多孔菌三个中国新记录种

报道了多孔菌3个中国新记录种,其中包括1个新组合种：胭脂红栓孔菌。褐白革孔菌Coriolopsis brunneoleuca采自广西、海南和云南省,该种的主要特征为子实体盖形,菌盖表面浅黄褐色至黄褐色,被绒毛,骨架菌丝和缠绕菌丝有拟糊精反应;婆罗洲榆孔菌Elmerina borneensis采自福建和海南省,子实体平伏,子实层中较多大的菌丝钉,担子纵分隔;胭脂红栓孔菌Trametes coccinea采自吉林省,子实体橘黄色、浅红褐色、红色至砖红色,孔口小。文中对这3个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图并且提供了红色栓孔菌种类（即红孔菌属种类）的检索表。     

Freshwater ascomycetes: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aliquandostipite minuta</Emphasis> (Jahnulales,Dothideomycetes), a new species from Florida

An undescribed ascomycete similar to species in the Aliquandostipitaceae (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes) was collected from submerged wood in a freshwater swamp in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida. The characteristic features of the new species are as follows: (i) ascomata are small, sessile, light brown, globose to subglobose, papillate, and anchored to the substrate by wide, brown, septate and subtending hyphae; peridial wall is composed of 1 to 2 layers of large, angular cells with large lumens; (ii) asci are ovoid to broadly clavate, and fissitunicate; (iii) ascospores are one-septate, fusiform, multiguttulate, pale brown, surrounded by a fusiform gelatinous sheath, and equipped with numerous filamentous appendages around the midseptum. The new fungus is most similar to Aliquandostipite crystallinus, from which it differs in overall smaller size and morphology. This new fungus is described and illustrated herein as A. minuta.     

Key to the species of Hyphozyma (yeast-like Hyphomycetes) and description of H. roseonigra sp. nov.

The new species, Hyphozyma roseonigra, characterized by pink colonies, budding cells with minute annellated zones and brown, septate hyphae, is described. It is non-fermentative, shows no colouration with Diazonium Blue B, and has an ascomycete-type cell wall ultrastructure. A key to the accepted species and varieties of Hyphozyma is given.     

Phylogenetic placement and anatomical characterisation of two new West African Tomentella (Basidiomycota, Fungi) species

Tomentella amyloapiculata and T. agbassaensis are described as new species within the genus Tomentella based on materials we collected in the West African, northern Guinean seasonal forests. We used a combination of anatomical characters, sequence analyses and phylogenetic inference of 71 ITS rDNA sequences to characterise the two new species. Anatomically, T. amyloapiculata is characterised by simple septate brown to dark brown, thick-walled subicular and subhymenial hyphae and triangular to slightly lobed brown basidiospores (in frontal view), with isolate aculei of 1–2 μm. Phylogenetically, T. amyloapiculata forms a sister species of T. fuscocinerea with a moderate bootstrap support of 70%. T. amyloapiculata deviates from T. fuscocinerea by 10.07–11.73% in their sequence similarities. As far as T. agbassaensis is concerned, it clusters phylogenetically together with T. bryophila with a strong bootstrap support of 99%. The species is characterised by slightly differentiated rhizomorphs with yellowish hyphae, clamped, thick-walled and yellow to dark yellow subicular hyphae and pale yellow, small basidiospores of 6–8(8.5) μm with aculei of up to 0.5 μm. Both new species deviated from each other by 11.0–11.60% with regard to the ITS rDNA nucleotides.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sporidesmioides thailandica</Emphasis> gen. et sp. nov. (Dothideomycetes) from northern Thailand

Sporidesmioides thailandica gen. et sp. nov., isolated from herbaceous litter in northern Thailand, is described and illustrated. The new genus is characterised by sporidesmium-like, septate, solitary, acrogenous, pale brown to brown, obclavate, conidia, which taper towards the apex and are truncate at the base and septate conidiophores similar to those of Sporidesmium species in Sporidesmiaceae (Sordariomycetes). It differs from similar genera by the presence of a stromatic base, polyblastic conidiogenous cells and a distinct, colourless sheath at the conidial apex. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, SSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 sequence data show that the new taxon, Sporidesmioides thailandica, forms a separate, single clade with Torulaceae in Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, and is distinct from Sporidesmiaceae (Sordariomycetes).     

Megalohypha, a new genus in the Jahnulales from aquatic habitats in the tropics

A new fungus collected from submerged wood in tropical forest streams in Panama and Thailand is described as a new genus and species in the Jahnulales. This fungus, Megalohypha aqua-dulces, is described based on ascospore morphology, which differs substantially from that of the other genera in the Jahnulales. It has these morphological features: ascomata hyaline, translucent, with subtending, wide, brown, septate, stoloniferous hyphae; peridium of large, thin-walled cells; hamathecium of septate pseudoparaphyses; asci clavate, fissitunicate, 8-spored; and ascospores 1-septate, brown, rough-walled, with longitudinal sulcate striations. An interesting feature of Megalohypha aqua-dulces, which it shares with some other taxa in Jahnulales, is the presence of both sessile and stalked fruiting bodies. In addition, the stalks have morphology that consists of a wide hypha with a narrower hypha apparently enclosed within and the stalks are strongly constricted at the septa.     

A new species of the zephyrinid nudibranch genus Janolus (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) from North America and Costa Rica

A new species of zephyrinid nudibranch of the genus Janolus Bergh 1884 is described from the Pacific Coast of North America and Costa Rica. J. anulatus sp. nov. differs from other species of Janolus by its external and internal morphology. J. anulatus has a brown or white body with pink, white, and brown spots, smooth papillae epithelium at the base and papillated in the distal part, unbranched digestive gland ducts, smooth jaws, and smooth rachidian and lateral teeth. The species is compared with other species from the Panamic Province and the Western Atlantic. A new extension range of J. barbarensis is documented.     

A new species ofLasiobolidium from Californian soil

Lasiobolidium gracile isolated from a soil sample collected from California, USA is described as a new species. This species is characterized by yellowish brown to reddish brown, nonostiolate ascomata with numerous, long straight appendages and a translucent peridium, subglobose to broadly clavate asci, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, ellipsoidal ascospores. It differs from the other species ofLasiobolidium in the straight and narrow appendages and the large ascospores. A key is presented separating the seven known species.     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dactylella</Emphasis> species from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orbilia alba</Emphasis>

A new Dactylella species, Dactylella alba was isolated from the ascospores of Orbilia alba collected in Wenshan County, Yunnan Province, China. Conidiophores were either not branched or occasionally branched, bearing divergent sterigmata on the tip with single conidium on each. Conidia were elongated ellipsoids, 1–2 septate, mostly 1 septate. By combining the ITS sequence with morphological characteristics, a new anamorphic species is described and illustrated together with its teleomorph.     

A new species of psychrolutid fish from western Australia

Psychrolutes occidentalis, a new species of psychrolutid fish, is described from mud bottoms at depths of 350–740 m on the continental slopes around Rowley Shoals, northwestern Australia. The new species is illustrated and compared with other species of the genusPsychrolutes. It differs from other species in the following characters: 14–15 dorsal soft rays, 21–23 pectoral rays, 30–31 vertebrae, no cirri on head and body, lateral line not emerging through tubes, and reddish brown head and body color with darker brown marblings. Aspects of the zoogeography of this new species from the tropical region and of the other species ofPsychrolutes are discussed.     

A visceral mycosis in cultured masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) caused by a species of Ochroconis

Ochronconis sp. infection was found in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) with visceral mycosis in Japan. The external and internal clinical signs were reddening of the anal area, swelling of the abdomen due to accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominal cavity and extensive swelling of the posterior kidney. Many pale brown, septate hyphae were found in the kidney by direct microscopical examination; these were usually not found in the other organs of infected fish. Histopathological examination of the kidney revealed large granulomas with the fungal hyphae and giant cells. The isolated fungus was identified as a species of the genus Ochroconis and was compared with O. tshawytschae, a known fish pathogen. Based on morphological and growth characteristics, we believe that these cases resulted from infection with a different species.     

Two new species ofConiochaeta with a cephalothecoid peridium wall

Two new species ofConiochaeta, isolated from Japanese soils, are described and illustrated:C. cephalothecoides, which is characterized by dark brown ascomata clothed with short setae, cylindrical asci and ovoid to almond-shaped or pyriform ascospores with a longitudinal germ slit; andC. dumosa, which is characterized by dark brown ascomata clothed with short setae and dense hyphal hairs, cylindrical asci and ellipsoid-fusoid ascospores with a longitudinal germ slit. These species are distinguished from most species of the genus by the unique cephalothecoid peridium of their ascomata. The associated anamorphs of both species are assignable to the form-genusLecythophora.     

Fusarium nisikadoi, a new species from Japan

A new species ofFusarium, F. nisikadoi, isolated fromPhyllostachys nigra var.henonis (bamboo) andTriticum aestivum (wheat) in Japan, is described, illustrated and discussed. This species is differentiated from other known species of the genus by the following characteristics: whitish colony color, long zigzag-like chains of 0–3(-5)-septate clavate conidia, intermixed with pyriform conidia, produced mostly from monophialides and rarely from polyphialides in the aerial mycelium, very long and slender sporodochial conidia, and no chlamydospores. The long chains of septate conidia are known only in this species of the genusFusarium. The conidiophores on the aerial mycelium sometimes proliferate sympodially. The species is tentatively placed in the form-sectionLiseola.     

A NEW BYSSOID LICHEN GENUS FROM TASMANIA

The genusJarmania, based on the single speciesJ. tristis, is described. The new genus is characterized by a byssoid-leprose thallus, immarginate apothecia, asci of theBacidia-type, strongly anastomosing paraphyses and septate, acicular ascospores. The new species is corticolous and is known only from cool temperate rainforest in Tasmania. 1996 The British Lichen Society     

DNA phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria species on grapevines

Several species of Botr yosphaeria are known to occur on grapevines, causing a wide range of disorders including bud mortality, dieback, brown wood streaking and bunch rot. In this study the 11 Botryosphaeria spp. associated with grapevines growing in various parts of the world, but primarily in South Africa, are distinguished based on morphology, DNA sequences (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2 and EF1-α) and pathological data. Botryosphaeria australis, B. lutea, B. obtusa, B. parva, B. rhodina and a Diplodia sp. are confirmed from grapevines in South Africa, while Diplodia porosum, Fusicoccum viticlavatum and F. vitifusiforme are described as new. Although isolates of B. dothidea and B. stevensii are confirmed from grapevines in Portugal, neither of these species occurred in South Africa, nor were any isolates of B. ribis confirmed from grapevines. All grapevine isolates from Portugal, formerly presumed to be B. ribis, are identified as B. parva based on their EF1-α equence data. From artificial inoculations on grapevine shoots, we conclude that B. australis, B. parva, B. ribis and B. stevensii are more virulent than the other species studied. The Diplodia sp. collected from grapevine canes is morphologically similar but phylogenetically distinct from D. sarmentorum. Diplodia sarmentorum is confirmed as anamorph of Otthia spiraeae, the type species of the genus Otthia (Botryosphaeriaceae). A culture identified as O. spiraeae clustered within Botryosphaeria and thus is regarded as probable synonym. These findings confirm earlier suggestions that the generic concept of Botryosphaeria should be expanded to include genera with septate ascospores and Diplodia anamorphs.     

Colonization of roots of cultivated Solanum lycopersicum by dark septate and other ascomycetous endophytes

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots from four different crop sites in Colombia were surface sterilized and 51 fungal isolates were obtained and conserved for further analysis. Based on microscopical observations and growth characteristics, 20 fungal isolates corresponded to genus Fusarium, six presented asexual conidia different from Fusarium, eight were sterile mycelia, seven of which had dark septate hyphae and 17 did not continue to grow on plates after being recovered from conservation. Growth on different media, detailed morphological characterization and ITS region sequencing of the six sporulating and eight sterile isolates revealed that they belonged to different orders of Ascomycota and that the sterile dark septate endophytes did not correspond to the well known Phialocephala group. Interactions of nine isolates with tomato plantlets were assessed in vitro. No effect on shoot development was revealed, but three isolates caused brown spots in roots. Colonization patterns as analyzed by confocal microscopy differed among the isolates and ranged from epidermal to cortical penetration. Altogether 11 new isolates from root endophytic fungi were obtained, seven of which showed features of dark septate endophytes. Four known morphotypes were represented by five isolates, while six isolates belonged to five morphotypes of putative new unknown species.     

Aquatic fungi from peat swamp palms: Phruensis brunneispora gen. et sp. nov. and its hyphomycete anamorph

Phruensis brunneispora is a new genus and species occurring on decaying trunks of the palm Licuala longecalycata in Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, Thailand. We compare the genus with other aquatic ascomycetes with falcate septate ascospores: Pseudohalonectria and Ophioceras. Ascospores differ from species in these genera in being brown with lighter end cells. Also, the ascus pore is subapical, with a channel leading to the apex. Lollipopaia minuta differs from Phruensis brunneispora in that the ascomata are borne in a stroma, asci have an apical pore and the ascospores are hyaline. No genus was found to accommodate the new species. Molecular analysis of rDNA ribosomal 18S confirmed the exclusion of the new species from Pseudohalonectria, and Ophioceras and Lollipopaia minuta formed a sister group with it. Phruensis brunneispora and Lollipopaia minuta grouped in the Diaporthales with 100% bootstrap support. Therefore, both morphological and molecular evidence supports erecting a new genus to accommodate this taxon. A hyaline Phialophora-like anamorph was formed when single ascospores were plated out on agar. The taxon is described and illustrated with light micrographs.     

Chlorolepiota indica sp. nov.—A new species from India

A new species Chlorolepiota indica is reported from Patiala in Punjab, India. The fungus is characterized by convex brown pileus covered by concentrically arranged brown scales with yellow tinge around the umbo. The stipe of the fruiting body is cream to pale yellow, pinkish to reddish brown near the pileus, and yellowish to dark grey brown towards the base.     

Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in bromeliad species from the tropical Atlantic forest biome in Brazil

The mycorrhizal status of epiphytic, rupicolous, and terrestrial bromeliad species from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest has been examined. Roots of 13 species of bromeliads were analyzed for the presence of mycorrhizal structures such as arbuscules, hyphae, and vesicles as well as other fungal structures. Rhizosphere soil was sampled to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species associated only with terrestrial bromeliad species. Most specimens collected were epiphytic bromeliads in the genera Aechmea, Bilbergia, Nidularium, Tillandsia, and Vriesea. Differentiating structures of AMF were found in only three species of bromeliads. The pattern of mycorrhizal colonization was mainly internal, and external mycelium and arbuscules were observed only in the terrestrial Nidularium procerum. Root endophytes with dark brown septate mycelium, thin external hyphae, and Rhizoctonia-like sclerotia were also detected in some root segments. A total of ten spore morphotypes were recovered from the rhizosphere of N. procerum, with Acaulospora mellea, A. foveata, and Glomus sp. being the most common species recovered. Our study demonstrated that most of the epiphytic species are not associated with AMF. We attribute this mainly to the exposed bare root conditions found in epiphytic bromeliads.     

龙州蝗属分类研究及一新种记述（直翅目：斑腿蝗科）

系统研究了龙州蝗属,共记述10种,其中包括1新种,即贵州龙州蝗Longzhouacris guizhouensis sp.nov.,该新种近似于斑角龙州蝗L.annulicornis Lu,LiYou,2000,主要区别为:1)前胸背板沟前区长为沟后区长的2.16倍;2)前翅到达第3腹节背板中部;3)后足跗节爪间中垫长为爪长的1.5倍;4)雄性尾片三角形,顶尖;5)触角基半黄褐色,端半暗褐色;6)前翅前半黑褐色,后半淡褐色;7)后足胫节黄绿色。文中附有分种检索表。新种的模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。