。     

基于Sentinel-1时序数据的山地冰川表面消融变化研究——以老虎沟12号冰川为例

冰川是影响气候变化的主要因素,合成孔径雷达(SAR)不仅具有较高空间分辨率和多极化等特点,而且对冰雪融化引起的介电常数变化较为敏感,已成为山地冰川表面消融变化监测的重要数据源。基于Sentinel-1时序数据,提出了一种综合应用多时相多极化SAR变化检测算法和Sigmoid函数的冰川表面消融监测方法。以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川为研究区,利用“中心线—圆”方法获得的冰川东、西支64个样区,通过各点2019—2020年124个时相的SAR后向散射系数变化特征确定了7个典型样区及2019和2020年冰川消融期;基于同轨道参考影像与多时相融雪影像对比,分别获得变化监测影像VV和VH极化后向散射系数,对其进行权重组合后提取湿雪像元;通过Sigmoid函数并结合湿雪平均海拔高度提取干雪,从而得到2年冰川消融期内16个时相的冰川表面干湿雪分布。利用2019年09月01日无人机数字正射影像(DOM)以及与Sentinel-1邻近日期5景Sentinel-2影像对提取结果进行精度验证,并结合冰川上气象站点气温和降水数据对误差结果进行深入分析。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提取冰川表面干、湿雪分布,总体分类精...     

红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展

本文从红树林育苗造林技术、次生林改造技术和红树植物引种试种与种源选择的研究等方面试述红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展,并针对我国的目前现状,提出今后亟待加强研究的如下几个方面:加强红树植物引种扩种,恢复植被,提高红树林生态工程质量的原理研究;监测外来引进种对我国红树林湿地的生态影响;研究半红树植物在沿海防护林体系工程建设中的作用;加强红树植物对潮汐水位适应能力的研究;开展红树人工林生态恢复过程中的综合定位观测等。     

鄱阳湖湿地水位变化的景观响应

根据《湿地公约》和《全国湿地资源调查技术规程(试行)》关于湿地内涵和界定条件,利用现代遥感技术和地理信息技术,提取鄱阳湖湿地面积为3886km²。在此基础上,利用多时段遥感影像,分析了湿地在相似水位条件和不同水位条件下的景观变化。结果表明,在相似水位条件下,鄱阳湖湿地景观变化主要表现为居民地和裸地面积增加,水域面积变化不明显;在不同水位条件下,鄱阳湖湿地景观变化比较显著。景观变化驱动力分析表明,湿地水位变化是湿地景观变化的主要因素。     

西太湖湖滨带已恢复与受损芦苇湿地环境功能比较

对西太湖湖滨带部分地段受损芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地进行修复的基础上,开展了修复后湿地和相邻受损湿地内植物生物量,湿地水体与泥积物中氮、磷含量,底泥有机质含量,底泥氮循环微生物种类和数量以及底泥重金属种类和含量等湿地环境功能方面的比较研究。结果表明：（1）受损湿地内近20m宽的陆向辐射带均为水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper）、红蓼（Polygonum orientale）、水莎草（Juncellus serotinus）以及人工种植的苏丹草、苦荚菜和黑麦草等鱼食青饲料所取代。与修复后湿地相比,每1m^2植物生物量较少了37％～60％。（2）两类湿地中的氮、磷营养盐浓度沿水向辐射带、水位变幅带到陆向辐射带依次呈递增趋势,且修复后湿地内水体中的无机氮浓度分别比受损湿地增加了25．36％,89．39％和2562．30％,其中以NH4^＋-N为主,反硝化作用在已修复湿地中占主导地位。（3）两种湿地内的水向辐射带和水位变幅带底泥氮、磷含量均较低,陆向辐射带内较高,磷含量分别比受损湿地同一水位梯度高3．19,2．62、2．25倍和1．74倍;氮含量分别比受损湿地同一水位梯度高1．84,6．08、2．09倍和2．46倍。（4）两种湿地内的水位变幅带和陆向辐射带中的底泥有机质含量较高,其中已恢复湿地底泥有机质含量达到4．13％-5．65％。水向辐射带含量均较低,一般在0．65％-0．8％之间。（5）水位变幅带和陆向辐射带底泥有机质含量较高,其中已修复湿地泥积物有机质含量达到42．17％～56．5％。水向辐射带有机质含量均较低,一般在1．65％．8．03％之间;（5）受损湿地内的陆向辐射区和水位变幅区硝化细菌数量分别比反硝化细菌高3．73倍和1．73倍,水向辐射区底泥中的硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数基本相当;在已修复湿地内的陆向辐射区和水位变幅区反硝化细菌数量分别是硝化细菌数量的10．69倍和8．24倍,反硝化作用占绝对优势;在水向辐射区及开阔湖体,湖水的频繁交换作用,硝化细菌数量相对较多,硝化作用较强。（6）在湿地水位变辐区和陆向辐射区沉积物Mn含量较高,含量在800—1000mg／g之间。Cu、Zn、Pb等重金属污染元素含量分别为35．80．78．95μg／g,53．76—154．50μg／g和48．06—108．88μg／g,重金属污染对该区域水环境无明显影响。     

基于生态系统受扰动程度评价的白洋淀生态需水研究

水是湿地生态系统最重要的影响因子,生态需水核算是对湿地进行生态保护,恢复重建的前提与基础.提出一种基于生态系统受扰动程度评价的适宜生态需水量计算方法.首先根据湿地水面面积变化率最大时对应的关键水位构建初始生态水位方案并将其离散得到一系列离散值;然后应用Mann-Kendall(M-K)法分析历史水位时间序列,找出水位发生突变前自然条件下的水位状态;最后对不同情景水位方案与自然水位状态的差异程度进行修正水文指数(APPFD)评价,确定生态系统受扰动程度在可接受范围之内的多个生态水位方案,进而确定相对应的生态需水量方案.将该方法应用于白洋淀湿地得出了7种可接受的生态水位方案,其中汛期的适宜生态水位在8.31-10.62 m之间,非汛期的适宜生态水位在7.51-9.60 m之间,全年的适宜生态需水量在3.10×108-6.47×l08m3之间.该方法能够为实际的水资源管理和分配提供多种备选方案,有较强的实用性和可操作性.     

盘锦湿地净初级生产力时空分布特征

主要采用中巴地球资源卫星(CBERS)、合成孔径雷达(SAR)和数字高程模型(DEM)数据,通过主成分变换融合算法、分类回归树CART算法和混合像元分解模型结合神经网络算法,进行了盘锦湿地土地覆盖类型分类。充分考虑湿地生态系统的典型特征,将盐分胁迫因子作为估算湿地耐盐植被净初级生产力(NPP)的环境影响因子之一,构建了基于光能利用率和遥感数据的湿地植被净初级生产力模型。分析了盘锦湿地植被NPP的时空分布特征,并研究了盘锦湿地植被NPP对气温和降水的响应特征。结果表明:2009年盘锦市植被净初级生产力介于0—1175 gC·m-·2a-1之间,平均值为553 gC·m-·2a-1。盘锦市植被NPP空间分布规律呈东北向西南逐渐递增的趋势。在湿地植被分类类型中,芦苇的单位面积平均NPP最高,达到1016 gC·m-·2a-1。2004—2009年盘锦植被单位面积平均NPP值在缓慢上升,湿地已呈现缓慢恢复的趋势。总体上气温对盘锦湿地主要植被类型芦苇月平均NPP的影响要强于降水。2004—2009年降水对盘锦地区植被年平均NPP的影响强于气温。     

生态恢复监测研究进展——基于最近三届世界生态恢复大会报告的统计分析

生态恢复技术选择的可靠性、恢复工程管理的有效性、恢复项目实施效果的可比性以及生态恢复成功的判断标准等均要求对生态恢复的全过程、全要素进行监测,然而全球可共同遵守的生态恢复监测协议仍处于探索中。本文基于最近三届世界生态恢复大会有关生态恢复监测的报告,采用统计分析法综述了生态恢复监测技术、监测协议以及监测指标等的研究进展。在此基础上,预测未来生态恢复监测研究将有如下趋势:(1)监测技术向自动化、智能化和网络化发展、向生态恢复工程的全方位监测方向发展、向技术密集型方向发展、向要素监测与系统监测相结合的方向发展;(2)生态恢复监测指标体系及其标准将取得共识;(3)综合监测和多学科融合的趋势将愈加明显;(4)监测结果的应用将越来越广泛。     

RNA干涉与干细胞

RNA干涉(RNAi)现象普遍存在于生物体细胞中,在理论上已清楚其分子机制,为干细胞研究提供了新的方法。现从RNAi的分子机制、干细胞中的RNAi现象、研究干细胞RNAi效应的方法以及小分子干涉RNA(siRNA)干涉干细胞特异功能基因的检测方法等方面进行了综述。表明应用RNAi技术研究基因功能和干细胞维持及定向分化的调控具有广阔的发展前景。     

内陆湖泊主要藻种散射特性

通过室内培养4种主要淡水藻种--铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)以及卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata), 测定其散射和后向散射特征参数、用单位叶绿素a浓度的散射值和后向散射值来表征4种藻的散射和后向散射能力。结果表明, 铜绿微囊藻散射和后向散射能力最强, 其次为梅尼小环藻, 普通小球藻的能力最弱。通过计算后向散射概率, 显示铜绿微囊藻和梅尼小环藻的后向散射概率值较高, 普通小球藻和卵形隐藻的后向散射概率值较低。后向散射特性影响因子分析显示, 影响后向散射值的主要因素有叶绿素a浓度及藻蓝蛋白色素比例。当叶绿素a浓度不断增加时, 其后向散射值不断增大; 当藻类所含叶绿素a比重不断上升时, 其后向散射值也不断增大。而细胞粒径与后向散射值之间未表现出很好的相关性。因此, 通过单位叶绿素a散射和后向散射概率特征可以辨别出藻细胞形态较为接近的铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻。     

Comparison of object-based and pixel-based Random Forest algorithm for wetland vegetation mapping using high spatial resolution GF-1 and SAR data

Vegetation is an integral component of wetland ecosystems. Mapping distribution, quality and quantity of wetland vegetation is important for wetland protection, management and restoration. This study evaluated the performance of object-based and pixel-based Random Forest (RF) algorithms for mapping wetland vegetation using a new Chinese high spatial resolution Gaofen-1 (GF-1) satellite image, L-band PALSAR and C-band Radarsat-2 data. This research utilized the wavelet-principal component analysis (PCA) image fusion technique to integrate multispectral GF-1 and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Comparison of six classification scenarios indicates that the use of additional multi-source datasets achieved higher classification accuracy. The specific conclusions of this study include the followings:(1) the classification of GF-1, Radarsat-2 and PALSAR images found statistically significant difference between pixel-based and object-based methods; (2) object-based and pixel-based RF classifications both achieved greater 80% overall accuracy for both GF-1 and GF-1 fused with SAR images; (3) object-based classifications improved overall accuracy between 3%-10% in all scenarios when compared to pixel-based classifications; (4) object-based classifications produced by the integration of GF-1, Radarsat-2 and PALSAR images outperformed any of the lone datasets, and achieved 89.64% overall accuracy.     

Historical changes in herbaceous wetland distribution induced by hydrological conditions in Lake Saint-Pierre (St. Lawrence River,Quebec, Canada)

Historical changes (1961–2002) in the distribution of herbaceous wetland plant associations were inferred from the hydrological regime of Lake Saint-Pierre, a 312 km² broadening of the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada), to assess the cumulative effects of human interventions and climatic variability. Relative abundance index (height × percent cover) of wetland plants in 630 field quadrats sampled at 13 sites (1999–2002) were used to derive a model predicting the occurrence of nine herbaceous plant classes with a 71% (24–84%) accuracy. Wetland types included seasonally dry (meadows), mudflats and wet (low marshes and submerged) assemblages. Over the 1961–2002 period, the total surface area of Lake Saint-Pierre herbaceous wetlands ranged between 11 (in 1972) and 128 (in 2001) km² and was negatively correlated (Spearman r = –0.86, p < 0.0001) to average water level during the current growing season. Within-season variability and level conditions over the previous season defined 5 marsh assemblages characterized by different species composition, relative abundance and diversity. Significant hydrological variables included quadrat elevation, water depth, number of days flooded and depth variability experienced over the current and/or previous growth seasons. The hydrological model suggests that for a given level, wetland plant assemblages differed markedly whether the multi-year sequence of water levels was rising or falling. Lake Saint-Pierre alternated between three broad-scale wetland configurations, dominated by meadows and open marsh with floating-leaved vegetation (in the 1960s), scattered tall Scirpus marshes (in the 1970s and early 1980s) and closed marsh with aggressive emergents (since 1996). The strong response of Lake Saint-Pierre wetlands to hydrological conditions in the current and previous growth seasons underlines their vulnerability to future water level variations resulting from regulation and climate variability.     

Experimental growth responses to groundwater level variation and competition in five British wetland plant species

New experimental evidence from controlledglasshouse studies was used to testprevious empirical field observations aboutthe interactions of hydrological dynamicswith individual plant species in wetlandhabitats. Manipulation of water levels, andthe presence/ absence of competitorspecies, produced significant morphologicalresponses (e.g. resource allocation toabove- and below-ground structures; plantheight; leaf size; tiller production) inmature individuals of five freshwaterwetland plant species characteristic ofBritish northern poor-fen habitats. Theseresponses provide evidence for potentialadvantages in survival and ability tospread vegetatively. The data also providenew insight into factors controlling thedistribution of wetland plants alonggradients of water table level, in thepresence or absence of competing species.Although there were variations betweenspecies, the effects of competition were,in general, less than those attributable tohydrological regime.     

Effects of flooding regime on wetland plant growth and species dominance in a mesocosm experiment

Flooding regimes are a primary influence on the wetland plant community. Human-induced disturbance often changes the duration and frequency of flooding in wetlands, and has a marked influence on wetland plant composition and viability. Comprehensive studies of the environmental thresholds of wetland plants are required for the development of proper practices for wetland management and restoration after hydrological disturbance. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the establishment, growth, and community shifts in dominance of three emergent plant species (Scirpus tabernaemontani, Typha orientalis, and Zizania latifolia) typical of South Korean wetlands, under five hydrological regimes (waterlogged, low-level standing water, high-level standing water, intensive periodic flooding, and intermittent flooding) over four growing seasons. A mesocosm experiment was conducted in the campus of Seoul National University, South Korea. The number and biomass of shoots of Z. latifolia responded positively to increased water level and flooding frequency, while that of the other plants did not. Zizania latifolia outcompeted S. tabernaemontani and T. orientalis irrespective of hydrological regime. This study suggests that Z. latifolia can outcompete the other two macrophytes in the field. This study will improve our ability to predict the dynamics of wetland vegetation and so facilitate the formulation of wetland management and restoration strategies.     

Relationship between the hydrological conditions and the distribution of vegetation communities within the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve,China

Hydrological characteristics have been recognized as major driving forces for wetland vegetation. The water cycle and hydrological processes of wetland are increasingly influenced by the ongoing climate change and more intensive human activities, which may in turn affect the distribution and structure of vegetation communities. Poyang Lake, located on the south bank of the lower reach of Yangtze River, receives inflows from five tributaries and discharges to the Yangtze River. The unique hydrological conditions of the Poyang Lake wetland create abundant wetland vegetation communities. As a major national hydraulic project, the Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River has changed the water regime of Poyang Lake and hence may affect the vegetation distribution. This work aims to investigate the influences of hydrological properties on vegetation structure at broad spatial and temporal scales. Histograms and sensitivity index are used to link the hydrological processes with the vegetation distribution across the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve. The results show that different vegetation communities react differently to the hydrological conditions. Specifically, certain communities, e.g. Carex and Eremochloa ophiuroides, are able to survive a wide variety of mean water depth and percent time inundated, while others, like Carex–Polygonum criopolitanum, are found to be relatively sensitive to hydrological conditions. It is suggested that this work provides a new insight for evaluating the impact of hydro-engineering projects on vegetation communities and wetland vegetation restoration.     

Turlough ground beetle communities: the influence of hydrology and grazing in a complex ecological matrix

Turloughs are groundwater dependent grazed wetlands of conservation importance that occur in limestone depressions in the karst landscape, mostly in the west of Ireland. Data on Carabidae, hydrological regime, soils and management (using grazing exclosures) were collected to assess the effects of both hydrological regime and grazing management on ground beetles of Skealoghan turlough. Distinct ground beetle communities have been found associated with different hydrological regimes with carabid beetle community composition sensitive to both changes in hydrological regime and vegetation structure. The hydrological regime is the primary factor controlling the carabid species composition of this grazed wetland. Grazing, particularly selective grazing by animals plays an important but subordinate role to hydrology in providing suitable habitat conditions for many species of conservation importance. This paper provides a detailed assessment of species responses to wetland management and demonstrates the need to maintain a range of hydrological and grazing regimes.     

Spaceborne SAR Imaging Algorithm for Coherence Optimized

This paper proposes SAR imaging algorithm with largest coherence based on the existing SAR imaging algorithm. The basic idea of SAR imaging algorithm in imaging processing is that output signal can have maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by using the optimal imaging parameters. Traditional imaging algorithm can acquire the best focusing effect, but would bring the decoherence phenomenon in subsequent interference process. Algorithm proposed in this paper is that SAR echo adopts consistent imaging parameters in focusing processing. Although the SNR of the output signal is reduced slightly, their coherence is ensured greatly, and finally the interferogram with high quality is obtained. In this paper, two scenes of Envisat ASAR data in Zhangbei are employed to conduct experiment for this algorithm. Compared with the interferogram from the traditional algorithm, the results show that this algorithm is more suitable for SAR interferometry (InSAR) research and application.     

Using long-term monitoring of fen hydrology and vegetation to underpin wetland restoration strategies

Question: How can long-term monitoring of hydrological and ecological parameters support management strategies aimed towards wetland restoration and re-creation in a complex hydrological system? Location: Newham Bog National Nature Reserve, Northumberland, UK, a site with a long history of active management, and recorded as drought-sensitive over the last 100 years. Methods: Water level readings are correlated with longer-term hydrological databases, and these data related to vegetation data collected intermittently over a 12 year period. Two analyses are undertaken: (1) a composite DCA analysis of 1993 and 2002 survey data to assess plant community transitions within the wetland and over time, and (2) analysis of recent vegetation data to explore wider vegetation gradients. This allows (3) communities to be classified using NVC classes and (4) integrated with revised Ellenberg F-values. Results: Drought impact and subsequent hydrological recovery over a 22-year period are quantified. Vegetation data display strong moisture and successional gradients. Analysis shows a shift from grassland communities toward mire communities across much of the site. Conclusion: The site is regionally unique in that it has a detailed long-term monitoring record. Hydrological data and vegetation survey have allowed the impact of the most recent ‘groundwater’drought (1989–1997) to be quantified. This information on system resilience, combined with eco-hydrological analyses of plant community-water regime/quality relationships, provide a basis for recommendations concerning conservation and restoration.     

Impact of hydrodynamic changes on the zonation of helophytes

Water movement has a strong impact on the development and persistence of helophyte stands along large water bodies. The decline ofScirpus andPhragmites stands in the Rhine-Meuse estuary (The Netherlands), due to changed hydrodynamic conditions (reduced tidal action, increased shoreline erosion), illustrates the effects of large-scale hydrological regulation. Hydrodynamic factors partly explain the distribution and composition of helophyte vegetation bordering the open water. A vertical zonation emerges during the stages of dispersal, germination, seedling establishment and adult growth of the plants. Differences between species may result in the occupation of different water-depth zones. Additionally, gradients of wave exposure result in a horizontal zonation along water bodies. Restrictions to helophyte development due to the hydrological regime and wave attack should be taken into account in wetland restoration studies. Water-level management, instead of a strict control of water levels, should be one of the key elements of water management in the future.