金樱子提取液对糖尿病肾病大鼠的肾脏保护作用

目的:研究金樱子提取液对糖尿病肾病(Diabetic Nephropathy,DN)大鼠的肾脏保护作用。方法:在高糖高脂饲料喂食SD(Sprague-Dawley)大白鼠的基础上腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导糖尿病肾病大鼠模型,随机分为糖尿病肾病模型组(DN组)和金樱子治疗组(DN+RLM组),同时另设正常对照组(NC组)和金樱子对照组(NC+RLM组)。检测金樱子提取液对各组大鼠血糖(fasting blood-glucose,FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated haemoglobin,GHb)、24小时尿微量白蛋白和尿量、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)及肾脏结构的影响。结果:与DN大鼠相比,糖尿病肾病大鼠经金樱子提取液治疗后,大鼠FBG、GHb水平、24 h尿微量白蛋白、24 h尿量、肾脏指数明显降低,血脂紊乱、肾功能损害以及DN肾脏病理明显改善,且无明显副作用。结论:金樱子提取液可明显降低DN大鼠血糖,改善DN大鼠血脂、肾功能紊乱及肾脏病理变化,对糖尿病大鼠肾脏具有较强的保护作用。     

人参皂甙Rg3对糖尿病肾病大鼠生化指标及病理的影响

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rg3对糖尿病肾病大鼠生化指标及病理改变的影响。方法:30只SD雄性大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、模型对照组和人参皂甙Rg3组。采用链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病肾病大鼠模型。造模成功后,Rg3治疗组每天以Rg3(0.5mg/kg)灌胃,余予以等量蒸馏水灌胃。30天后分别测3组大鼠血糖、24小时尿蛋白、血肌酐,并予以HE染色行肾组织活检。结果:与正常组比较,模型对照组大鼠血糖、24小时尿蛋白、血肌酐明显升高,肾小球体积增大,基底膜增厚、细膜基质增多,肾小球内炎细胞浸润(P0.01)。与模型对照组比较,人参皂甙Rg3组血糖、24小时尿蛋白、血肌酐明显降低,肾小球基底膜增厚程度减轻,细胞外基质堆积减少,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。结论:人参皂甙Rg3能显著降低糖尿病大鼠血糖、血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白,能改善其肾脏的病理损害。     

黄芪调节自发糖尿病肾病鼠层粘连蛋白表达的实验研究

目的:观察黄芪对自发糖尿病肾病大鼠肾小球层粘连蛋白表达的影响.方法:将实验用6月龄SPF级GK大鼠和Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组、黄芪治疗组.治疗16周,观察治疗后大鼠的尿素氮、血肌苷,内生肌苷清除率、24小时尿蛋白排泄率,免疫组化检测肾组织层粘连蛋白表达.结果:造模组大鼠均出现肾脏功能有损害.黄芪能改善自发糖尿病肾病大鼠基本状况,降低糖尿病大鼠的尿素氮、血肌苷、24h尿白蛋白排泄率,增加内生肌苷清除率,层粘连蛋白表达显著下调.结论:黄芪可通过降低层粘连蛋白的表达,对肾脏起保护作用.     

糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病的临床病理分析

目的：分析糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病的临床病理特点。方法：选取我院肾内科收治的临床诊断为糖尿病肾病的患者56 例,肾脏穿刺进行肾脏活体组织检查,通过病理诊断将患者分为两组,分别为糖尿病肾病组和糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病组, 比较两组患者的糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白、血压、血肌酐、血尿素氮、血尿酸、血清白蛋白、尿蛋白定量、血尿、视网膜病变。结果： 经肾脏组织活检,56例患者中NDRD 患者24 例(42.9%),DN患者32 例(57.1%);对24 例NDRD患者进行病理类型分类,其中IgA 肾病33.0%,膜性肾病25.0%、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎20.2%、高血压肾损害8.3%、微小病变4.2%、局灶节段硬化性肾炎4.2%、新 月体性肾小球肾炎4.2%。与DN组比较,NDRD 组糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白、血尿、视网膜病变均有差异(P＜0.05);而血肌酐、血 尿素氮、血尿酸、血清白蛋白、尿蛋白定量均无明显差异(P＞0.05)。结论：临床诊断的糖尿病肾病患者中有很大一部分实际上为糖 尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病,且以IgA 型肾病比较多见,糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白、血尿、视网膜病变对鉴别二者具有一定的指 导意义。     

川芎嗪调节自发糖尿病肾病鼠Ⅲ型前胶原表达的实验研究

目的:观察川芎嗪对自发糖尿病肾病大鼠肾小球Ⅲ型前胶原基因表达的调节.方法:将实验用6月龄SPF级GK大鼠和Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病组、川芎嗪治疗组.治疗16周.观察治疗后大鼠的尿素氮、_薛肌苷、内生肌苷清除率、24小时尿蛋白排泄率,免疫组化检测肾组织Ⅲ型前胶原表达.结果:①造模组大鼠均出现肾脏功能有损害②川芎嗪能改善自发糖尿病肾病大鼠基本状况,降低糖尿病大鼠的尿素氮、血肌苷、24h尿白蛋白排泄率,增加内生肌苷清除率,Ⅲ型前胶原表达显著下调.结论:川芎嗪可通过降低Ⅲ型前胶原的表达,对肾脏起保护作用.     

金樱子对糖尿病大鼠肾MCP-1表达的影响

目的:研究金樱子对糖尿病大鼠单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)表达的影响.方法:用STZ腹腔注射诱导建立SD大鼠糖尿病模型后,随机分为糖尿病模型组和金樱子干预组,同时另设正常对照组和金樱子对照组.测定大鼠血糖、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、24小时尿蛋白.HE染色观察肾组织病理改变、免疫组织化学、Western blot检测各组肾组织MCP-1表达情况.结果:金樱子能明显改善肾功能,降低实验性糖尿病大鼠血糖、血肌酐、血尿素氮、胆固醇、甘油三酯、24小时尿蛋白定量.形态学观察,糖尿病大鼠在金樱子干预后,肾小球硬化指数与肾小管损伤指数明显减小.免疫组织化学和Western bolt分析显示,MCP-1蛋白表达在糖尿病模型组中显著增强,而在金樱子干预组的表达显著减弱(P＜0.05),但仍较正常对照组蛋白表达升高.结论:金樱子对糖尿病肾病具有防治作用,其机制可能与降低MCP-1表达有关.     

单次尾静脉注射法阿霉素大鼠肾病模型的建立

目的建立阿霉素大鼠肾病模型,并观察模型的动态变化。方法 26只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为模型组(13只)和空白组(13只),模型组单次尾静脉注射阿霉素6.2 mg/kg,空白组注射等容积生理盐水。检测连续10周12 h尿蛋白定量、终末血生化指标,光镜、电镜下观察各组大鼠肾脏病理改变。结果模型组12 h尿蛋白定量造模后1周与空白组差异有显著性(P0.01),第5周达到高峰;血总蛋白、白蛋白均低于空白组,甘油三酯、胆固醇、血尿素氮均高于空白组(均P0.05),血肌酐差异无显著性(P=0.64)。肾脏病理改变:第5周为微小病变型,第10周为局灶性节段性肾小球硬化。结论单次尾静脉注射6.2 mg/kg阿霉素,可以成功建立渐进性的大鼠肾病综合征模型。     

IL-17、IL-8、IL-10水平与早期糖尿病肾病的关系

目的观察糖尿病大鼠肾脏早期IL-17、IL-8、IL-10水平的变化,并分析糖尿病大鼠肾脏早期IL-17、IL-8、IL-10水平与糖尿病肾病的关系。方法健康雄性SD大鼠被随机分为正常对照组和糖尿病模型组,模型组以一次性腹腔注射STZ诱导糖尿病模型;造模成功后在1周、2周、4周、6周,12周时间点分别取两肾,称量两肾的重量及大鼠体重,常规方法检测血清生化指标和尿蛋白含量,ELISA检测IL-17、IL-8、IL-10水平。分析IL-17、IL-8、IL-10水平与糖尿病肾病的关系。结果糖尿病各组大鼠IL-17、IL-8随时间逐渐升高,IL-10随时间逐渐降低,IL-17、IL-8与血糖、CRP、肾脏肥大指数、24小时尿蛋白、肌酐、血尿素氮呈正相关,IL-10与血糖、CRP、肾脏肥大指数、24小时尿蛋白、肌酐、血尿素氮呈负相关,IL-17、IL-8与IL-10呈负相关。结论 IL-17、IL-8可能促进糖尿病大鼠肾病的发展,IL-10可能抑制糖尿病大鼠肾病的进展。     

高热量高蛋白饮食诱导GK大鼠糖尿病肾病模型的建立

目的运用高热量高蛋白饮食诱导GK大鼠2型糖尿病肾病模型的建立,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 28周龄GK大鼠24只,随机分成对照组、模型组,每组各12只,模型组给予高热量高蛋白饮食,对照组给予正常饮食,共8周。于第0、4、8周观察24 h尿微量白蛋白、24 h尿蛋白、尿肌酐、尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐比值水平;于第0、8周观察空腹血糖和血清肌酐、尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三脂、一氧化氮水平;实验结束时取双肾称重并计算肾肥大指数,取肾组织观察病理形态学变化,检测肾组织钠钾ATP酶活性。结果与对照组比,模型组大鼠24 h尿微量白蛋白、24 h尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐比值、空腹血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三脂、一氧化氮、肾肥大指数水平和肾组织钠钾ATP酶活性显著提高,模型组肾小球体积增大,系膜基质增生,基底膜增厚明显。结论运用高热量高蛋白饮食诱导GK大鼠可成功建立2型糖尿病肾病模型。血糖血脂的上升是糖尿病肾病形成的重要因素,同时钠钾ATP酶活性增强进一步损伤肾小管功能,一氧化氮升高促使肾小球高灌注、高滤过,也是加速GK大鼠肾病形成的原因。     

血管紧张素-（1-7）对糖尿病大鼠肾脏PDGF、TGF-β的影响

目的:通过观察血管紧张素-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7))作用后糖尿病大鼠肾脏PDGF(血小板源性生长因子)、TGF-β1(转化生长因子β1)的变化,研究其对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的作用。方法:将SD大鼠分为单肾切除对照组(C组)、糖尿病模型Ang-(1-7)干预组(T组)及糖尿病模型对照组(D组)三组进行研究。分别检测空腹血糖、血尿素氮、血肌酐,24h尿总蛋白;同时用1000倍显微镜观察肾脏组织改变情况及用RT-PCR法检测肾脏组织内PDGF、TGF-β1的基因表达水平。结果:T组肾重体重比(RW/BW)、尿蛋白定量、mRNA表达水平等指标明显下降,与D组相比具有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),肾脏组织光镜下差别显著,D、T组较C组大鼠肾小球体积增大,且以D组病变明显。结论:Ang-(1-7)具有延缓糖尿病大鼠肾脏病变病发生、发展的作用。     

普罗布考对糖尿病大鼠肾组织氧化应激的影响

目的研究普罗布考（Probucol）对糖尿病大鼠肾组织氧化应激的影响。方法采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立糖尿病大鼠模型。30只Wistar大鼠分为正常对照组（NC）、糖尿病组（DM）、糖尿病普罗布考治疗组（DP）。8周末称取体重、肾重、计算肾肥大指数（肾重/体重）,检测尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）;测定各组生化指标包括血糖（BG）、胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、血清肌酐（SCr）、血尿素氮（BUN）;检测肾组织中丙二醛（MDA）的含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性;肾组织切片行PAS染色分析肾小球面积及肾小球体积。结果 DM组大鼠肾重、肾重/体重、UAER、TC、TG、SCr、BUN、肾小球面积、肾小球体积较NC组均明显增加,DP组上述改变较DM组均明显减轻（P〈0.05）。DP组肾组织中MDA含量明显低于DM组,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性明显高于DM组（P〈0.05）。结论普罗布考可能部分通过减轻肾组织氧化应激反应实现对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。     

Renoprotective effects of berberine and its possible molecular mechanisms in combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Berberine (BBR), an effective compound of Chinese traditional herbal medicine, has preventive effects on diabetes and its complications. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of BBR in rats with high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy model. BBR (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d) were orally administered to male Sprague–Dawley rats after STZ injection and conducted for 8 weeks. Renal damage was evaluated by kidney weight to body weight ratio (KW/BW), urine microalbumin (UMAlb), urine protein for 24 h (UP24 h), urine creatinine (UCr), and histological examination. Type IV collagen and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β₁) were detected by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of glomeruli was observed. Fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) in serum and G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), cAMP in kidney were measured. Remarkable renal damage, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia were observed in DN rats. BBR could restore renal functional parameters, suppress alterations in histological and ultrastructural changes in the kidney tissues, improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and increase cAMP levels compared with those of DN model group. Furthermore, BBR down-regulated total protein expression of GRK2, GRK3 and up-regulated expression of GRK6 of renal cortex in DN rats, but had a slight effects on GRK4 and GRK5. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, that BBR exerts renoprotection in high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN rats by modulating the proteins expression of GRKs in G protein- AC-cAMP signaling pathway.     

川陈皮素对糖尿病肾病大鼠的治疗作用研究

为观察川陈皮素对糖尿病肾病的治疗作用,本研究选用120只SD大鼠适应性喂养2周后分为正常组(20只)和糖尿病肾病造模组(100只),成功构建糖尿病肾病模型后选取50只,分为模型组,川陈皮素低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组以及阳性药物贝那普利组,每组10只,治疗6周后处死,收集尿液检测24h-尿量和24h-尿蛋白,收集血液检测血糖、胰岛素、血脂、肾功能指标和炎性因子的变化特点,收集肾脏检测肾脏病理学以及肾脏组织中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3表达水平。结果显示,模型组有明显肾小球增大、部分系膜增生和间质纤维化,相较于模型组,贝那普利组和川陈皮素三个剂量组肾小球病变减轻;与模型组相比,贝那普利组和川陈皮素低、中、高剂量组UCr、24h蛋白尿、BUN、Scr、血糖、TG、TC、IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α明显降低(P<0.05),胰岛素含量明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,贝那普利组和川陈皮素低、中和高剂量组Bax和Caspase-3明显降低(P<0.05),Bcl-2明显升高(P<0.05)。上述研究表明,川陈皮素对糖尿病肾脏损害大鼠肾功能具有明显的保护作用。     

A high cholesterol diet ameliorates renal tubular lesions in diabetic rats

These studies examine the effect of cholesterol feeding in normal rats and in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Four groups were studied: normal rats fed either a standard rat chow or a standard rat chow supplemented with cholesterol and diabetic rats fed standard chow or standard chow plus cholesterol. Diabetic rats fed a standard diet excreted more creatinine and urea in the urine, had higher levels of blood urea nitrogen, and lower serum albumin levels than rats fed standard diet plus cholesterol. Blood glucose levels were similar in the two groups; however, diabetic rats given cholesterol had a greater body weight at the end of the study than diabetic rats eating standard chow. Urine volumes and sodium and potassium excretion in the urine were greater in diabetic rats fed a standard diet than in those fed a high cholesterol diet. Diabetic rats fed a standard diet had distinctive renal lesions characterized by swelling of tubular epithelial cells with clearing of cytoplasm. The nephron segments involved by this striking vacuolar change were the distal convoluted tubule and the thick limbs of Henle's loop. These lesions were identical to those described by Armanni-Ebstein in severely glycosuric patients. These lesions were not observed in any of the animals of the other three groups (including diabetic rats fed a high cholesterol diet). Glomeruli were normal in animals of all groups. Thus, cholesterol administration prevents the development of the Armanni-Ebstein lesions in diabetic rats despite persistent hyperglycemia. The mechanism by which cholesterol administration prevents the accumulation of glycogen in distal tubule cells has not been elucidated. It is suggested that glycogen accumulation in distal tubular segments may explain the greater urine volumes, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and proteinuria observed in diabetic animals fed a standard diet when compared with rats fed the same diet plus cholesterol.     

广东虫草对腺嘌呤诱导的慢性肾衰竭大鼠的治疗作用

广东虫草Cordyceps guangdongensis是广东省微生物研究所近年发现并成功驯化的独有新品种,前期研究发现其具有抗氧化、抗疲劳、延缓衰老等药理作用,但其对慢性肾衰竭的治疗作用还未见报道。实验采用饲喂腺嘌呤诱导大鼠慢性肾衰竭（CRF）模型,观察比较了阴性对照组、阳性对照组、广东虫草子实体低、中、高剂量组CRF模型大鼠及正常健康大鼠对照组的血尿素氮、肌酐、24h尿量、尿蛋白量,以及肾组织病理变化。结果表明广东虫草子实体组能显著降低CRF大鼠血尿素氮和肌酐,能促进机体生成白蛋白和总蛋白,改善肾功能衰竭大鼠的临床症状及肾脏水肿、变大和病变程度。由此证明广东虫草子实体对大鼠的慢性肾衰竭有明显的治疗作用。     

Ethanolic Ginkgo biloba leaf extract prevents renal fibrosis through Akt/mTOR signaling in diabetic nephropathy

BackgroundRecently, extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (GbE) have become widely known phytomedicines and have shown various pharmacological activities, including improvement of blood circulation, protection of oxidative cell damage, prevention of Alzheimer's disease, treatment of cardiovascular disease and diabetes complications. This study was designed to investigate the effects of an ethanolic GbE on renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and to clarify the possible mechanism by which GbE prevents renal fibrosis.Study designWe investigated the protective effects of GbE on renal fibrosis in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Rats were randomized into six groups termed normal control, diabetes mellitus, low dose of GbE (50 mg/kg/d), intermediate dose of GbE (100 mg/kg/d), high dose of GbE (200 mg/kg/d) and rapamycin (1 mg/kg/d).MethodsAfter 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and then fasting blood glucose (FBG), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein, relative kidney weight, glycogen and collagen accumulation, and collagen IV and laminin expression were measured by different methods. The amounts of E-cadherin, α-SMA and snail, as well as the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K in the renal cortex of rats, were examined by western blotting.ResultsCompared with diabetic rats, the levels of Cr, BUN, urine protein, relative kidney weight, accumulation of glycogen and collagen, and expression of collagen IV and laminin in the renal cortex were all decreased in GbE treated rats. In addition, GbE reduced the expression of E-cadherin, α-SMA, snail and the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K in diabetic renal cortex.ConclusionGbE can prevent renal fibrosis in rats with diabetic nephropathy, which is most likely to be associated with its abilities to inhibit the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.     

葛根素对2型糖尿病大鼠的治疗作用*

目的:观察葛根素对2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠的治疗作用。方法:采用高糖高脂饲料喂养加一次性腹腔注射60 mg/kg链脲佐菌素的方法建立T2DM 大鼠模型,随机分为正常组,模型组,二甲双胍(40 mg/kg)组,葛根素低、中、高剂量(40,80,160 mg/kg)组,每组10只大鼠;造模成功后,灌胃给药4周,每周测量大鼠体重和空腹血糖(FBG),末次给药24 h后取血,收集血清,检测各组大鼠的血糖、血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC) 、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)水平、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C),血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性,血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)、尿酸(UA)水平。结果:干预4周后,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠体重显著降低(P＜0.01),FBG,TC,TG,LDL-C,ALT,AST,BUN,SCr,UA均显著升高(P＜0.01),而HDL-C 显著降低(P＜0.01);与模型组比较,二甲双胍组和葛根素各剂量组大鼠体重均显著增加(P＜0.01),FBG,TC,TG,LDL-C,ALT,AST,BUN,SCr,UA均显著降低(P＜0.01),而HDL-C显著升高(P＜0.01)。结论:葛根素能够减少T2DM大鼠体重降低幅度,降低血脂、血糖水平,可用于T2DM的治疗。     

阿魏酸对糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞nephrin、podocin蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究阿魏酸（FA）对链脲佐菌素（STZ）致糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞损伤的影响,并探讨其可能的机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠尾静脉一次性注射STZ （40 mg/kg,i.v.）,72 h后将血糖高于16.7 mmol/L者视为糖尿病造模成功,将其随机分为模型组、阿魏酸组,每组10只;另取10只雄性SD大鼠作为对照组;阿魏酸组（100 mg/kg,i.g.,qd）,从大鼠血糖升高第5周开始给药,连续8周。测定空腹血糖、体重、肾脏脏器系数、血清尿素氮、肌酐含量;HE染色观察肾组织病理变化;免疫组化测定肾组织nephrin、podocin蛋白表达。结果：与对照组比较,模型组肾脏脏器系数增大,肾功能下降;病理学显示肾脏细胞萎缩,排列不整齐,并伴有间质增生;足细胞nephrin、podocin蛋白表达明显减少,阿魏酸组明显改善上述指标。结论：阿魏酸具有改善STZ致糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能的作用,其机制可能与上调肾脏足细胞nephrin、podocin蛋白表达有关。