一株枯草芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定、生物学特性及其对水质净化的作用

【背景】随着水产养殖业的发展和养殖集约化程度的提高,养殖水环境日趋恶化,养殖动物病害频发,而水产益生菌因其环境友好、安全而被广泛应用于水产养殖中。【目的】从南美白对虾养殖池底泥分离枯草芽孢杆菌,探究其体外生物学特性及对水质的净化作用,以期扩充微生态制剂的种质资源。【方法】采用稀释涂布平板法分离菌株,通过形态学观察、生理生化特征、微生物鉴定系统表型测定以及16SrRNA基因序列分析对分离菌株鉴定分类;采用单因素控制法研究体外生物学特性;采用N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺分光光度法测定养殖水体中亚硝酸盐(NO₂^--N)含量,纳氏试剂分光光度法测定氨氮(NH₃-N)含量,碱性高锰酸钾法测定化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)。【结果】通过表型鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,从南美白对虾养殖池底泥中筛选了一株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)WH1。体外生物特性研究表明,菌株WH1比模式菌具有更强的耐高温、耐人工胃液、耐胆盐、抑制金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌能力,而且对欧洲食品安全局规定的用作饲料添加剂的芽孢杆菌必检的8种抗生素敏感,符合水产益生菌用作饲料添加剂的体外评价标准。此外,水质净化研究表明菌株WH1能显著降低水体中的NO₂^--N、NH₃-N含量及COD值(P<0.05)。【结论】筛选的枯草芽孢杆菌WH1可用作水质调控剂,同时具有用作饲料添加剂的体外生物学特性优势,有效扩充了微生态制剂的种质资源。     

水产动物行为及其在渔业中的应用研究进展

水产动物的行为研究是渔业领域的重要研究方向, 对理解水产动物的行为表型与功能, 对提升渔业生产效果有着重要的理论和应用价值。现阶段水产动物行为学的研究成果已被广泛应用于水产动物人工养殖、渔业资源保护和捕捞渔业等多个领域。文章综述了水产动物行为的研究现状, 水产动物主要的行为类型, 每种行为的发生及其机理, 行为间的相互影响及行为在渔业中的应用状况。同时, 针对当前水产动物行为学研究存在的问题, 提出了今后水产动物行为学的研究方向和研究重点。文章旨在为水产动物行为学领域的研究提供借鉴与启发, 并为水产动物行为学研究成果在渔业中的应用提供理论参考。     

水产养殖饲用微生态制剂研究进展

微生态制剂作为新型饲料添加剂,能够有效调节水产动物营养保健和微生态平衡,减少抗生素使用,是理想的抗生素替代品,对保障高效种养殖、食品安全及环境可持续发展意义重大。我国饲用微生态制剂应用起步较晚且发展较慢,仍面临着难点和挑战。本文介绍了微生态制剂及饲用益生菌在鱼、虾及海参养殖中的应用,基于优良益生菌选育、培养条件优化及混合菌株发酵与制剂应用等生物技术研究现状,总结了近年来水产养殖饲用微生态制剂的研究进展,并对未来微生态制剂研究重点和发展前景进行了展望。     

微生物发酵饲料在绿色养殖中应用的研究进展

微生物发酵饲料，目前是饲料工业和养殖业的关注热点之一，也是绿色安全养殖的重要条件。我国早在20世纪90年代开始研究。近年来，微生物发酵饲料在畜牧业生产中得到迅速发展，其生产和应用形式更加多样化。在水产畜牧养殖时，将日基础饲粮部分替换成微生物发酵饲料或经复合微生物发酵后直接饲用，因含有活菌及相关代谢产物，能进一步改善动物对饲料的营养吸收、提高动物的生产性能、防病治病和改善养殖环境。未来将在饲料替代抗生素、饲养高品质动物、畜禽防病等方面发挥必不可少的作用。本文阐释了微生物发酵饲料概念，作用机理及其在畜牧业、水产养殖应用中的最新研究现状，为微生物发酵饲料产品及新技术的研发提供参考。     

The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture

Shrimp aquaculture, as well as other industries, constantly requires new techniques in order to increase production yield. Modern technologies and other sciences such as biotechnology and microbiology are important tools that could lead to a higher quality and greater quantity of products. Feeding and new practices in farming usually play an important role in aquaculture, and the addition of various additives to a balanced feed formula to achieve better growth is a common practice of many fish and shrimp feed manufacturers and farmers. Probiotics, as 'bio-friendly agents' such as lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus spp., can be introduced into the culture environment to control and compete with pathogenic bacteria as well as to promote the growth of the cultured organisms. In addition, probiotics are nonpathogenic and nontoxic microorganisms without undesirable side-effects when administered to aquatic organisms. These strains of bacteria have many other positive effects, which are described in this article.     

Bacillus probiotics: an alternative to antibiotics for livestock production

The use of probiotics as feed supplements in animal production has increased considerably over the last decade, particularly since the ban on antibiotic growth promoters in the livestock sector. Several Bacillus sp. are attractive for use as probiotic supplements in animal feed due to their ability to produce spores. Their heat stability and ability to survive the low pH of the gastric barrier represent an advantage over other probiotic micro‐organisms. This review discusses important characteristics required for selection of Bacillus probiotic strains and summarizes the beneficial effect of Bacillus‐based feed additives on animal production. Although the mechanism of action of Bacillus probiotics has not been fully elucidated, they are effective in improving the growth, survival and health status of terrestrial and aquatic livestock. Bacillus strains also have utility in bioremediation and can reduce nitrogenous waste, thereby improving environmental conditions and water quality. Finally, recent innovative approaches for using Bacillus spores in various applications are discussed.     

Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: natural occurrence and probiotic treatments

Many recent papers have deepened the state of knowledge about lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fish gut. In spite of high variability in fish microbiota, LAB are sometimes abundant in the intestine, notably in freshwater fish. Several strains of Streptococcus are pathogenic to fish. Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae are major fish pathogens, against which commercial vaccines are available. Fortunately, most LAB are harmless, and some strains have been reported for beneficial effects on fish health. A major step forward in recent years was the converging evidence that LAB can stimulate the immune system in fish. An open question is whether viability can affect immunostimulation. The issue is crucial to commercialize live probiotics rather than inactivated preparations or extracts. There has been a regain of interest in allochthonous strains used as probiotics for terrestrial animals or humans, due to economical and regulatory constraints, but the short survival in sea water may limit application to marine fish. If viability is required, alternative treatments may include the incorporation of prebiotics in feed, and other dietary manipulations that could promote intestinal LAB. Antagonism to pathogens is the other main feature of candidate probiotics, and there are many reports concerning mainly carnobacteria and Enterococcus. Some bacteriocins were characterized which may be of interest not only for aquaculture, but also for food preservation.     

Fermented products with probiotic qualities

For several centuries, fermented products derived from plant or animal materials have been an acceptable and essential part of the diet in most parts of the world. Health benefits have also often been associated with them. Probiotics can be defined as fermented food containing specific live microorganisms or a live microbial food or feed supplement, which beneficially effects the human or the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Nearly all probiotics currently on the market contain Lactobacilli, Streptococci, Enterococci or Bifidobacteria. In contrast to Japan, where freeze-dried microorganisms are consumed by a substantial part of the human population, in Europe, probiotic action towards humans are only claimed for certain fermented dairy products (e.g. yoghurts). Those species that have been extensively studied so far, with several experimental trials on man, are the two yoghurt bacteria Streptocaccus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. casei and Bifidobacteria. L. acidophilus has also received important scientific interest, however, only a few human studies have been carried out. From the technological point of view a good probiotic should be stable and viable for long periods under storage, should be able to survive the low pH levels of the stomach, be able to colonise the epithelium of the gastro-intestinal tract of the host, should not be pathogenic and, last but not least, must be capable of exerting a growth promoting effect or a resistance to infectious diseases. The beneficial effects of probiotics are mainly contributed to a direct antagonistic effect against specific groups of microorganisms (Enteropathogenes), by an effect on the metabolism in the gut or by a stimulation of systemic or mucosal immunity. We will present major proven health benefits of milks fermented with those bacterial species and discuss, where possible, the impact of the specific selection and utilisation of particular strains.     

Review: Insect meal: a future source of protein feed for pigs?

Are insects the farm animal of the future? A key agenda for agricultural production systems is the development of sustainable practices whereby food and feed can be produced in an environmentally efficient manner. These goals require novel approaches to complex problems and demand collaboration between scientists, producers, consumers, government and the general population. The provision of feed for animals is a major contributor to land and water use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Further, overfishing and a reduction in available land and water resources on which crops can be grown has led to an increase in price of protein ingredients such as fish meals and oils and soybean meals. Determination of novel solutions to meet the feed protein requirements of production animals is key to the development of sustainable farming practices. The Australian pork industry aims to develop production systems that efficiently use available resources (such as feed and energy) and limit the production of emissions (such as manure waste and GHGs). Invertebrates (insects e.g. black soldier flies) are naturally consumed by monogastric and aquatic species, yet the large-scale production of insects for feed (or food) is yet to be exploited. Most insects are low producers of GHGs and have low land and water requirements. The large-scale production of insects can contribute to a circular economy whereby food and feed waste (and potentially manure) are reduced or ideally eliminated via bioconversion. While the concept of farm-scale production of insects as domestic animal feed has been explored for decades, significant production and replacement of traditional protein sources has yet to be achieved. This review will focus on the potential role of insect-derived protein as a feed source for the Australian pig production industry.     

Probiotics – do they have a role in the pig industry?

The delivery of certain living microorganisms in food has long been suggested as having positive health effects in humans. This practice has extended into food animal production, with a variety of microorganisms being used; lactic acid bacteria, various Bacillus species and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been particularly used in the pig industry. The increased interest in probiotics is essentially due to the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics and following the ban of the use of antibiotics in animal production, probiotics being considered an alternative means to reduce pathogen infection and improve animal health especially around the time of weaning. However, there is still a need to clarify the probiotic effectiveness in pigs, and the underlying mechanisms. When assessing the efficacy of probiotics one must consider the particular strain of organism being used and the production stage of the pigs being treated. The reproducible delivery of probiotics in industrial pig production is problematic as maintenance of viability is key to their beneficial activity, but difficult to achieve with commonly used feed processing technologies. One specific context where probiotics organisms may be reliably delivered is in systems utilising fermented liquid feeds. Liquid feed may be fermented by the activity of wild lactic acid bacteria or may be stimulated using specific isolates as 'starters'; the latter system has advantages in terms of reproducibility and speed of fermentation. The farm context in which the organism is used is likely to be critical; the use of probiotics is more likely to result in measurable economic gains in animals living in sub-optimal conditions rather than in those reared in the highest welfare and husbandry conditions. The establishment of a beneficial lactic acid bacteria population at birth may lead to healthier animals, this may be most effectively achieved by treating sows, which provide an amplification step and flood the neonatal pigs' environment with desirable bacterial strains. In contrast, it may be sufficient to provide a supportive, protective microbiota around the time of weaning as this is a time of major crisis with instability and loss of certain bacterial populations.     

A review on prebiotics and probiotics for the control of dysbiosis: present status and future perspectives

Dysbiosis or dysbacteriosis is defined as a shift in the intestinal microbiota composition resulting in an imbalance between beneficial and harmful bacteria. Since the ban on the use of growth-promoting antibiotics in animal feed in the EU, dysbiosis has emerged as a major problem in intensive animal production. Prebiotics and probiotics are currently under investigation as possible alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics, as their mode of action is thought to be based largely on a modulation of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we analyse the currently available data from both animal and human nutrition that document the potential and limitations of prebiotics and probiotics for the control of dysbiosis. An impressive number of empirical feeding trials have been carried out in healthy animals, yielding sometimes contradictory results. More in-depth studies have revealed the complexity of the interactions taking place in the lower intestinal tract, thus illustrating that pre- and probiotics cannot be a simple replacement for growth-promoting antibiotics. Although there are indications that the strategic use of pre- and probiotics can provide major benefits, there is still a lack of basic knowledge on the delicate interactions between the microbiota, the host and the feed components, which hampers the widespread use of these valuable feed additives.     

Ecology and welfare of aquatic animals in wild capture fisheries

The expansion of commercial aquaculture production has raised awareness of issues relating to the welfare of aquatic animals. The “Five Freedoms” approach to animal welfare was originally devised for farmed terrestrial animals, and has been applied in some countries to aquatic animals reared in aquaculture due to several commonalities inherent within food production systems. There are now moves towards assessing and addressing aquatic animal welfare issues that may arise in wild capture fisheries. However, all “five freedoms” are regularly contradicted in the natural environment, meaning this concept is inappropriate when considering the welfare of aquatic animals in their natural environments. The feelings-based approach to welfare relies on a suffering centered view that, when applied to the natural aquatic environment, requires use of value judgements, cannot encompass scientific uncertainty regarding awareness in fish, elasmobranchs and invertebrates (despite their unquestioned welfare needs), and cannot resolve the welfare conundrums posed by predator–prey interactions or anthropocentrically mediated environmental degradation. For these reasons, the feelings-based approach to welfare is inadequate, inappropriate and must be rejected if applied to aquatic animals in wild capture fisheries, because it demonstrably ignores empirical evidence and several realities apparent within the natural aquatic environment. Furthermore, application of the feelings-based approach is counterproductive as it can alienate key fisheries stakeholders, many of whom are working to address environmental issues of critical importance to the welfare, management and conservation of aquatic animal populations in their natural environment. In contrast, the function-based and nature-based approaches for defining animal welfare appear appropriate for application to the broad range of welfare issues (including emerging environmental issues such as endocrine disruption) that affect aquatic animals in their natural environment, without the need to selectively ignore groups such as elasmobranchs and invertebrates. We consider that the welfare needs of aquatic animals are inextricably entwined with the need for conservation of their populations, communities and their environment, an approach that is entirely consistent with the concept of ecosystem-based management.     

Cumulative stress in research animals: Telomere attrition as a biomarker in a welfare context?

Progress in improving animal welfare is currently limited by the lack of objective methods for assessing lifetime experience. I propose that telomere attrition, a cellular biomarker of biological age, provides a molecular measure of cumulative experience that could be used to assess the welfare impact of husbandry regimes and/or experimental procedures on non‐human animals. I review evidence from humans that telomere attrition is accelerated by negative experiences in a cumulative and dose‐dependent manner, but that this attrition can be mitigated or even reversed by positive life‐style interventions. Evidence from non‐human animals suggests that despite some specific differences in telomere biology, stress‐induced telomere attrition is a robust phenomenon, occurring in a range of species including mice and chickens. I conclude that telomere attrition apparently integrates positive and negative experience in an accessible common currency that translates readily to novel species – the Holy Grail of a cumulative welfare indicator.     

Supplementation of prebiotics in fish feed: a review

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. There is a need for enhanced disease resistance, feed efficiency and growth performance of cultured fish species. The cost of production are likely to be reduced if growth performance and feed efficiency are increased in commercial aquaculture. Also if the survivility of the fishes increase, then their overall production cost would be remarkably reduced. Dietary supplementation of different feed additives e.g. immunostimulants, probiotics and prebiotics usually in small quantities for the purpose of fortifying it with certain nutrients have been found to be beneficial for improving immune status, feed efficiency and growth performance of crustaceans and finfishes. The present article was constructed to highlight the effect of dietary prebiotics on different body growth parameters of fish. However, the application of prebiotics and supplementary enzymes in fish feed is now gradually gaining importance in commercial aquaculture practices, the article stresses on the effect of prebiotics on live body weight gain, dressing percentage, weight of vital organs and muscles and mean villus lengths in digestive tract of fish along with their application as growth promoters in commercial aquafeed (Gatesoupe in Aqua Feeds Formul Beyond 2(3):3–5, 2005; Ganguly et al. in Israeli J Aquac Bamidgeh 62(3):130–138, 2010a, Fish Chimes 30(7):64, 2010b).     

Beneficial bacteria for aquaculture: nutrition,bacteriostasis and immunoregulation

Despite being the fastest growing sector, the modern aquaculture industry faces serious challenges such as the lack of protein source in feed, the susceptibility to pathogens, and deterioration in quality during culture and storage. Bacterial biomass is considered as a proper protein source for feed, and the beneficial bacterial species protect aquatic animals from infection or reduce spoilage of products. In this review, we summarized the application of beneficial bacteria to aquatic products, focusing mainly on the nutritional, anti-pathogenic, anti-spoilage and immunoregulatory functions of these bacteria. We then discussed the relationship between beneficial bacteria, intestinal microbiota and host immunity, and the recent progress and drawbacks of the technology.     

微生物饲料添加剂研究与应用进展

微生物饲料添加剂是依赖益生菌及其代谢产物发挥作用的绿色、安全的添加剂,在替代抗生素方面具有良好的发展前景。由于微生物饲料添加剂具有调节动物微生态平衡、增强免疫力、提高饲料转化率和生产性能、提高畜产品品质、改善养殖环境等诸多作用,因而在畜禽、水产等养殖中发挥着日益重要的作用。从概念剖析、作用机理、主要的微生物种类以及应用效果等方面,对微生物饲料添加剂的研究与应用现状加以简要综述,以期为进一步拓展微生物饲料添加剂的应用提供参考。     

RNA干扰技术在水产动物抗病毒和抗寄生虫研究中的应用研究进展

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是由双链RNA介导的,抑制目标基因的表达,沉默靶基因的一种转录后基因沉默机制,并且在真核生物中广泛存在。近年来随着水产养殖业的发展壮大,水产动物疾病频繁爆发,给养殖户带来巨大的经济损失。目前,病毒、寄生虫等病原引起的水产动物疾病的致病机制还有待深入研究。RNA干扰技术的出现为水产动物疾病致病机制的研究提供了强有力的工具。主要对RNA干扰的发现、作用机制以及在水产动物抗病毒和抗寄生虫研究中的应用作以综述,并对未来RNAi技术在水产动物疾病防治中的研究和应用进行了展望,旨为水产动物疾病控制提供参考。