冬青卫矛斑蛾的生物学特性和防治

<正> 冬青卫矛斑蛾 Pryeria sinica Moore,又名大叶黄杨长毛斑蛾,属鳞翅目、斑蛾科。已知分布于江苏、浙江、安徽;日本、朝鲜等地。在南京地区,该虫是冬青卫矛 Euonymus japonicus L.及其变种银边冬青卫矛 E.japonicus var.     

冬青卫矛叶片质外体适应冬季胁迫的蛋白质组学分析

植物的质外体在感知外界信号和胁迫应答中起重要作用。该研究采用生理生化和蛋白质组学方法,对秋季和冬季冬青卫矛叶片的理化指标、微观结构以及叶片质外体液体中的蛋白变化进行比较分析,探索冬青卫矛叶片质外体响应冻胁迫的分子机制,以期为植物抗冻分子机制研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)冬季冬青卫矛叶片中MDA、可溶性糖含量以及SOD、POD活性均显著升高,气孔张开度减小,叶片厚度变小。(2)冬季冬青卫矛质外体液体中的蛋白质种类和含量显著高于秋季。(3)冬青卫矛叶片质外体液体中共鉴定到838个肽段和194个蛋白质;与秋季相比,冬季冬青卫矛叶片质外体液体中共筛选到43种差异积累蛋白(DAPs),其中26个蛋白质显著上调,17个蛋白质显著下调;蛋白表达模式显示,胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白质、铁超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、丝氨酸羧肽酶等在冬季表达量较高,推测它们可能是冬季胁迫响应敏感的蛋白质。(4)KEGG富集分析显示,差异蛋白主要与应激防御、细胞壁修饰、抗病、自由基清除、甘油脂类代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、次生代谢物的生物合成等生物学过程相关。(5)验证实验结果表明,冬季冬青卫矛8个差异积累蛋白与其对应的基因的表达趋势一致。研究认为,冬季冬青卫矛质外体液体中积累的蛋白可通过清除活性氧、促进单糖、寡糖和游离氨基酸等渗透调节物的生成而增强对环境的适应;推测冬青卫矛质外体中积累的单糖和寡糖可能通过增加质外体液体的浓度从而降低冰点,进而提高冬青卫矛对冬季胁迫的耐受性。     

叶片生长进程中气孔发育对叶温调节的影响

鉴于气孔发育影响气孔导度和蒸腾速率,推测气孔发育可能影响叶温调节。为验证这一假设并阐述相关规律,在控光和控温条件下研究了冬青卫矛和华北紫丁香气孔发育、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及其与叶温的关系。结果表明,伴随冬青卫矛、华北紫丁香叶片生长气孔逐渐增大,但气孔密度下降;在此过程中,气孔导度和蒸腾速率逐步提高,而叶片温度降低;尽管冬青卫矛和华北紫丁香叶片的气孔密度和大小差异很小,但华北紫丁香近轴侧和远轴侧均有气孔分布,而冬青卫矛则只有远轴侧分布气孔,且相同条件下华北紫丁香的气孔导度和蒸腾速率高、叶温低。因此,气孔发育能够促进气孔导度和蒸腾速率提高,有助于降低叶温;近轴侧气孔可能更有利于蒸腾降温。     

卫矛属冬青卫矛组种皮和假种皮微形态研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对冬青卫矛组(Sect.Ilicifolia Nakai)13种以及卫矛属其他组6种植物的种皮和假种皮微形态特征进行了研究.结果表明,冬青卫矛组植物种皮和假种皮的纹饰主要为网纹型,大致可划分为4个类型:(1)种皮纹饰为复网纹型,网眼隆起;(2)种皮纹饰为复网纹型,网眼中部下陷;(3)种皮纹饰为网纹型,假种皮嚼烂状;(4)种皮纹饰为网纹型,假种皮网纹状.种皮和假种皮微形态特征在对近缘种的分类上提供了一定的参考依据.     

中国冬青卫矛叶斑上的假尾孢菌

卫矛科Celastraceae植物上已报道尾孢类真菌10种,其中包括假尾孢属Pseudocercospora真菌7种。在对中国尾孢类真菌的调查研究中,采集到寄生在冬青卫矛Euonymus japonicus上的3种假尾孢菌,其中2个为新种,即冬青卫矛假尾孢Pseudocercospora euonymi-japonici和北京假尾孢P. beijingensis。本文对这2个新种和Pseudocercospora cf. destructiva提供了形态描述、图及与近似种区别的讨论。采用ITS、tef1-α、act和rpb2 4个片段的序列构建了系统发育树。     

丰富多采的第二课堂激素对冬青卫矛扦插影响的实验

冬青卫矛（Euonymus japonicus），俗名大叶黄杨，是卫矛科卫矛属的植物，在我国各地均有栽培。它叶色光泽洁净，枝条劲挺，冬夏长青，绿色可餐，还耐整形修剪，在园林中多作为绿篱和造型植株。由于它对多种有害气体具有很强的抗性，抗烟吸尘功能也强，因此是理想的净化空气的绿化美化树种。目前，在园林中，冬青卫矛的繁殖以扦插为主。扦插时，多以NAA（萘乙酸）等溶液浸泡处理，以促进生根，其生根时间大多在1个月以上，生根成活率较低，且只有专业园林工人才能进行繁殖，这在一定程度上限制了该绿化树种在我国的发展。为了更好解决这…     

绣球长白蚧的研究

绣球长白蚧LopholeucaspishydrangeaeTakahashi寄生绣球花、冬青卫矛（俗名大叶黄杨〕，是我国大陆地区新记录种。在南京地区是绿篱——冬青卫矛毁灭性害虫之一，尤以中央路分布较集中。若电、成虫集中在寄主的枝干及叶片上，造成成片、成柬死亡。1982～1988年作者对该虫进行了研究，现将结果整理如下。至危害该虫多发生在密闭不通风、生长势差的卫矛绿篱植物上，尤以2年生以上的老枝条发生危害严重。以苦虫、成虫寄生在枝干及叶片上刺吸汁液。被害严重的枝叶卷缩，发黄成片枯萎死亡。致使原中央路绿岛上的绿篱全部覆没而换上栏杆。该虫还…     

江苏省云台山白粉菌研究——Ⅱ.白粉菌目新种和新记录

本文报道了白粉菌目的一个新种和二个新记录种。新种:连云港叉丝壳Microsphaera lianyungangensis S.R.Yu sp.nov.,寄生在卫矛科冬青卫矛Euonymus japonicus L.上。新记录种:地锦白粉菌Erysiphe andina(Speg.)Braun;野茉莉钩丝壳Uncinula togashiana Braun。另报道了79个已知种。     

冬青卫矛的大环生物碱分离鉴定及其杀虫活性研究

用柱层析和高效液相色谱等方法从卫矛科卫矛属植物冬青卫矛(Euonymus japonicusThunb.)的根皮乙酸乙酯提取物中分离到4个β-二氢沉香呋喃大环生物碱,它们的结构经核磁共振波谱分析和熔点测定鉴定为卫矛羰碱(evonine)(A),1-脱乙酰-1-苯甲酰卫矛羰碱(B),ebenifoline E-IV(C)和mayteine(D)。生物活性追踪试验表明,化合物A、B、C、D对粘虫(Mythimna separata)幼虫的毒力LC50分别为23.23、5.44、5.25和4.66 mg.mL-1。     

江苏省云台山白粉菌研究：Ⅱ.白粉菌目新种和新记录

本文报道了白粉菌目的一个新种和二个新记录种。新种：连云港叉丝壳Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｐｈａｅｒａ? ｌｉａｎｙｕｎｇａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓ．Ｒ。Ｙｕ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．寄生在卫矛科冬青卫矛Ｅｕｏｎｙｍｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ Ｌ．上。新记录种：地锦白粉菌Ｅｒｙｓｉｐｈｅ ａｎｄｉｎａ Ｂｒａｕｎ;野茉莉钩丝壳Ｕｎｃｉｎｕｌａ ｔｏｇａｓｈｉａｎａ Ｂｒａｕｎ．另报道了７７个已知种。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Effect on prolactin secretion of Echinacea purpurea, Hypericum perforatum and Eleutherococcus senticosus

It has been recently reported that prolactin (PRL) plays an important role in immune system regulation. In this study we investigated the activity of three natural drugs with immunomodulatory activity: Echinacea purpurea (EP), Hypericum perforatum (HP) and Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) on PRL production. Male rats were orally treated with two different doses (30 and 100 mg/kg) of extract of these drugs for 3 or 15 days. A 3-day treatment was not able to modify PRL serum levels, whereas a 15-day treatment with EP and HP at the higher dose significantly inhibits PRL production. A treatment with ES was always ineffective. A possible mechanism for this effect could be that both HP and EP extracts display a direct dopaminergic activity, although an involvement of the GABA-ergic system cannot be excluded.     

Arrangement of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex in the thylakoid membrane

The transverse orientation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex of Photosystem II (LHC II) in the thylakoid membrane of pea was investigated using surface radioiodination with Iodo-Gen^TM. The labelling effects on LHC II of four different membrane preparations were compared. One preparation was oriented right-side-out (intact thylakoids); two of them had an inside-out orientation exposing the lumenal surface (inside-out vesicles; PS II particles) and one had both sides of the membrane exposed (mechanically damaged thylakoids). It was found that LHC II could be iodinated only in membrane preparations with an exposed lumenal surface. Isolated apoproteins were chemically cleaved. Fragments analysis revealed a tyrosine residue located eight amino acids from the C-terminus as the single iodination site. It is concluded that the C-terminus of LHC II points towards the lumental side of the thylakoid. Differences in the labelling behaviour of the LHC apoproteins could be assigned to a heterogeneity in the C-terminal region in which the tyrosine residue is replaced by phenylalanine.     

Characterization of CaGSP1, the Candida albicans RAN/GSP1 homologue

Gsp1p is a small nuclear-located GTP binding protein from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is highly conserved among eucaryotic cells and is involved in numerous cellular processes, including nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules. To learn more about the GSP1 structure/function, we have characterized its Candida albicans homologue. CaGsp1p is 214 amino acids long and displays 91% identity to the ScGsp1p. There is functional complementation in S. cerevisiae, and its mRNA is constitutively expressed in the diploid C. albicans grown under various physiological conditions. Disruption of both alleles was not possible, suggesting that it could be an essential gene, but heterozygous mutants exhibited genomic instability.     

中间锦鸡儿转录因子基因 CiNAC1的克隆及功能分析

NAC转录因子家族是植物特有的、最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物应答非生物胁迫和生长发育过程中有重要的功能。该研究通过PCR技术,克隆得到了中间锦鸡儿 CiNAC1基因1 066 bp的cDNA全长序列。生物信息学分析显示, CiNAC1基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为921 bp,编码306个氨基酸,推导的蛋白分子量为34.57 kD,等电点为8.35,是一种亲水性蛋白,N端具有保守的NAM结构域,具有26个磷酸化位点和7个糖基化位点。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,中间锦鸡儿 CiNAC1基因表达受干旱、高盐、脱水、高pH诱导;亚细胞定位发现CiNAC1定位到细胞核中,这与它作为转录因子的功能是一致的;转CiNAC1基因拟南芥株系侧根数目显著多于野生型,根长也明显比野生型长。研究认为, CiNAC1基因可能与中间锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫机制有关。     

Analysis of rpsD mutations in Escherichia coli

Summary A certain proportion of protein S7 exists in an altered form in E. coli rpsD (S4) mutants. Depending on the type of S4 mutation involved, two different forms of the altered S7 can be distinguished. The unusual form is longer than normal S7 by about 500 daltons due to extra material at the carboxyl end of the protein. It is suggested that a mutationally altered S4 might lower the efficiency of termination during translation of the messenger for S7. This results in an increased frequency of translational read-through, which gives the observed longer forms of S7. Data are interpreted to mean that one class of S4 mutants might suppress UGA and UAG whereas another class only suppresses UGA.     

Cloning of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 trpE gene by complementation in Escherichia coli

Summary The trpE gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 was cloned from a gene library by complementation in Escherichia coli. It was shown to be unlinked to trpD gene in this organism. It was also shown that the nontumorigenic phenotype of tryptophan auxotrophs of A. tumefaciens could be complemented by addition of exogenous tryptophan. The role of bacterially synthesised tryptophan in the process of tumour formation is discussed.Abbreviations Ap ampicillin - Cm chloramphenicol - Gent gentamycin - Km kanamycin - dATP deoxyadenosine 5-triphosphate - IAA indole acetic acid - NB nutrient broth - MinAB minimal Agrobacterium medium     

Protein synthesis in Volvox carteri f. nagariensis

Incorporation of radioactive amino acids was used to examine protein synthesis during the asexual reproductive cycle of the HK10 (female) strain of Volvox carteri f. nagariensis. It was observed that arginine is incorporated into TCA-precipitable material 500 to 1000 times as rapidly as other amino acids. Arginine is taken up by the organisms by a saturable transport system and concentrated against a steep concentration gradient. Intracellular arginine is incorporated with high efficiency: after 1 hr, more than 80% of the intracellular radioactivity is in a TCA-precipitable form. N-terminal analysis ruled out the possibility that this tracer arginine was being incorporated via a ribosome-independent arginyl tRNA-protein transferase and supported the alternative explanation that it was being incorporated via conventional protein synthesis. Proteins labeled with arginine were found to decay with the same time course as those labeled with another amino acid.A method for isolation of somatic and reproductive cells free of cross-contamination is reported. Using this method to isolate cells of prelabeled Volvox, it was observed that arginine is preferentially incorporated into reproductive cells. Reproductive cells exhibited four times as high an arginine-to-lysine incorporation ratio as somatic cells. Over half the total incorporated arginine that was recovered was in reproductive cells. Thus arginine incorporation should serve well as a probe to investigate developmentally significant protein synthesis in the reproductive cells of this species.     

过表达兴安落叶松TPP基因增强拟南芥对盐胁迫的耐受能力*

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)是极为重要的造林针叶树种,具有早期速生、抗逆性强、生态效益好等特点。海藻糖参与调控干旱、寒冷、盐害等多种逆境胁迫,海藻糖-6-磷酸磷酸酶(TPP)是海藻糖合成通路的重要酶。从兴安落叶松逆境胁迫转录组中筛选到LgTPPI.1基因全长序列,克隆了其编码区(CDS),构建了重组载体并获得过表达LgTPPI.1拟南芥纯合株系。结果表明,LgTPPI.1 CDS全长1 236 bp,共编码411个氨基酸;LgTPPI.1基因的mRNA在根和茎中表达水平较低,在针叶中表达水平较高;过表达LgTPPI.1基因拟南芥在盐胁迫下海藻糖含量显著提高、脯氨酸和抗氧化酶类活性增加、胁迫响应标记基因表达上调、对盐胁迫的耐受性增强。这些结果表明,裸子植物利用与被子植物类似的海藻糖通路来耐受非生物胁迫。为后续进一步解析落叶松中海藻糖合成相关基因的功能,揭示裸子植物中针叶树对逆境的响应机制奠定基础。     

Insertional disruption of the nusB (ssyB) gene leads to cold-sensitive growth of Escherichia coli and suppression of the secY24 mutation

Summary The Escherichia coli gene ssyB was cloned and sequenced. The ssyB63 (Cs) mutation is an insertion mutation in nusB, while the nusB5 (Cs) mutation suppresses secY24, indicating that inactivation of nusB causes cold-sensitive cell growth as well as phenotypic suppression of secY24. The correct map position of nusB is 9.5 min rather than I I min as previously assigned. It is located at the distal end of an operon that contains a gene showing significant homology with a Bacillus subtilis gene involved in riboflavin biosynthesis.