功能作图(functional mapping)分析大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌之间的竞争互作

【背景】功能作图(functionalmapping)模型是基于统计方法的分析生物体动态复杂性状发育的全基因组作图方法,旨在定位性状发育过程中的数量性状位点(quantitative trait loci, QTL),将功能作图应用于微生物研究有助于解析复杂的互作过程。【目的】利用功能作图定位两种微生物在动态生长发育过程中发挥显著作用的QTL,通过基因功能注释找到影响微生物表型生长的基因。【方法】将大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌各100个菌株单独培养和一一配对共同培养,将取得的各菌株生长丰度表型数据和单核苷酸多态性(singlenucleotidepolymorphism,SNP)数据进行关联分析,找到同一物种在不同培养条件下对生长起作用的显著QTL。【结果】通过功能作图分析,在大肠杆菌中定位到217个QTL,金黄色葡萄球菌中定位到152个QTL;通过功能聚类和基因注释分析发现,QTL所在候选基因中金黄色葡萄球菌scdA、sdrC、sdrD、ftsA和大肠杆菌phr、nagC、eptA、ppsA、priA、flim基因对微生物的生长发挥了较大作用。【结论】本文借助功能作图定位了大肠杆菌和金黄...     

高校学生宿舍室内空气中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌分离株ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

【目的】了解大学生宿舍空气中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的检出率和分离株之间的遗传相似性, 为预防和控制传染病的传播提供依据。【方法】用FA-1型六级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集大学生宿舍内室内空气并分离鉴定其中的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌, 采用ERIC-PCR扩增基因组DNA, 形成聚类图谱, 分析分离株的相似性。【结果】从收集到的300份空气样品中分离鉴定出194株大肠埃希菌, 30株鉴定为超广谱β-内酰胺酶分离株, 检出率达15.46%; 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌ERIC-PCR指纹图谱条带相似性在50%?100%之间。【结论】大学生宿舍空气中存在着产ESBLs大肠埃希菌污染, 应加强对空气中大肠埃希菌耐药性监测。     

黑大蒜提取物联合抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌作用研究

评价黑大蒜提取物分别与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合应用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效应。采用液体稀释法分别测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林或庆大霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,并计算部分抑菌浓度(FIC指数)。测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的时间-杀菌曲线。黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为256μg/mL,黑大蒜提取物对大肠埃希菌的MIC为256μg/mL。时间-杀菌曲线结果显示黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用呈现较强的浓度依赖性。黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林后对金黄色葡萄球菌的FIC指数为0.75;黑大蒜提取物联合庆大霉素后对大肠埃希菌的FIC指数为0.5。黑大蒜提取物与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合用药,可明显降低抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,表现为相加和协同效应。     

急性肾盂肾炎合并尿路感染危险因素与致病微生物特点的临床分析

目的探讨急性肾盂肾炎合并尿路感染危险因素与致病微生物的特点。方法选择2017年4月-2018年4月在本院肾内科就诊的急性肾盂肾炎合并尿路感染患者59例,无菌操作收集患者中段尿,导管收集患者膀胱尿。2 h内送检,采用定量接种的方法,将一定量混匀未离心尿液用接种环接种于血平板或麦康凯平板进行细菌培养。相关性分析采用Pearson相关性检验。结果糖尿病、肺部感染、尿路结石、脑血管疾病和肿瘤是常见的急性肾盂肾炎(APN)合并尿路感染的危险因素。男性中段尿检出率较高的菌种有大肠埃希菌(E. coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)等;膀胱尿中检出率较高的菌种有大肠埃希菌(E. coli)、肺炎克雷伯菌(K. pneumoniae)。女性中段尿和膀胱尿中检出率较高的菌种均是大肠埃希菌(E. coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)。女性总住院时间≥4 d的患者比例明显高于男性。APN患者中合并糖尿病与大肠埃希菌(E. coli)和粪肠球菌(E. faecalis)存在正相关,尿路结石与大肠埃希菌(E. coli)、肺炎克雷伯菌(K. pneumoniae)、屎肠球菌(E. faecium)存在正相关。结论患者尿液中大肠埃希菌(E. coli)最常见,女性APN患者更容易并发尿路感染,住院时间长于男性患者。合并糖尿病的患者更容易患有大肠埃希菌(E. coli)和粪肠球菌(E. faecalis)感染,合并尿路结石的患者更倾向于大肠埃希菌(E. coli)、肺炎克雷伯菌(K. pneumoniae)、屎肠球菌(E. faecium)感染。     

黑大蒜提取物联合抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠埃希菌的体外抗菌作用研究

评价黑大蒜提取物分别与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合应用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效应。采用液体稀释法分别测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林或庆大霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,并计算部分抑菌浓度（FIC指数）。测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的时间-杀菌曲线。黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为256μg/mL,黑大蒜提取物对大肠埃希菌的MIC为256μg/mL。时间-杀菌曲线结果显示黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用呈现较强的浓度依赖性。黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林后对金黄色葡萄球菌的FIC指数为0.75;黑大蒜提取物联合庆大霉素后对大肠埃希菌的FIC指数为0.5。黑大蒜提取物与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合用药,可明显降低抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,表现为相加和协同效应。     

不同培养条件下金黄色葡萄球菌表型可塑性研究

表型可塑性在生物界普遍存在,但在微生物领域的研究相对较少,利用分子标记技术研究微生物表型可塑性方法也鲜有报道。用1株大肠埃希菌与45株金黄色葡萄球菌混合培养营造竞争环境,测定其生长量并与相同起始浓度单独培养的金黄色葡萄球菌生长量做GWAS对比,得到显著SNP位点。分析SNP位点中与金黄色葡萄球菌生长变化相关的基因表达量变化情况,研究其与金黄色葡萄球菌表型可塑性的关联性。以45株金黄色葡萄球菌在两种模式下生长量及全基因组测序结果为基础,利用双变量全基因组关联分析(Genome-wide association study,GWAS)法筛选与金黄色葡萄球菌生长量显著相关的单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点,定位这些SNP位点对应的金黄色葡萄球菌基因,从这些基因的功能中筛选与金黄色葡萄球菌生长变化相关的部分并汇总分析。之后选取其中关联性较强的scdA基因序列为模板设计引物,用实时荧光定量PCR (Real-time quantitative PCR,qPCR)的相对定量法,选用16S rDNA为内参基因,测定两种培养环境下基因的mRNA相对表达量,统计分析差异性。结果显示,与大肠埃希菌混合培养的金黄色葡萄球菌受其影响生长量显著降低。GWAS在12个取样点共检测出415个显著SNP位点,筛选后对scdA基因两种培养条件下的相对表达量进行测量并统计分析,结果显示无论251050位点碱基为A或G,scdA基因在混合培养中的相对表达量都显著高于单独培养中的表达量。测序结果表明整个培养过程中scdA基因型保持不变,而两种培养环境下金黄色葡萄球菌scdA基因相对表达量的变化反映了表型的差异。为了应对环境压力,金黄色葡萄球菌SNP251050对应的scdA基因在混合培养环境下显著提高了表达量,以维持自身在培养体系中的稳定性。这表明金黄色葡萄球菌能够依据环境变化在广义生理表型方面主动做出对环境信号的多样性响应,也可认为是金黄色葡萄球菌表型可塑性在环境变化下的反映。     

乳酸杆菌细胞裂解物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用

目的探讨乳杆菌DM8909裂解物在体内外对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用。方法通过对乳杆菌超声波破碎制成裂解物,分别用乳杆菌裂解物原液、裂解物稀释液、发酵上清液、乳杆菌活菌制剂进行体内、体外实验,观察乳杆菌各成分对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用。结果德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用与乳杆菌活菌制剂的抑制作用相近。结论德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物在体内外对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌均有较强的抑制作用。     

纳米银体外对三种微生物的抑制作用及机制

目的探讨纳米银广谱的抗菌作用及机制。方法以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白假丝酵母菌为研究对象,采用涂布法检测纳米银的杀菌作用,利用细菌呼吸链脱氢酶活性检测及透射电镜探讨纳米银抑菌的作用机制。结果≥0.05μg/mL的纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白假丝酵母菌具有明显的杀菌作用;5μg/mL的纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白假丝酵母菌作用60、30、15和5min均有明显的杀菌作用;纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的呼吸链脱氢酶活性具有明显的抑制作用;纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白假丝酵母菌的菌体形态具有明显的破坏作用。结论纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白假丝酵母菌具有高效、迅速及广谱的杀菌作用,这些作用可能与纳米银的多靶位作用机制有关。     

2009年度宁波市妇儿医院主要病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解宁波市妇儿医院主要病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析。方法血液培养采用法国生物梅里埃公司的BacT/Alert3D,菌株鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK 60分析仪,药敏试验采用K-B法,纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs。结果前10位细菌构成比依次是大肠埃希菌(13.4%)、白色念珠菌(8.7%)、阴道加德纳菌(7.8%)、表皮葡萄球菌(6.9%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(5.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(4.9%)、鲍曼复合醋酸钙不动杆菌(3.9%)、粪肠球菌(D群)(3.1%)、铜绿假单胞菌(2.7%)和溶血葡萄球菌(2.0%)。大肠埃希菌539株中产ESBLs阳性率为52.5%,肺炎克雷伯菌195株中产ESBLs阳性率为45.2%。大肠埃希菌主要分离于尿液,其次是脓液/切口。肺炎克雷伯菌在痰及咽拭子中所占比例最高。46株铜绿假单胞菌和11株鲍曼复合醋酸钙不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药。结论对产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)、耐亚胺培南的鲍曼复合醋酸钙不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,应加强隔离预防,控制在医院内的扩散,减少耐药菌株产生。     

熏鸡加工过程中微生物分布分析

研究熏鸡加工过程中大肠菌群数、大肠埃希菌数和常见致病菌的分布情况。通过对生产流程关键控制环节抽样进行大肠菌群计数、大肠埃希菌计数、沙门氏菌检测、金黄色葡萄球菌检测和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检测,掌握熏鸡生产过程中的微生物分布。根据实验数据分析和熏鸡生产流程,研究熏鸡加工过程中生产原料环节和熏制环节的关键控制点作用。     

GWAS研究大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌种间互作进化机制

【目的】通过实验室培养模拟自然环境微生物相互作用,进而找到影响细菌基因型和表型的基因。【方法】将大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在实验室条件下进行单独培养和两两混合培养并连续转接,通过得到的数量表型与最大生长速率表型做全基因组关联分析(GWAS),对得到的与表型相关的SNP进行注释与分析。【结果】162个SNP位点影响到大肠杆菌原始菌株与共培养菌株的生长,36个SNP位点影响大肠杆菌菌株在单独培养和共同培养的生长。总共有85个SNP位点影响金黄色葡萄球菌的原始菌株与单独培养。其中5个基因在之前文献中已有报道。对影响不同时间点细菌数量变化形状的SNP位点进行功能注释,大肠杆菌中有706个与生长性能相关。金黄色葡萄球菌中,129个和不同的生长性能相关。大肠杆菌SNP位点的13个基因在之前的研究中已有报道。【结论】混合培养和单独培养都检测到与生长相关的显著基因,本研究表明了GWAS在研究细菌互作进化机制方面的潜力。     

Interactions between cationic liposomes and bacteria: the physical-chemistry of the bactericidal action.

The bactericidal effect of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), a liposome forming synthetic amphiphile, is further evaluated for Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus in order to establish susceptibilities of different bacteria species towards DODAB at a fixed viable bacteria concentration (2.5 x 10(7) viable bacteria/mL). For the four species, susceptibility towards DODAB increases from E. coli to S. aureus in the order above. Typically, cell viability decreases to 5% over 1 h of interaction time at DODAB concentrations equal to 50 and 5 microm for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. At charge neutralization of the bacterial cell, bacteria flocculation by DODAB vesicles is shown to be a diffusion-controlled process. Bacteria flocculation does not yield underestimated counts of colony forming units possibly because dilution procedures done before plating cause deflocculation. The effect of vesicle size on cell viability demonstrates that large vesicles, due to their higher affinity constant for the bacteria (45.20 m(-)) relative to the small vesicles (0.14 m(-)), kill E. coli at smaller DODAB concentrations. For E. coli and S. aureus, simultaneous determination of cell viability and electrophoretic mobility as a function of DODAB concentration yields a very good correlation between cell surface charge and cell viability. Negatively charged cells are 100% viable whereas positively charged cells do not survive. The results show a clear correlation between simple adsorption of entire vesicles generating a positive charge on the cell surfaces and cell death.     

Development and evaluation of a 9K SNP array for peach by internationally coordinated SNP detection and validation in breeding germplasm

Although a large number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers covering the entire genome are needed to enable molecular breeding efforts such as genome wide association studies, fine mapping, genomic selection and marker-assisted selection in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and related Prunus species, only a limited number of genetic markers, including simple sequence repeats (SSRs), have been available to date. To address this need, an international consortium (The International Peach SNP Consortium; IPSC) has pursued a coordinated effort to perform genome-scale SNP discovery in peach using next generation sequencing platforms to develop and characterize a high-throughput Illumina Infinium® SNP genotyping array platform. We performed whole genome re-sequencing of 56 peach breeding accessions using the Illumina and Roche/454 sequencing technologies. Polymorphism detection algorithms identified a total of 1,022,354 SNPs. Validation with the Illumina GoldenGate® assay was performed on a subset of the predicted SNPs, verifying ∼75% of genic (exonic and intronic) SNPs, whereas only about a third of intergenic SNPs were verified. Conservative filtering was applied to arrive at a set of 8,144 SNPs that were included on the IPSC peach SNP array v1, distributed over all eight peach chromosomes with an average spacing of 26.7 kb between SNPs. Use of this platform to screen a total of 709 accessions of peach in two separate evaluation panels identified a total of 6,869 (84.3%) polymorphic SNPs.The almost 7,000 SNPs verified as polymorphic through extensive empirical evaluation represent an excellent source of markers for future studies in genetic relatedness, genetic mapping, and dissecting the genetic architecture of complex agricultural traits. The IPSC peach SNP array v1 is commercially available and we expect that it will be used worldwide for genetic studies in peach and related stone fruit and nut species.     

Growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis on live, heat-killed and DTAF-stained bacterial prey

The growth responses of two species of amoeba were evaluated in the presence of live, heat-killed and heat-killed/5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl) aminofluorescein (DTAF)-stained cells of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella ozaenae and Staphylococcus aureus. The specific growth rates of both species were significantly higher with live bacterial prey, the only exception being Hartmannella vermiformis feeding on S. aureus, for which growth rates were equivalent on all prey states. There was no significant difference between growth rates, yield or ingestion rates of amoebae feeding on heat-killed or heat-killed/stained bacterial cells, suggesting that it was the heat-killing process that influenced the amoeba-bacteria interaction. Pretreatment of prey cells had a greater influence on amoebic processing of Gram-negative bacteria compared with the Gram-positive bacterium, which appeared to be as a result of the former cells being more difficult to digest and/or losing their ability to deter amoebic ingestion. These antipredatory mechanisms included microcolony formation in P. aeruginosa, toxin production in K. ozaenae, and the presence of an intact capsule in K. aerogenes. E. coli and S. aureus did not appear to possess an antipredator mechanism, although intact cells of the S. aureus were observed in faecal pellets, suggesting that any antipredatory mechanism was occurring at the digestion stage.     

Staphylococcus aureus domain V functions in Escherichia coli ribosomes provided a conserved interaction with domain IV is restored

Domain V of Escherichia coli 23 S rRNA (residues 2023-2630) was replaced by that from Staphylococcus aureus, thereby introducing 132 changes in the rRNA sequence. The resulting ribosomal mutant was unable to support cell growth. The mutant was rescued, however, by restoring an interaction between domains IV and V (residues 1782 and 2586). Although the importance of this interaction, U/U in E. coli, C/C in S. aureus, is therefore demonstrated, it cannot be the only tertiary interaction important for ribosomal function as the rescued hybrid grew more slowly than the wild type. Additionally, although the single-site mutations U1782C and U2586C in E. coli are viable, the double mutant is lethal.     

SNP discovery by amplicon sequencing and multiplex SNP genotyping in the allopolyploid species Brassica napus

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an allotetraploid species consisting of two genomes, derived from B. rapa (A genome) and B. oleracea (C genome). The presence of these two genomes makes single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker identification and SNP analysis more challenging than in diploid species, as for a given locus usually two versions of a DNA sequence (based on the two ancestral genomes) have to be analyzed simultaneously during SNP identification and analysis. One hundred amplicons derived from expressed sequence tag (ESTs) were analyzed to identify SNPs in a panel of oilseed rape varieties and within two sister species representing the ancestral genomes. A total of 604 SNPs were identified, averaging one SNP in every 42 bp. It was possible to clearly discriminate SNPs that are polymorphic between different plant varieties from SNPs differentiating the two ancestral genomes. To validate the identified SNPs for their use in genetic analysis, we have developed Illumina GoldenGate assays for some of the identified SNPs. Through the analysis of a number of oilseed rape varieties and mapping populations with GoldenGate assays, we were able to identify a number of different segregation patterns in allotetraploid oilseed rape. The majority of the identified SNP markers can be readily used for genetic mapping, showing that amplicon sequencing and Illumina GoldenGate assays can be used to reliably identify SNP markers in tetraploid oilseed rape and to convert them into successful SNP assays that can be used for genetic analysis.     

Novel processive and nonprocessive glycosyltransferases from Staphylococcus aureus and Arabidopsis thaliana synthesize glycoglycerolipids, glycophospholipids, glycosphingolipids and glycosylsterols.

A processive diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase has recently been identified from Bacillus subtilis [Jorasch, P., Wolter, F.P., Z?hringer, U., and Heinz, E. (1998) Mol. Microbiol. 29, 419-430]. Now we report the cloning and characterization of two other genes coding for diacylglycerol glycosyltransferases from Staphylococcus aureus and Arabidopsis thaliana; only the S. aureus enzyme shows processivity similar to the B. subtilis enzyme. Both glycosyltransferases characterized in this work show unexpected acceptor specificities. We describe the isolation of the ugt106B1 gene (GenBank accession number Y14370) from the genomic DNA of S. aureus and the ugt81A1 cDNA (GenBank accession number AL031004) from A. thaliana by PCR. After cloning and expression of S. aureus Ugt106B1 in Escherichia coli, SDS/PAGE of total cell extracts showed strong expression of a protein having the predicted size of 44 kDa. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the lipids extracted from the transformed E. coli cells revealed several new glycolipids and phosphoglycolipids not present in the controls. These lipids were purified from lipid extracts of E. coli cells expressing the S. aureus gene and identified by NMR and mass spectrometry as 1, 2-diacyl-3-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol, 1, 2-diacyl-3-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-O-beta-D-glucopyrano-+ ++syl] -sn-glycerol, 1, 2-diacyl-3-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-( 1-->6)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol, sn-3'-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-phosphatidylglycerol and sn-3'-[O-(6"'-O-acyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1"'-->6")-O-beta-D-gluco pyranosyl]-sn-2'-acyl-phospha-tidylglycerol. A 1, 2-diacyl-3-[O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol was isolated from extracts of E. coli cells expressing the ugt81A1 cDNA from A. thaliana. The enzymatic activities expected to catalyze the synthesis of these compounds were confirmed by in vitro assays with radioactive substrates. Experiments with several of the above described glycolipids as 14C-labeled sugar acceptors and unlabeled UDP-glucose as glucose donor, suggest that the ugt106B1 gene codes for a processive UDP-glucose:1, 2-diacylglycerol-3-beta-D-glucosyltransferase, whereas ugt81A1 codes for a nonprocessive diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase. As shown in additional assays with different lipophilic acceptors, both enzymes use diacylglycerol and ceramide, but Ugt106B1 also accepts glucosyl ceramide as well as cholesterol and cholesterol glucoside as sugar acceptors.     

Molecular cloning and physical and functional characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi galactose utilization operons.

The chromosomally encoded galactose utilization (gal) operons of Salmonella typhimurium and S. typhi were each cloned on similar 5.5-kilobase HindIII fragments into pBR322 and were identified by complementation of Gal- Escherichia coli strains. Restriction endonuclease analyses indicated that these Salmonellae operons share considerable homology, but some heterogeneities in restriction sites were observed. Subcloning and exonuclease mapping experiments showed that both operons have the same genetic organization as that established for the E. coli gal operon (i.e., 5' end, promoter, epimerase, transferase, kinase, and 3' end). Two gal operator regions (oE and oI) of S. typhimurium, identified by repressor titration in an E. coli superrepressor [galR(Sup)] mutant, were sequenced and found to flank the promoter region. This promoter region is identical to the -10 and -35 regions of the E. coli gal operon. Minicell studies demonstrated that the three gal structural genes of S. typhimurium encode separate polypeptides of 39 kilodaltons (kDa) (epimerase, 337 amino acids [aa's]), 41 kDa (transferase, 348 aa's), and 43 kDa (kinase, 380 aa's). Despite functional and organizational similarities, DNA sequence analysis revealed that the S. typhimurium gal genes show less than 70% homology to the E. coli gal operon. Because of codon degeneracy, the deduced amino acid sequences of these polypeptides are highly conserved (greater than 90% homology) as compared with those of the E. coli gal enzymes. These studies have defined basic genetic parameters of the gal genes of two medically important Salmonella species, and our findings support the hypothesized divergent evolution of E. coli and Salmonella spp. from a common ancestral parent bacterium.     

不同实验方法检测常用有机溶剂对细菌活性的影响及其安全使用限量

【目的】采用不同实验方法测定常用有机溶剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、丙酮和乙醇对细菌活性的影响,以指导抗菌类药物体外抑菌实验所用溶剂的选择和添加限量。【方法】采用常规体外抑菌实验方法(纸片扩散法、肉汤稀释法),并参照生长曲线法检测有机溶剂DMSO、丙酮和乙醇对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)及金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑菌作用,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察溶剂作用后的细菌形态变化。【结果】3种溶剂对E.coli和S.aureus抑菌率达到20%时,在肉汤稀释法下,DMSO、丙酮、乙醇的浓度(体积比)分别为1.00%、0.25%、2.00%和1.00%、1.00%、0.50%;在生长曲线法下,溶剂浓度(体积比)分别为0.50%、1.00%、0.50%和1.00%、0.50%、0.50%;而在纸片扩散法下,32%(体积比)DMSO和32%(体积比)乙醇对E.coli产生明显抑菌圈,但3种溶剂对S.aureus均无抑菌圈出现。3种方法比较后得出:当3种溶剂的抑菌率达到20%时,溶剂浓度(体积比)均低于0.5%,对细菌整体生长活性影响较小。SEM结果表明控制溶剂使用限量可有效减少其对E.coli生长过程的影响。【结论】相对于DMSO和丙酮,乙醇对微生物生长繁殖能力的影响更加明显;采用相同浓度有机溶剂时,液态条件下(肉汤稀释法和生长曲线法)微生物受到有机溶剂的影响较大。     

禽源大肠杆菌耶尔森氏菌强毒力岛核心基因的检测及其irp2和int基因同源性

【目的】为了提高禽源大肠杆菌中耶尔森氏菌强毒力岛(HPI)的检测效率, 了解高分子量铁调节蛋白2基因(irp2)和整合酶基因(int)在不同株禽源HPI+大肠杆菌间的同源性, 进一步揭示禽源大肠杆菌HPI的转移规律。【方法】利用L16(44)正交试验设计, 建立针对HPI核心基因irp2和fyuA的双重PCR, 运用双重PCR方法检测禽源大肠杆菌临床分离株, 并对检出的7株HPI阳性(HPI+)大肠杆菌进行irp2和int基因测序及同源性分析, 同时结合这7株大肠杆菌的ERIC-PCR分析结果, 对比分析int基因的分布特点。【结果】结果显示, 新建立的双重PCR能特异性扩增出HPI核心基因; ERIC-PCR分析显示, HPI+大肠杆菌间差异均大于5%; HPI+大肠杆菌irp2基因高度保守(同源性大于99%), 而int基因虽然都位于asn-tRNA位点, 但基因序列在部分菌株间存在较大差异。【结论】建立了一种可以用于HPI的流行病学调查和实验室诊断的双重PCR方法, 并推测区域外同源重组可能是HPI基因在大肠杆菌间水平转移的主要方式。