鱼精蛋白抗菌机制的研究

鱼精蛋白是一种存在于各类动物精巢组织中的多聚阳离子肽,其抗菌性很早就被所知,然而它的抗菌机理却一直未能得到很清楚的了解。现存在的机理有2种:一种认为鱼精蛋白与细菌细胞壁结合,通过破坏细胞壁的形成来达到抑菌效果;另一种认为鱼精蛋白破坏了细胞能量的转换、营养物质的吸收功能,细胞质膜是鱼精蛋白攻击的对象。事实上,作者认为,鱼精蛋白的抗菌效果可能是通过以上2种方式共同作用的结果,因而它的抗菌机理也可能是这两种机理的叠加,这还需进一步的研究证明。     

鲤鱼鱼精蛋白的提取及抑菌活性研究

以鲤鱼的成熟精巢为原料,经0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液浸提,硫酸解离,并分别经乙醇、丙酮分离提取鱼精蛋白。测定了鱼精蛋白对细菌和真菌的最低抑制浓度以及在不同pH条件下的抑菌特性,试验结果表明鱼精蛋白具有较好的热稳定性,与EDTA复合使用可以增强抑菌效果,在酱油中可以代替苯甲酸的防腐作用。     

提高鱼精蛋白对革兰氏阴性菌抗菌活性的研究

测定了鱼精蛋白对常见食品污染菌的抑制效果和最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) ;通过鱼精蛋白与甘氨酸、醋酸钠复合 ,或与冷冻并用等方法 ,提高了鱼精蛋白对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性     

噬菌体编码的抑菌蛋白

噬菌体是细菌的天敌,它利用宿主的细胞机制完成自身的复制。在感染过程中噬菌体基因组进入细菌细胞后立即产生调节或重新定向宿主特定功能的蛋白质(即抑菌蛋白),以逃避多种细菌的防御机制或改变宿主的分子代谢机制。研究发现,这些噬菌体编码的抑菌蛋白可抑制细菌分裂,干扰细菌遗传物质的复制、转录及降解,影响CRISPR介导的细菌免疫以及代谢。明确噬菌体编码的抑菌蛋白如何影响这些宿主的防御或分子代谢机制可以优化目前基于噬菌体的抗菌策略,找出控制细菌感染的新途径,为抑菌药物的发现和设计打开新的大门。本文就近年来发现的噬菌体编码的抑菌蛋白及其抑菌机制的研究进展进行综述。     

一株布氏乳杆菌所产类细菌素的初步纯化与部分特性

从分离自内蒙古传统乳制品的67株乳酸菌中筛选得到一株产生类细菌素的布氏乳杆菌KLDS1.0364, 对其所产类细菌素进行初步分离纯化, 同时研究其所产类细菌素的生物学特性。KLDS1.0364无细胞发酵上清液经阳离子交换树脂纯化后, 采用tricine-SDS-PAGE测定类细菌素分子量, 并测定了类细菌素的部分特性。KLDS1.0364产生的类细菌素分子量约为21.6kD, 对热和pH值稳定, 可被多种蛋白酶失活, 不能被过氧化氢酶和α-淀粉酶失活。KLDS1.0364产生的类细菌素的作用方式是杀菌, 且抑菌谱广, 可抑制多种革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和真菌。     

黄酮类化合物抑制微生物活性及其作用机制

本文综述了黄酮类化合物抑制细菌、病毒和真菌的活性及可能的作用机制,黄酮类化合物结构与抑菌活性之间的关系。结果表明,黄酮类化合物主要通过抑制细菌DNA旋转酶,抑制细菌细胞质膜的功能,抑制细菌能量代谢等方面发挥抑菌功效。指出黄酮类化合物是今后抗病源微生物药物开发新的研究方向。     

乳酸乳球菌表达重组牛乳铁蛋白肽的抑菌活性分析

牛乳铁蛋白肽是由牛乳铁蛋白经消化酶水解产生的一类具有广谱抑菌活性的短肽;乳酸乳球菌作为食品级微生物,既有天然的益生作用,又是理想的表达牛乳铁蛋白肽的载体。【目的】探究重组乳酸乳球菌pAMJ399-LFcinBA/MG1363表达牛乳铁蛋白肽的抑菌活性。【方法】利用牛乳铁蛋白肽标准品绘制定量标准曲线来确定重组牛乳铁蛋白肽的含量,利用牛津杯法及微量肉汤稀释法测定重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等35株细菌的抑菌活性及最小抑菌浓度,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、荧光显微镜、凝胶阻滞试验、黏附试验来探究重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对菌体结构、细菌DNA及黏附力的影响,利用CCK-8检测其对RAW 264.7细胞的毒性作用,并对小鼠红细胞溶血率进行测定。【结果】重组乳酸乳球菌上清中牛乳铁蛋白肽的浓度为24.39μg/mL,重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对测试的25株致病菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,抑菌浓度范围在16–128μg/mL,但对9株乳酸菌以及粪肠球菌没有明显的抑制作用,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、鸡白痢沙门菌的菌体完整性具有不同程度的破坏作用,其主要作用靶点为细菌的细胞膜,可以与细菌DNA结合并抑制细菌对Caco-2、IPEC细胞的黏附作用,重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对小鼠红细胞及RAW 264.7细胞没有明显的细胞毒性。【结论】乳酸乳球菌表达重组牛乳铁蛋白肽的抑菌活性与牛乳铁蛋白肽标准品相一致,通过直接作用于细菌细胞膜、胞内核酸或抑制细菌对正常细胞的黏附作用等多方面实现抑制或杀死细菌,发挥广谱的抗菌活性,且对真核细胞没有明显的细胞毒性作用。     

一株布氏乳杆菌所产类细菌素的初步纯化与部分特性

从分离自内蒙古传统乳制品的67株乳酸菌中筛选得到一株产生类细菌素的布氏乳杆菌KLDS1.0364,对其所产类细菌素进行初步分离纯化,同时研究其所产类细菌素的生物学特性.KLDS1.0364无细胞发酵上清液经阳离子交换树脂纯化后,采用tricine-SDS-PAGE测定类细菌素分子量,并测定了类细菌素的部分特性.KLDS1.0364产生的类细菌素分子量约为21.6kD,对热和pH值稳定,可被多种蛋白酶失活,不能被过氧化氢酶和α-淀粉酶失活.KLDS1.0364产生的类细菌素的作用方式是杀菌,且抑菌谱广,可抑制多种革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和真菌.     

滇池金线鲃肠道产细菌素细菌的筛选鉴定及细菌素LSP01的抑菌作用

【背景】细菌素是微生物在生长过程中产生的一类具有抑菌作用的蛋白质或多肽类物质,可有效抑制或杀灭多种病原微生物。滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilusgrahami)是云南滇池特有鱼种,长期生存在滇池恶劣的生态环境中,其肠道内可能存在着大量产细菌素的微生物资源。【目的】从滇池金线鲃肠道内筛选产细菌素菌株,并对其所产细菌素的抑菌特性及机制进行探究。【方法】对滇池金线鲃肠道细菌进行分离鉴定,利用牛津杯双层平板法筛选具有抑菌活性的产细菌素菌株,测定抑菌活性最佳菌株的细菌素酶敏感性、酸碱与高温耐受性、最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)与抑菌广谱性等抑菌特性,并借助细胞膜通透性、 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfonyl)-2h-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT)实验及扫描电子显微镜(scanning electronmicroscope,SEM)观察等实验探究细菌素的抑菌机制。【结果】从滇池金线鲃肠道中共筛选得到5株产细菌素细菌,隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和乳杆...     

马尾松毛虫肠道产细菌素细菌的筛选及抑菌特性

【背景】细菌素是一类由细菌产生的抗菌肽活性物质,对多种致病菌有抑制和杀灭作用。昆虫是世界上种类最多、肠道菌群资源最为丰富且多样的动物类群之一。昆虫肠道很可能蕴含着丰富的产细菌素菌种资源。【目的】以马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatu)幼虫为研究材料,对其肠道细菌进行分离、培养和鉴定,获得对典型致病菌有明显抑制作用的产细菌素细菌,推测其抑菌物质,并对产高活性细菌素细菌的抑菌特性进行研究,进一步丰富产细菌素细菌的资源。【方法】采用传统细菌纯培养方法分离细菌,利用牛津杯法检测抑菌物质活性,结合菌落形态特征及16SrRNA基因序列确定产细菌素细菌种类;进一步排除有机酸和过氧化氢的干扰,初步证实抑菌物质有类蛋白性质。【结果】从马尾松毛虫肠道中筛选得到13株产细菌素细菌,隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacte)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)。抑菌实验结果显示:13株产细菌素细菌对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)两种重要病原指示菌有一定程度的抑制效果,尤其是解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)MW-1产生的细菌素经不同温度和酸碱性处理后仍保持较好的抑菌活性,而且经单因素方差分析发现在pH 7.0和37℃时抑菌活性最佳。【结论】马尾松毛虫肠道内存在多种产细菌素细菌且对重要病原菌有抑制作用。菌株MW-1细菌素具有高效的病原菌抑菌能力,所产细菌素对热和酸碱处理稳定性较好,显示了替代抗生素的应用潜力。     

真菌防御素plectasin研究进展

抗生素耐受现象日益严重,迫切需要研发新型抗菌药物。Plectasin是第一例报道的真菌防御素,其抗菌谱窄,仅对革兰氏阳性菌具有强大的杀菌活性,对其进行结构改造可进一步提高其抗菌作用特异性。Plectasin抗菌机制明晰,作用于细胞壁合成。其药物代谢动力学研究较为透彻,同时可在体外高产量表达且活性更高。这些研究为其应用提供了理论基础。综上,plectasin具有极大的临床应用潜力。     

Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria?

Antimicrobial peptides are an abundant and diverse group of molecules that are produced by many tissues and cell types in a variety of invertebrate, plant and animal species. Their amino acid composition, amphipathicity, cationic charge and size allow them to attach to and insert into membrane bilayers to form pores by 'barrel-stave', 'carpet' or 'toroidal-pore' mechanisms. Although these models are helpful for defining mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity, their relevance to how peptides damage and kill microorganisms still need to be clarified. Recently, there has been speculation that transmembrane pore formation is not the only mechanism of microbial killing. In fact several observations suggest that translocated peptides can alter cytoplasmic membrane septum formation, inhibit cell-wall synthesis, inhibit nucleic-acid synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis or inhibit enzymatic activity. In this review the different models of antimicrobial-peptide-induced pore formation and cell killing are presented.     

Membrane aggregation and perturbation induced by antimicrobial peptide of S-thanatin

Thanatin, a 21-residue peptide, is an inducible insect peptide. In our previous study, we have identified a novel thanatin analog of S-thanatin, which exhibited a broad antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi with low hemolytic activity. This study was aimed to delineate the antimicrobial mechanism of S-thanatin and identify its interaction with bacterial membranes. In this study, membrane phospholipid was found to be the target for S-thanatin. In the presence of vesicles, S-thanatin interestingly led to the aggregation of anionic vesicles and sonicated bacteria. Adding S-thanatin to Escherichia coli suspension would result in the collapse of membrane and kill bacteria. The sensitivity assay of protoplast elucidated the importance of outer membrane (OM) for S-thanatin’s antimicrobial activity. Compared with other antimicrobial peptide, S-thanatin produced chaotic membrane morphology and cell debris in electron microscopic appearance. These results supported our hypothesis that S-thanatin bound to negatively charged LPS and anionic lipid, impeded membrane respiration, exhausted the intracellular potential, and released periplasmic material, which led to cell death.     

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating protein-sensing two-component systems

Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), similar to antimicrobial lectins, bind the bacterial cell wall and kill bacteria through an unknown mechanism. We show that PGRPs enter the Gram-positive cell wall at the site of daughter cell separation during cell division. In Bacillus subtilis, PGRPs activate the CssR-CssS two-component system that detects and disposes of misfolded proteins that are usually exported out of bacterial cells. This activation results in membrane depolarization, cessation of intracellular peptidoglycan, protein, RNA and DNA synthesis, and production of hydroxyl radicals, which are responsible for bacterial death. PGRPs also bind the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and activate the functionally homologous CpxA-CpxR two-component system, which kills the bacteria. We exclude other potential bactericidal mechanisms, including inhibition of extracellular peptidoglycan synthesis, hydrolysis of peptidoglycan and membrane permeabilization. Thus, we reveal a previously unknown mechanism by which innate immunity proteins that bind the cell wall or outer membrane exploit the bacterial stress defense response to kill bacteria.     

The continuing story of class IIa bacteriocins.

Many bacteria produce antimicrobial peptides, which are also referred to as peptide bacteriocins. The class IIa bacteriocins, often designated pediocin-like bacteriocins, constitute the most dominant group of antimicrobial peptides produced by lactic acid bacteria. The bacteriocins that belong to this class are structurally related and kill target cells by membrane permeabilization. Despite their structural similarity, class IIa bacteriocins display different target cell specificities. In the search for new antibiotic substances, the class IIa bacteriocins have been identified as promising new candidates and have thus received much attention. They kill some pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Listeria) with high efficiency, and they constitute a good model system for structure-function analyses of antimicrobial peptides in general. This review focuses on class IIa bacteriocins, especially on their structure, function, mode of action, biosynthesis, bacteriocin immunity, and current food applications. The genetics and biosynthesis of class IIa bacteriocins are well understood. The bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized with an N-terminal leader sequence, which is cleaved off upon secretion. After externalization, the class IIa bacteriocins attach to potential target cells and, through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, subsequently permeabilize the cell membrane of sensitive cells. Recent observations suggest that a chiral interaction and possibly the presence of a mannose permease protein on the target cell surface are required for a bacteria to be sensitive to class IIa bacteriocins. There is also substantial evidence that the C-terminal half penetrates into the target cell membrane, and it plays an important role in determining the target cell specificity of these bacteriocins. Immunity proteins protect the bacteriocin producer from the bacteriocin it secretes. The three-dimensional structures of two class IIa immunity proteins have been determined, and it has been shown that the C-terminal halves of these cytosolic four-helix bundle proteins specify which class IIa bacteriocin they protect against.     

细菌素的合成与作用机制

细菌素是由细菌产生的抗菌蛋白,可以杀死与产生菌相近的细菌。很多乳酸菌产生不同多样性的细菌素,虽然这些细菌素都是由发酵或非发酵食品中发现的乳酸菌产生的,但是迄今只有乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)作为食品防腐剂被广泛应用。和抗生素不同的是,细菌素由核糖体合成,需经翻译后修饰活化并且通过特定转运系统输到胞外才能发挥其功能,它一般通过作用于靶细胞膜来抑制靶细胞的生长,同时本身合成细菌素的细胞对其产物具有免疫性。细菌素能安全有效地抑制病原体生长,在食品行业中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds

A range of antimicrobial compounds (bactericides) commonly termed biocides, microbicides, sanitizers, antiseptics and disinfectants are available, all of which are claimed by their producers to kill bacteria. Resistance has been defined as the temporary or permanent ability of an organism and its progeny to remain viable and/or multiply under conditions that would destroy or inhibit other members of the strain. Bacteria may be defined as resistant when they are not susceptible to a concentration of antibacterial agent used in practice. Traditionally, resistance refers to instances where the basis of increased tolerance is a genetic change, and where the biochemical basis is known. Antimicrobial substances target a range of cellular loci, from the cytoplasmic membrane to respiratory functions, enzymes and the genetic material. However, different bacteria react differently to bactericides, either due to inherent differences such as unique cell envelope composition and non-susceptible proteins, or to the development of resistance, either by adaptation or by genetic exchange. At low concentrations bactericides often act bacteriostatically, and are only bacteriocidal at higher concentrations. For bactericides to be effective, they must attain a sufficiently high concentration at the target site in order to exert their antibacterial action. In order to reach their target site(s), they must traverse the outer membrane of the gram negative bacteria. Bacteria with effective penetration barriers to biocides generally display a higher inherent resistance than those bacteria which are readily penetrated. The rate of penetration is linked to concentration, so that a sufficiently high bactericide concentration will kill bacteria with enhanced penetration barriers. It has been indicated that susceptible bacterial isolates acquire increased tolerance to bactericides following serial transfer in sub-inhibitory concentrations. Whereas the basis of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is well know, that of resistance to antiseptics, disinfectants and food preservatives is less well understood.Three mechanisms of resistance that have been reported include:

• limited diffusion of antimicrobial agents through the biofilm matrix,

• interaction of the antimicrobial agents with the biofilm matrix (cells and polymer),

• enzyme mediated resistance,

• level of metabolic activity within the biofilm

• genetic adaptation

• efflux pumps and

• outer membrane structure.

     

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of tick defensin against Gram-positive bacteria

Defensins are a major group of antimicrobial peptides and are found widely in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. Invertebrate defensins have been identified from insects, scorpions, mussels and ticks. In this study, chemically synthesized tick defensin was used to further investigate the activity spectrum and mode of action of natural tick defensin. Synthetic tick defensin showed antibacterial activity against many Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative bacteria and low hemolytic activity, characteristic of invertebrate defensins. Furthermore, bactericidal activity against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was observed. However, more than 30 min was necessary for tick defensin to completely kill bacteria. The interaction of tick defensin with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and its ability to disrupt the membrane potential was analyzed. Tick defensin was able to disrupt the membrane potential over a period of 30-60 min consistent with its relatively slow killing. Transmission electron microscopy of Micrococcus luteus treated with tick defensin showed lysis of the cytoplasmic membrane and leakage of cellular cytoplasmic contents. These findings suggest that the primary mechanism of action of tick defensin is bacterial cytoplasmic membrane lysis. In addition, incomplete cell division with multiple cross-wall formation was occasionally seen in tick defensin-treated bacteria showing pleiotropic secondary effects of tick defensin.     

抗菌肽抗菌机制及其应用研究进展

抗菌肽是一类小分子肽,具有广谱的抗菌活性。以往对抗菌肽抗菌机制的研究主要集中在细菌细胞膜的作用上,包含"桶板"模型、"毯式"模型,"环形孔"模型和"凝聚"模型。近年来相继发现某些抗菌肽可以作用于细菌细胞内部,与核酸物质结合,阻断DNA复制、RNA合成;影响蛋白质合成;抑制隔膜、细胞壁合成,阻碍细胞分裂;抑制胞内酶的活性。本文从胞内机制和胞外机制两个角度对抗菌肽的抗菌机制进行综述,以期阐明各类抗菌肽的作用机制,为进一步研究菌株耐药性、杀菌效果及其杀菌机制提供科学根据。