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1.
基于Penman-Monteith方程模拟青海云杉生长季日蒸腾过程 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)作为我国黄土高原与青藏高原地区的主要造林树种,对其林分蒸腾耗水特征的研究,能够更合理的指导该地区植被重建与林分调控,以加强林分的稳定性,提高水分利用效率。为了揭示青海云杉在生长季内的冠层蒸腾规律以及冠层整体气孔阻力与环境因子的响应,评价Penman-Monteith方程在青海云杉冠层尺度上的适用性,采用探针式热扩散茎流计(TDP)进行测定,同步长期监测了环境数据,利用反推法建立冠层整体气孔阻力(rsT)与环境因子之间的回归模型,结合Penman-Monteith方程模拟出青海云杉生长季的日蒸腾量,采用均方根误差、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差对蒸腾量的实测值与模拟值进行误差分析,以验证模型的准确性。得出的主要结论有:(1)生长季内青海云杉日蒸腾量随月份变化呈先增高后降低的趋势;各月蒸腾量占潜在蒸散量的比例为7月(79.68%) > 8月(72.71%) > 6月(72.53%) > 5月(67.08%) > 9月(66.48%) > 10月(64.29%);(2)树干液流对气象因子的滞后时间为0.5 h;(3)不同月份云杉冠层整体气孔阻力(rsT)与空气相对湿度(RH)呈正相关关系,与大气温度(T)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)呈负相关关系;(4)应用所建立的多因素回归模型结合Penman-Monteith方程对青海云杉蒸腾量进行模拟验证,累计平均相对误差为14.381%,平均绝对误差为0.160 mm,均方根误差为0.2。综上所述,Penman-Monteith方程在林分冠层尺度上有较好适用性根据所建立的多因素回归模型并结合Penman-Monteith方程,可以利用饱和水汽压差、温度和空气相对湿度三个气象因子较好地模拟日蒸腾过程。 相似文献
2.
基于遥感和Penman-Monteith模型的内陆河流域不同生态系统蒸散发估算 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
遥感数据具有很好的时空连续性,它是区域蒸散发通量估算的有效方法。引入了一个简单的具有生物物理基础的Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型,分别利用黑河流域高寒草地阿柔站和干旱区农田盈科站2008—2009年的气象数据和MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)叶面积指数(LAI),实现了2008—2009年日蒸散发的估算,并同时实现了对植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的分别估算。结果表明,利用P-M公式模拟的蒸散发与实测的蒸散发具有较好的一致性,日蒸散发模拟的决定系数(R2)超过0.8。估算的高寒草甸和干旱区农田玉米全年平均的蒸腾分别为0.78 mm/d和1.20 mm/d,分别占总蒸散发的60%和61%,土壤蒸发分别为0.53和0.77 mm/d,占总蒸发的40%和39%。可见两种生态系统的作物蒸腾均强于土壤蒸发,同时农田玉米蒸腾强于高寒草甸蒸腾。研究结果证明了基于遥感的P-M公式可以很好地实现对高寒草地和干旱区农田生态系统蒸散发的估算。通过考虑土壤水分变化对气孔导度的影响,可以提高模型对农田蒸散发的模拟精度。 相似文献
3.
J. M. LIMOUSIN S. RAMBAL J. M. OURCIVAL A. ROCHETEAU† R. JOFFRE R. RODRIGUEZ-CORTINA 《Global Change Biology》2009,15(9):2163-2175
In the Mediterranean basin, precipitation is expected to decline as a consequence of climate change. The response of a Quercus ilex forest in southern France to such a decline in water availability was studied using a 4-year throughfall exclusion experiment. Seasonal courses of sap flow and leaf water potential were obtained from 2004 to 2007 and used to characterize tree water relations in a control and a dry treatment. The experiment reduced the average precipitation input to the soil by 29%, and resulted in a 23% reduction in annual transpiration. Soil water potential was significantly lower in the dry treatment only during summer drought, but transpiration was reduced all year round even during well-watered periods. Despite a tight stomatal control over transpiration, whole-tree hydraulic conductance was found to be lower in the trees growing in the driest conditions. This reduction in water transport capacity was observed jointly with a reduction in leaf transpiring area. Canopy leaf area decreased by 18% in the dry treatment as a consequence of the throughfall exclusion, which was found to validate the ecohydrological equilibrium theory. 相似文献
4.
20世纪80年代以来东亚飞蝗在我国再度猖獗危害,及时、准确地监测东亚飞蝗的危害状况,对于东亚飞蝗的有效防治有重要意义.以河北省黄骅市为研究区,从光学模型的建立机理为着眼点,定量分析和对比了4种由植被冠层孔隙度反演LAI的算法.结果表明,LAI与植被指数之间呈明显的正相关关系,即随着LAI的增大,植被指数也在增大;在4种估算方法中,LAI-2000算法最适用于研究区植被LAI的估算.此外,还分析了LAI与飞蝗发生面积的关系,发现两者呈负相关.并在此基础上建立了飞蝗发生面积的预测模型,即:ALO=-aln(LAI)+b,其中,a、b为调节系数. 相似文献
5.
Gross primary productivity and transpiration flux of the Australian vegetation from 1788 to 1988 AD: effects of CO2 and land use change 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We present a novel approach to estimating the transpiration flux and gross primary productivity (GPP) from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, leaf functional types, and readily available climate data. We use this approach to explore the impact of variations in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ([CO2]) and consequent predicted changes in vegetation cover, on the transpiration flux and GPP. There was a near 1 : 1 relationship between GPP estimated with this transpiration flux approach and that estimated using a radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) approach. Model estimates are presented for the Australian continent under three vegetation–[CO2] scenarios: the present vegetation and hypothetical ‘natural’ vegetation cover with atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) of 350 μmol mol?1 (pveg350 and nveg350), and for the ‘natural’ vegetation with [CO2] 280 μmol mol?1 (nveg280). Estimated continental GPP is 6.5, 6.3 and 4.3 Gt C yr?1 for pveg350, nveg350 and nveg280, respectively. The corresponding transpiration fluxes are 232, 224 and 190 mm H2O yr?1. The contribution of the raingreen and evergreen components of the canopy to these fluxes are also estimated. 相似文献
6.
The effect of elevated carbon dioxide (600±50 cm3 m−3; C600) on growth performance, biomass production, and photosynthesis of Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. 3108 was studied. This crop responded significantly by plant height, leaf length and width, and biomass production
under C600. Leaf area index increased triple fold in the crops grown in the open top chamber with C600. The biomass production in term of fresh and dry biomass accumulation increased by 134.35 (fresh) and 193.34 (dry) % over
the control (C360) condition where the crops were grown for 20 d. The rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased by 24.51 and
46.33 %, respectively, in C600 over C360 plants. In comparison with C360, the rate of transpiration decreased by 6.8 % under C600. Long-term exposure (120 d) to C600 enhanced photosynthetic water use efficiency by 34 %. Also the contents of chlorophylls a and b significantly increased in C600. Thus C. ciliaris grown in C600 throughout the crop season may produce more fodder in terms of green biomass. 相似文献
7.
The studied evergreen forest dominated by Quercus ilex showed a leaf area index (LAI) of 4.5, of which 61 % was accumulated within the tree layer, 30 % within the shrub layer,
and 9 % within the herb layer. The leaves of all the species were ± horizontally oriented (41°), absorbing a relevant percentage
of incident irradiance. The high LAI drastically modified the quality and quantity of solar radiation on the forest underground.
The spectral distribution of the radiation under the forest was markedly deficient in blue and red wavelengths. The maximum
absorption in these spectral bands was found in spring, when net photosynthetic rate (P
N
) was at its maximum, and in summer, when new leaves reached 90 % of their definitive structure. The vertical radiation profile
showed an evident reduction of the red-far red ratio (R/FR). Radiation quality and quantity influenced leaf physiology and
morphology. Clear differences in leaf size, leaf water content per area (LWC) and specific leaf area (SLA) on the vertical
profile of the forest were observed. All the shrub species showed similar SLA (12.02 m2 kg-1, mean value). The ability to
increase SLA whilst simultaneously reducing leaf thickness maximized the carbon economy. The high chlorophyll (Chl) content
of shrub layer leaves (1.41 g kg-1, mean value) was an expression of shade adaptation. Both leaf morphology and leaf physiology
expressed the phenotypic plasticity. Q. ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Pistacia lentiscus of the forest shrub layer showed wide differences in leaf structure and function with respect to the same species developing
under strong irradiance (low maquis): a 57 % mean increase of SLA and a 86 % mean decrease of PN. They showed high leaf plasticity.
Leaf plasticity implies that the considered sclerophyllous species has an optimum developmental pattern achieving adaptation
to environments.
This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
作物干旱指标对西北半干旱区春小麦缺水特征的反映 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
针对作物水分胁迫较为严重的西北半干旱区,应用CI301-PS光合作用仪对春小麦开花到乳熟期间的生理特征和环境因子进行了近1个月的观测, 并研究分析了3种作物干旱指标叶水势、作物水分胁迫指数以及气孔导度随时间变化和对气象因子的响应.发现干旱胁迫增加时,叶片水分减少,作物水分胁迫指数增大,叶水势降低,气孔导度有所减小.因此,气孔下腔的CO2浓度降低,作物净光合速率有所减小,不利于半干旱区小麦生物量的累积;三者相比,叶水势是反应西北半干旱区作物干旱最敏感的指标;受半干旱区逆湿现象的影响,9:00或之后一段时间观测叶水势和气孔导度对小麦等作物缺水状况反映得更客观. 相似文献
9.
中国西北干旱区树木蒸腾对气象因子的响应 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12
应用数值方法 ,对中国西北干旱区 5个主要树种 (樟子松、榆树、二白杨、胡杨和沙枣 )的叶面蒸腾及气孔导度对气象因子的响应进行了探讨 ,时间尺度为日。两套综合环境观测系统分别安置在黑河中游的临泽和下游的额济纳旗 ,每半小时自动记录微气象因子、土壤水分和树汁流量。应用日平均树汁流量、饱和差、总辐射、平均气温和土壤含水量拟合树木叶面蒸腾及气孔导度的经验公式。气孔导度和单个气象因子之间具有很高的相关性。应用多个气象因子所建立的经验公式能够很好的模拟气孔导度 ,模拟效果比气孔导度与单一因子的相关性高。气孔导度总体上和饱和差和气温呈指数关系 ,与总辐射的关系多种多样 ,与土壤含水量的关系较复杂。在中游地区 ,二白杨气孔导度、叶面蒸腾量和单株树木树汁流量最大。试验期间下游试验点土壤水分充足 ,耐旱树种胡杨及沙枣树汁流量较大 ,但其气孔导度及叶面蒸腾量均较小。本次研究没有发现树木叶面蒸腾量和单一环境因子之间具有明显的相关性。叶面蒸腾模拟效果没有气孔导度模拟效果好 ,原因是叶面蒸腾是气孔导度和饱和差的函数。 相似文献
10.
The results of multiyear studies of gas exchange in intact attached leaves of several willow species (Salix sp.) were analyzed. Measurements were performed with a portable Li-6400 infrared gas analyzer both on plants in their natural environment and on rooted cuttings grown in a greenhouse. Individual attached leaves were placed into the leaf chamber where climatic conditions were either similar to or different from those outside the chamber. The maximal rates of net photosynthesis (P n) and transpiration (E) were only observed with the provision that the environmental variables inside and outside the chamber were identical. On rainy or cloudy days, the P n and E values observed under optimum conditions inside the leaf chamber were lower than their potential maxima by 12–18% and 35–45%, respectively. Deviation of temperature in the chamber by 5–7°C from the external level and fluctuations of ambient temperature affected P n but not E rates of tested leaves. Variations in relative air humidity in the chamber directly influenced E but had no effect on P n of attached leaves. It was shown that the maximum rates of gas exchange in the attached willow leaf could be only attained by providing optimum conditions for the whole plant. 相似文献