运行病历护理记录存在的缺陷分析及对策

护理文书是护理人员进行护理工作行为记录的文字材料,是执行医嘱、对住院患者进行各项护理活动及病情观察过程的客观记录。它是医疗文件的重要组成部分。是处理医疗纠纷实施“举证责任倒置”的重要法律依据。     

关于新形势下病案管理的几点法律思考

病案是处理医疗纠纷的重要法律依据。2002年开始实施的《医院事故处理条例》和《医疗机构病历管理规范》,对依法治档、规范病案管理工作提供了重要保障。但是,面对医疗纠纷的“举证责任倒置”原则,医护人员应增强病案管理的法律意识。本文探讨了病案管理中法律观念与行为的内涵,分析了病案管理中法律问题表现形态和病案管理的内在需求,提出了病案管理法律观念与行为的培育途径。     

关于新形势下病案管理的几点法律思考

病案是处理医疗纠纷的重要法律依据。2002年开始实施的《医院事故处理条例》和《医疗机构病历管理规范》,对依法治档、规范病案管理工作提供了重要保障。但是,面对医疗纠纷的“举证责任倒置”原则,医护人员应增强病案管理的法律意识。本探讨了病案管理中法律观念与行为的内涵,分析了病案管理中法律问题表现形态和病案管理的内在需求,提出了病案管理法律观念与行为的培育途径。     

公立医院临床医生薪酬体系结构研究

临床医生是医疗服务的提供者，其行为直接影响医院医疗服务的质量和水平。文章在分析公立医院临床医生薪酬体系现状及问题的基础上，构建了基于闭环控制的动态薪酬体系，使薪酬体系更加科学地服务于临床医生，可以有效激励临床医生的医疗服务行为，更好地提高公立医院的医疗服务质量。     

总额预付制下医保费用管理措施对医疗服务行为影响

目的 了解医院在总额预付制下所采取的费用管理措施以及这些措施对医生处方行为与患者诊疗结果的具体影响。方法 采用问卷调研的方法进行实证研究,并结合专家访谈的方法进行论证讨论。结果 研究发现,总额预付制下,目前医院医保费用管理措施在控制费用的同时对临床服务质量与患者满意度产生了一些意想不到的影响。结论 总额控费带来的相关问题应引起关注,建议可从保证医疗服务质量、优化医疗费用结构和控费方法精细化三方面对控费进行完善。     

医疗纠纷对医师防御性医疗行为影响的实证研究

目的 描述和分析医疗纠纷对医师防御性医疗行为的影响。方法 以河北省某医院的375名临床医师为调查对象,利用Mann Whittney U法和多元逐步回归分析等方法对数据进行统计分析。结果 82.9%的医生表示医患纠纷对诊疗工作的影响非常大或较大,临床医生的防御性医疗行为平均得分高达14.8分,最近2年亲身遭遇过医疗纠纷的患者防御性医疗行为得分高于未遭遇过医疗纠纷的患者。结论 面对越来越大的医疗纠纷和诉讼压力,临床医生普遍采取防御性医疗行为,且防御性医疗行为的程度较高。医生的医疗纠纷遭遇是防御性医疗行为严重程度的独立影响因素。     

社会认知理论视角下医生职业行为研究的制约和突破

医生职业行为决定了医疗服务的质量和效率,决定了患者的健康产出,对其合理性的追求包括提升其质量效果和经济效率。既往对医生职业行为的研究,探索并解释了什么影响医生职业行为和医生职业行为发生状况的问题,但外在因素如何影响医生职业行为的主观决策机制尚没有被掌握,这一领域知识的匮乏将直接导致对医生职业行为干预的失败风险。以计划行为理论为代表的社会认知理论分析医生职业行为具有广阔的研究前景,使用这一新的视野来更新对医生职业行为的研究,将引导更多改善医生职业行为的有效策略,实现医生职业行为的合理改进。     

公立医院付费制度改革对医疗质量管理的影响探讨

首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院从2011年开始实施医保总额预付费制度改革、按病种分组（DRGs） 付费试点改革、医药分开改革等一系列支付制度改革,对医院的运行带来较大影响。付费制度改革对医疗质量的提高带来很大的挑战。医院采取了抓基础质量、抓环节质量、抓终末评价等一系列措施提高医疗服务质量和技术水平。在付费制度改革后,医院医疗服务量、DRGs评价、合理用药等数据均优于改革前,在保证医疗质量的前提下完成了付费制度改革,达到了医疗费用可控、医疗质量不降的双向目标。     

统计软件系统在医院信息化建设中的应用

医疗统计信息系统是国家八五重点攻关课题一中国医院信息系统（CHIS）中一个重要的应用系统。随着医疗信息技术的快速发展以及新医疗保险制度的实施,越来越多的医院实行了计算机网络化管理,这给传统模式的医院统计工作带来巨大冲击。医院在全面建设信息化的过程中,统计软件系统能更好地满足当前数字化医院发展的需要。     

试析新医改背景下医院文化的重建

新医改明确了公立医院改革的方向,这必然会对公立医院文化产生重要影响。公立医院必须对医院文化进行转型重建,重塑医院和医生的伦理价值观,才能不断适应医改的新变化、新要求。本文从新医改给公立医院文化带来的影响与变化入手,论述了重建医院文化的重要意义,并指出了公立医院文化重建的路径与措施,即重塑医院精神文化,树立正确的价值取向;重塑制度文化,完善各项制度;加强物质文化重建,改善就医环境。     

护理干预对慢性乙型肝炎患者遵医行为影响的研究

目的:探讨护理干预对慢性乙肝患者遵医行为的影响。方法:将172例慢性肝炎患者随机分成实验组和对照组,每组各86例。两组均接受常规护理,此外实验组还给予疾病认识、心理疏导、治疗目标、饮食管理、生活行为管理、遵医服药、疾病的自我监测以及控制交叉感染等护理干预。一年后对两组患者进行慢性肝炎相关知识和遵医行为的测评,同时检测两组肝功能指标、并发症的发生率及再次住院次数。结果:实验组遵医行为明显优于对照组且肝功控制优于对照组。结论:护理干预可以提高慢性乙型肝炎患者的遵医行为,对病情的控制有良好的效果。     

解剖学工作者的职业病在工作环境中举证责任倒置的探讨

甲醛可引起机体一系列异常反应,针对解剖工作者所处的工作环境,可以通过改善工作环境、使用检测仪器和定期进行体检来预防甲醛对机体的危害,在防治职业病的发生的基础上,认识到职业病在工作环境中的举证责任倒置问题,可以对疾病进行早发现和早治疗,并对职业病的法律维权有所帮助。     

我国实施医师多点执业的政策分析与思考

医师多点执业试点工作正在各地逐步推开。文章依据国家新医改政策,以医师多点执业为基点,对医师多点执业现状和对医疗卫生系统的运行管理可能带来的影响进行综合分析,结合医疗单位的实际,提出意见建议。     

新颖性推定方式及举证责任分配原则的探讨 ——医药生物领域专利新颖性评判热点问题分析

结合具体案例分析医药生物领域专利新颖性评判的热点问题之一 —— 新颖性推定的审查方式的主要类型和基本思路,并探讨相 应的举证责任分配原则。在此基础上提出,新颖性推定方式作为一种事实推定,实际上体现了高度盖然性的评判标准,应当在推定基础、 推定主体、推定过程、考量因素以及推定结论把握等方面加以规范,同时合理分配举证责任,避免主观性的干扰。     

The burden of proof and the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome

There is a distinct difference in the way that different theories about the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome have been treated, with the widely supported cut-hunter theory given relatively little scrutiny, while the oral polio vaccine theory has been subject to intense criticism. This difference in treatment cannot be explained as application of the scientific method. A better explanation is that the burden of proof is put on all contenders to the cut-hunter theory, giving it an unfair advantage, especially given that this assignment of the burden of proof appears to reflect non-scientific factors.     

Technocratic precautionary principle: Korean risk governance of genetically modified organisms

Regulations for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Korea fluctuate between technocracy and the precautionary principle (PP). Technocratic PP denotes the coexistence, or coproduction, of technocracy with PP – a complex ensemble of technocratic, precautionary policies, and hybrids of the two. This paper analyzes four types of PP-based policies linked to Korean GMO regulations: foresight and monitoring of risk; reverse burden of proof; public participation; and the public's right to know. Korean GMO regulations are consistent with the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, a type of PP, but lack long-term risk assessment as well as public participation. Technocracy is embedded both in advance informed agreements as a reverse burden of proof and in proof-based GMO labeling as a right-to-know policy. Technocratic PP results in inconsistencies between PP and technocratic epistemology and the gap between PP-based institutions and technocratic practices. Technocratic PP is therefore a typical phenomenon that occurs in the “glocalization” of risk regulation.     

African Program for Onchocerciasis Control 1995–2010: Impact of Annual Ivermectin Mass Treatment on Off-Target Infectious Diseases

Since its initiation in 1995, the African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) has had a substantial impact on the prevalence and burden of onchocerciasis through annual ivermectin mass treatment. Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent that also has an impact on other co-endemic parasitic infections. In this study, we roughly assessed the additional impact of APOC activities on the burden of the most important off-target infections: soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH; ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, and strongyloidiasis), lymphatic filariasis (LF), and scabies. Based on a literature review, we formulated assumptions about the impact of ivermectin treatment on the disease burden of these off-target infections. Using data on the number of ivermectin treatments in APOC regions and the latest estimates of the burden of disease, we then calculated the impact of APOC activities on off-target infections in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. We conservatively estimated that between 1995 and 2010, annual ivermectin mass treatment has cumulatively averted about 500 thousand DALYs from co-endemic STH infections, LF, and scabies. This impact comprised approximately an additional 5.5% relative to the total burden averted from onchocerciasis (8.9 million DALYs) and indicates that the overall cost-effectiveness of APOC is even higher than previously reported.     

General practitioner attendance at emergencies notified to ambulance control.

For two years doctors from a small village went to the scene of emergency calls received by ambulance control. On 80% of the occasions when the doctor was called at the same time as the ambulance was dispatched the doctor arrived before the ambulance. There were 24 incidents, 16 of which were road traffic accidents. In two cases the doctor established a clear airway in an unconscious patient before the ambulance arrived. Two patients were trapped in their vehicles and were given parenteral analgesics. Four patients required intravenous fluids. The call out system provided first aid for patients before the ambulance arrived and medical assistance to the emergency services at serious accidents. Patients who did not require hospital attention could be examined and treated at the scene, making the ambulance available for other duties and reducing the number of patients taken to the hospital accident and emergency department.     

Cost effectiveness of day and inpatient psychiatric treatment: results of a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare direct and indirect costs of day and inpatient treatment of acute psychiatric illness. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with outcome and costs assessed over 12 months after the date of admission. SETTING: Teaching hospital in an inner city area. SUBJECTS: 179 patients with acute psychiatric illness referred for admission who were suitable for random allocation to day hospital or inpatient treatment. 77 (43%) patients had schizophrenia. INTERVENTIONS: Routine inpatient or day hospital treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct and indirect costs over 12 months, clinical symptoms, social functioning, and burden on relatives over the follow up period. RESULTS: Clinical and social outcomes were similar at 12 months, except that inpatients improved significantly faster than day patients and burden on relatives was significantly less in the day hospital group at one year. Median direct costs to the hospital were 1923 pounds (95% confidence interval 750 pounds to 3174 pounds) per patient less for day hospital treatment than inpatient treatment. Indirect costs were greater for day patients; when these were included, overall day hospital treatment was 2165 pounds cheaper than inpatient treatment (95% confidence interval of median difference 737 pounds to 3593 pounds). Including costs to informants when appropriate meant that day hospital treatment was 1994 pounds per patient cheaper (95% confidence interval 600 pounds to 3543 pounds). CONCLUSIONS: Day patient treatment is cheaper for the 30-40% of potential admissions that can be treated in this way. Carers of day hospital patients may bear additional costs. Carers of all patients with acute psychiatric illness are often themselves severely distressed at the time of admission, but day hospital treatment leads to less burden on carers in the long term.     

Caregiver Burden in Patients Receiving Ranibizumab Therapy for Neovascular Age Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose

To assess the caregiver burden and factors determining the burden in patients receiving ranibizumab therapy for neovascular AMD (nAMD).

Methods

This is a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 250 matched patient caregiver dyads across three large ophthalmic treatment centres in United Kingdom. The primary outcome was the subjective caregiver burden measured using caregiver reaction assessment scale (CRA). Objective caregiver burden was determined by the caregiver tasks and level of care provided. The factors that may predict the caregiver burden such as the patient’s visual acuity of the better eye and vision related quality of life, demographics, satisfaction and support provided by the healthcare and the health status of the dyads were also collected and assessed in a hierarchical regression model.

Results

The mean CRA score was 3.2±0.5, similar to the score reported by caregivers for atrial fibrillation who require regular hospital appointments for monitoring their thromboprophylaxis. Caregiver tasks including accompanying for hospital appointments for eye treatment and patient’s visual acuity in the better eye were the biggest contributors to the caregiver burden hierarchical model explaining 18% and 11% of the variance respectively.

Conclusion

Ranibizumab therapy for nAMD is associated with significant caregiver burden. Both disease impact and treatment frequency contributed to the overall burden.