中国红豆杉紫杉烯合酶cDNA的分离、表达和鉴定

紫杉烯合酶是一种二萜环化酶,催化牛儿基牛儿基焦磷酸形成紫杉醇生物合成过程中的中间体紫杉烯.利用PCR扩增同源探针筛选cDNA文库,克隆了一个编码中国红豆杉(Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd.)紫杉烯合酶3′端的2 151 bp的cDNA片段,也通过PCR扩增得到了该基因5′端的611 bp的cDNA片段,将这两个cDNA片段拼接在一起,得到长2 712 bp的cDNA片段,具有一个2 586个碱基的开放阅读框架(ORF),编码包括质体转移肽在内的共862个氨基酸残基;该酶与太平洋红豆杉紫杉烯合酶有97%的同源性(identity),与其他植物萜类环化酶也有较高的同源性.利用融合表达载体pET-32a在大肠杆菌BL21trxB中表达,所表达的融合蛋白以包含体形式存在.包含体经过变性、复性和再折叠,利用His残基亲和凝胶柱层析得到融合的紫杉烯合酶.用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用对酶促反应产物进行分析,结果表明,融合的紫杉烯合酶能催化产生4(5),11(12)-紫杉烯.     

中国红豆杉紫杉烯合酶cDNA的分离、表达和鉴定

紫杉烯合酶是一种二萜环化酶 ,催化牛儿基牛儿基焦磷酸形成紫杉醇生物合成过程中的中间体紫杉烯。利用PCR扩增同源探针筛选cDNA文库 ,克隆了一个编码中国红豆杉 (Taxuschinensis (Pilg .)Rehd .)紫杉烯合酶 3′端的 2 15 1bp的cDNA片段 ,也通过PCR扩增得到了该基因 5′端的 6 11bp的cDNA片段 ,将这两个cDNA片段拼接在一起 ,得到长 2 712bp的cDNA片段 ,具有一个 2 5 86个碱基的开放阅读框架 (ORF) ,编码包括质体转移肽在内的共 86 2个氨基酸残基 ;该酶与太平洋红豆杉紫杉烯合酶有 97%的同源性 (identity) ,与其他植物萜类环化酶也有较高的同源性。利用融合表达载体pET_32a在大肠杆菌BL2 1trxB中表达 ,所表达的融合蛋白以包含体形式存在。包含体经过变性、复性和再折叠 ,利用His残基亲和凝胶柱层析得到融合的紫杉烯合酶。用毛细管气相色谱 质谱联用对酶促反应产物进行分析 ,结果表明 ,融合的紫杉烯合酶能催化产生 4(5 ) ,11(12 )_紫杉烯     

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶和紫杉二烯合酶基因在灰盖鬼伞中的组合表达

紫杉二烯是紫杉醇合成途径中的前体物质。紫杉醇是红豆杉的一种重要的次级代谢产物,是一种重要的新型抗癌药物。然而,紫杉醇在植物中含量低且难提取,限制了高效应用。利用基因工程手段,借助担子菌类真菌灰盖鬼伞具有的内源类异戊二烯合成途径,构建含有牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸(Geranylgeranyl diphosphate,GGPP)合酶和紫杉二烯合酶的融合基因表达载体p Bg GGTS和独立表达盒表达载体p Bg GGg TS,并分别转入灰盖鬼伞LT2菌株中,经过选择性筛选、PCR鉴定、Southern blotting杂交验证,分别获得了5株融合表达的灰盖鬼伞工程菌和5株独立表达盒的灰盖鬼伞工程菌株。各随机挑选了1株工程菌株,分别提取菌丝体和发酵液分析。GC-MS分析表明,两种工程菌株与原出发菌株的菌丝提取物无明显差异峰,而与出发菌株的发酵液提取物相比,两种转基因灰盖鬼伞的发酵液中均出现了明显的差异峰,采用GC-MS特征质量离子分析方法判定为紫杉二烯,分别为44 ng/L(转化p Bg GGg TS)和30 ng/L(转化p Bg GGTS)。结果表明,通过在灰盖鬼伞融合基因或各自独立表达的形式共表达ggpps和ts基因,可以生物合成紫杉二烯。     

紫杉二烯人工酵母的代谢组学分析

为了更深入地从代谢角度研究萜类合成人工酵母的内在差异,以紫杉二烯人工酵母为例,利用代谢组学的方法对其发酵指数中期胞内代谢物的变化进行了测定。结果表明,与对照菌W303-1A相比,紫杉二烯的生产会对胞内糖酵解、三羧酸循环中间物及一些氨基酸的含量产生不同程度的影响,进而对其生长产生一定抑制作用。其中柠檬酸因紫杉二烯功能模块的引入下降明显,降幅达90%以上,因此可以作为后续功能酵母研究的标志性代谢物。紫杉二烯人工酵母细胞代谢组的研究可以为萜类化合物异源合成的优化提供更多的信息和帮助。     

紫杉醇合成代谢途径中紫杉烯合成酶cDNA的克隆

紫杉烯合成酶(Taxadienesynthase)被认为在紫杉醇合成代谢途径中起着限速酶的作用。为进一步研究紫杉烯合成酶的作用机理和紫杉醇生物合成代谢调控机制,采用RTPCR技术从东北红豆杉(Taxuscuspidata)愈伤组织中获得了紫杉烯合成酶基因片段,将该片段克隆在载体pGEMTEasyVector上,并转化到大肠杆菌JM109中,经EcoRI酶切检测,Southernblotting及部分cDNA序列分析证实该片段确为紫杉烯合成酶基因,与国外报道的从太平洋红豆杉(Taxus.brevifolia)幼茎中得到的紫杉烯合成酶基因序列具有很高的同源性。     

中国红豆杉愈伤组织紫杉烯合成酶cDNA片段的分离(简报)

从红豆杉的组织培养物中,筛选得到紫杉烷类化合物的高产株系,构建该株系的cDNA库,利用紫杉烯合成酶的特异性PCR引物对构建的cD－NA库进行PCR扩增,将得到的片段克隆后测序,该82bp片段与太平洋红豆杉紫杉烯合成酶相同片段完全一致。     

菊花等中药水煎剂对离体大鼠肝细胞微粒体羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶的作用机理

The isolated rat hepatic microsomal preparation was incubated with the aqueous extracts of Flos chryranthemi(菊花), Curcuma aromatica Salisb(郁金), Acan- thopanax senticosus (刺五加), Rhizoma ligustici wallichii (川芎), Radix polygoni multiflori (首乌) and Fructus crataegi pinnatifidae (山楂), respectively (37% 20 min). The activity of hydroxymethlglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was found to decrese about 30 % corresponding to the action of 50mmol/L NaF at similar condition. The mechanism of action of the Chinese drugs was the inhibition of cytosolic protein phosphatase and the activation of cytosolic hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase kinase. Both the results of these two actions suppressed the activity of HMG-CoA reductase.     

荷叶碱对bel-7402细胞胆固醇代谢的影响

目的:探讨荷叶主要单体成分荷叶碱对Bel-7402细胞株胆固醇吸收、合成及酯化的影响。方法:体外培养Bel-7402细胞株,待细胞长满80%后无血清培养基饥饿细胞24h,分别加入1uM、10uM、100uM的荷叶碱及10uM的阿托伐他订,实时定量PCR和Western blotting法分别检测给药24小时后细胞内低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)、β-羟β-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)、酰基辅酶A胆固醇酰基转移酶(ACAT)的基因表达和蛋白质水平。结果:与对照组相比,荷叶碱各剂量组均能明显升高LDLR、HMGCOAR基因表达及蛋白水平,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.01),阿托伐他汀组LDLR、HMGCOAR基因表达及蛋白水平高于荷叶碱各组(P<0.01),荷叶碱、阿托伐他汀均能降低细胞内ACAT基因表达及蛋白含量,荷叶碱中剂量组ACAT基因表达及蛋白含量均高于阿托伐他汀组(P<0.01,P<0.05),荷叶碱高剂量组ACAT基因表达高于阿托伐他汀组(P<0.05),蛋白水平两组没有显著性差异。结论:荷叶碱可能是通过抑制细胞内胆固醇的合成、抑制胆固醇酯酶的活性及升高低密度脂蛋白受体的量而起到降血脂作用。     

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母合成植物萜类D-柠檬烯的策略

植物萜类化合物是以异戊二烯为结构单位的一大类植物天然的次生代谢产物。D-柠檬烯属于单萜类化合物,由于它具有抑菌、增香、抗癌、止咳、平喘等多种功能,已被广泛应用于食品、香料、医疗等行业。目前D-柠檬烯的工业生产主要是从植物的果皮或者果肉中提取的,但提取方法存在着分离纯化复杂、产率低、能耗大等缺点。而本世纪初合成生物学技术的兴起,为微生物异源合成天然活性化合物带来了全新的理念与工具,打破了物种间的界限,使微生物异源合成D-柠檬烯成为现实。构建定向、高效的异源合成D-柠檬烯的微生物细胞工厂,实现微生物发酵法替换传统的植物提取法,具有重要的经济与社会效益。本文主要回顾了近几年利用代谢工程改造酿酒酵母异源合成萜类化合物取得的成就,阐述了以酿酒酵母作为底盘微生物,利用代谢工程和合成生物学的手段构建高产D-柠檬烯的合成策略。     

杜仲橡胶合成相关酶基因HMGR的克隆与表达分析

为解析HMGR基因在杜仲橡胶生物合成中的作用,本研究以杜仲良种华仲6号叶片和果皮为材料,参考杜仲基因组和转录组数据,克隆了杜仲HMGR基因,命名为Eu HMGR,全长1770 bp,编码590个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR测定结果显示,EuHMGR基因在果皮中的表达量于5月中旬达到最大值,而在叶片中的最大值出现在7月中旬。通过索氏提取测定相应时期果皮和叶片的含胶量表明,果皮中的含胶量从4月中旬到5月下旬迅速增加,而叶片中的含胶量一直平稳增长。分析不同发育时期果皮和叶片Eu HMGR基因表达量和含胶增长速率相关性发现,果皮Eu HMGR基因在不同发育时期的相对表达量和含胶增长速率呈显著正相关,而二者在叶片中无明显相关性。因此,推测Eu HMGR基因的表达与杜仲果皮中橡胶生物合成相关。     

Genomic organization and expression analysis of a farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene (FPPS2) in apples (Malus domestica Borkh.)

A farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene (FPPS2), which contains 11 introns and 12 exons, was isolated from the apple cultivar “White Winter Pearmain”. When it was compared to our previously reported FPPS1, its each intron size was different, its each exon size was the same as that of FPPS1 gene, 30 nucleotide differences were found in its coding sequence. Based on these nucleotide differences, specific primers were designed to perform expression analysis; the results showed that it expressed in both fruit and leaf, its expression level was obviously lower than that of FPPS1 gene in fruit which was stored at 4 °C for 5 weeks. This is the first report concerning two FPPS genes and their expression comparison in apples.     

Oleic acid is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in C6 glioma cells

Glial cells play a pivotal role in brain fatty acid metabolism and membrane biogenesis. However, the potential regulation of lipogenesis and cholesterologenesis by fatty acids in glial cells has been barely investigated. Here, we show that physiologically relevant concentrations of various saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly reduce [1-(14)C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids and cholesterol in C6 cells. Oleic acid was the most effective at depressing lipogenesis and cholesterologenesis; a decreased label incorporation into cellular palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids was detected, suggesting that an enzymatic step(s) of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis was affected. To clarify this issue, the activities of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and FAS were determined with an in situ digitonin-permeabilized cell assay after incubation of C6 cells with fatty acids. ACC activity was strongly reduced ( approximately 80%) by oleic acid, whereas no significant change in FAS activity was observed. Oleic acid also reduced the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). The inhibition of ACC and HMGCR activities is corroborated by the decreases in ACC and HMGCR mRNA abundance and protein levels. The downregulation of ACC and HMGCR activities and expression by oleic acid could contribute to the reduced lipogenesis and cholesterologenesis.     

啤酒酵母代谢工程研究进展

啤酒工业上应用的啤酒酵母菌株在生产中都会存在着某些方面的缺陷。通过分析啤酒酵母某些代谢产物的代谢途径,寻找改变其代谢流量的方法,然后用分子生物学手段对其代谢流量加以改变,来调节啤酒酵母某些产物的代谢水平已经成为啤酒酵母育种的新方式。对酵母的底物利用、可操作性、控制有害副产物的产量及改善啤酒风味等方面的研究成果进行了综述。     

Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Producing Nicotianamine: Potential for Industrial Biosynthesis of a Novel Antihypertensive Substrate

Nicotianamine (NA), a metal chelator, is ubiquitous in higher plants. In humans, NA inhibits angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), and consequently reduces high blood pressure. Nicotianamine is synthesized from the trimerization of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by NA synthase (NAS). Here, we aimed to produce large amounts of NA fermentatively by introducing the Arabidopsis AtNAS2 gene into Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SCY4. This strain can accumulate up to 100 times the usual amount of SAM, and this is considered desirable for overproduction of NA. Nicotianamine was produced in the engineered yeast, and the NA level increased with incubation time until the stationary phase. The maximum concentration of intracellular NA obtained was 766±33 μg/g wet weight. Successful production of NA in S. cerevisiae should pave the way for industrial production of this novel antihypertensive substrate.     

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase localizes to the cytoplasm of Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei

The farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) has previously been characterized in trypanosomes as an essential enzyme for their survival and as the target for bisphosphonates, drugs that are effective both in vitro and in vivo against these parasites. Enzymes from the isoprenoid pathway have been assigned to different compartments in eukaryotes, including trypanosomatids. We here report that FPPS localizes to the cytoplasm of both Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei, and is not present in other organelles such as the mitochondria and glycosomes.     

茉莉酸甲酯诱导大戟三萜类代谢的研究

京大戟是多年生草本药用植物,入药部分是其干燥根,但可入药的京大戟资源由于生长缓慢以及环境污染的加剧而越发匮乏,因此解决大戟资源日益紧张的问题是当今药用植物资源开发与利用方向的重要课题。京大戟含有三萜类、二萜类、黄酮类等丰富的活性成分,一些常见药用植物的有效成分是三萜类化合物,其在抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等方面具有很好的活性。对植物萜类物质代谢起重要作用的关键酶,如3-羟基,3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(hmgr)、鲨烯合酶(sqs)、法尼基焦磷酸合酶(fps)的基因克隆及活性研究取得了进展和突破,但通过调控萜类物质代谢途径中关键酶基因的表达来诱导终产物合成的研究鲜有报道。通过研究大戟萜类物质代谢途径进而利用基因工程手段提升目的物质的产量来解决京大戟药源短缺问题具有重要意义。该研究以大戟愈伤组织为材料,使用茉莉酸甲酯分别按时间梯度和浓度梯度进行诱导,将诱导后的愈伤组织分为两部分:一部分提取其总RNA,以actin为内参基因进行反转录,实时定量RT-PCR分析大戟三萜类代谢途径中hmgr、sqs与fps基因的相对表达差异;另一部分用于提取其总三萜并使用分光光度法进行含量测定。实时定量RT-PCR分析结果表明,茉莉酸甲酯可诱导3个基因的表达,但其表达模式不一样。相应的京大戟愈伤组织中总三萜的含量明显提高,最高可较未处理样品增加27%。研究结果可为茉莉酸甲酯促进药用植物大戟三萜类物质积累的分子机制研究提供参考。     

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母生产L-乳酸的研究进展

L-乳酸是一种重要的有机化合物,具有广泛的应用价值。微生物发酵法生产是当前L-乳酸的主要来源,但受限于精确的发酵条件、菌体产物耐受能力低及底物要求高等因素,导致L-乳酸供给不足且价格偏高。鉴于酿酒酵母利用廉价底物生产有价值物质方面的诸多优势,并随着分子生物学技术的发展,利用代谢工程改造酿酒酵母本身固有的代谢网络,使其高产L-乳酸已成为当前研究的热点。从L-乳酸的异源生产、关键途径改造及菌体生长能力恢复三个方面归纳了关于代谢工程改造酿酒酵母生产L-乳酸的研究进展。最后,指出了酿酒酵母异源生产L-乳酸存在的不足和今后研究的方向。     

Acclimatization and subsequent gas exchange, water relations, survival and growth of microcultured apple plantlets after transplanting them in soil

Wounded tuber tissue of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Gloria) exposed to the monoterpene S-carvone did show neither suberization nor cambium layer formation, whereas these processes started after 2–4 days in control tissue. Suberized tissue was clearly visible 24 days after the start of the S-carvone treatment, when the concentrations of S-carvone and its bioconversion products in the tissue were almost zero and cambium layer formation had not yet started. The inhibition of wound healing coincided with a lack of induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR, EC 1.1.1.34). The wounded potato tissue used as control, showed a transient induction of HMGR activity.
In S-carvone treated tissue, the activities of GR (glutathione reductase, EC 1.6.4.2) and AP (ascorbate peroxidase, EC 1.11.1.11) were induced, and the level of glutathione increased four- to five-fold.