金乌贼墨汁营养成分分析及评价

采用氨基酸自动分析仪、原子吸收仪、液相色谱及常规化学分析法对金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)墨汁的基本营养组分以及氨基酸、矿物质元素、维生素的组成和含量进行了测定。在所检测的17种氨基酸中,含有7种必需氨基酸和2种半必需氨基酸。同时富含Mg、Ca、K、Na等常量矿物元素以及Fe、sr、Al等微量元素和脂溶性、水溶性维生素。     

豹纹鳃棘鲈肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

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南美鲱鱼的含肉率及肌肉营养评价

测定了 6尾南美鲱鱼的含肉率及其营养成分 ,并对其营养价值进行综合评定。该鱼 (鲜样 )含肉率 83.6 5 % ;肌肉中含粗蛋白 1 7 74 % ,粗脂肪 5 2 5 % ,粗灰分 1 0 2 % ,水分 74 73% ,无氮浸出物 1 2 6 %。干物质中水解氨基酸总量 70 36 % ,其中必需氨基酸 2 7 90 % ,占氨基酸总量的 39 6 5 % ;游离氨基酸总量1 2 6 5 1 8mg 1 0 0g;必需氨基酸指数为 4 0 33;矿物质含量丰富 ,尤其是硒。认为南美鲱鱼是一种营养价值和养殖价值都比较高的淡水养殖新品种 ,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

不同年龄段养殖宽体沙鳅肌肉营养成分分析与评价

采用国家标准方法对1、2、3龄宽体沙鳅养殖群体的肌肉营养成分及品质进行了分析比较。结果显示: (1)各年龄组宽体沙鳅肌肉粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量较高且随着年龄的增长呈增长趋势。其中, 粗蛋白在2龄和3龄组增长不显著(P>0.05), 粗脂肪增长显著(P<0.05)。(2)各年龄组肌肉氨基酸组成相同, 均以鲜味特征氨基酸谷氨酸含量最高, 其次为天门冬氨酸; 第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸; 支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值(F值)分别为2.22、2.08和2.12。(3)各年龄组宽体沙鳅脂肪酸在组成和含量上略有差异, 表现为不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸含量(P<0.05); 不饱和脂肪酸中单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高(P<0.05); 多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在2龄组最高(P<0.05)且EPA+DHA含量随年龄的增长递增(P<0.05)。综上, 各年龄段宽体沙鳅肌肉营养丰富, 味道鲜美, 以2龄鱼体营养质量最优。     

高原鼢鼠肉营养成分分析及评价

通过对高原鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi）肉质进行营养成分的分析,评价其营养价值。测定了高原鼢鼠肉的水分、灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、微量元素、脂肪酸、氨基酸与维生素的含量。结果表明,高原鼢鼠肉中含丰富的蛋白质（18．7％）、氨基酸种类齐全（含17种氨基酸,8种人体必需氨基酸俱全）、脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主（占总脂肪酸的64．14％）、VE含量高,并含有一般动物肉中没有的VC,含有多种微量元素,微量元素含量具有明显的高K低Na等特点,符合现代营养保健趋势,可作为低钠营养保健品资源开发。     

东北小鲵肌肉的主要营养成分分析

对东北小鲵肌肉的营养成分作了生物化学分析。结果表明，它是一种蛋白质含量很高，与鱼类肌肉的蛋白质含量相当。     

内蒙古藜麦的营养成分分析及评价

以内蒙古种植的藜麦为试验原料,对其主要营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质及维生素进行分析与评价。结果表明：藜麦中蛋白质含量为13-1%、粗脂肪为7-7%、淀粉为49-0%、灰分为2-2%、粗纤维为2-0%。藜麦含有17种氨基酸,其中有7种必需氨基酸,赖氨酸含量丰富。根据氨基酸评分（AAS）和化学评分（CS）,藜麦第一限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。藜麦含有13种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,占脂肪酸总量的85-25%,饱和脂肪酸占14-75%,其中棕榈酸含量最高,占脂肪酸总量的7-92%。矿物质和维生素含量丰富,其中钾、钙、镁、磷、铁、维生素B1和维生素B2含量均很高。因此,内蒙古种植的藜麦具有较高的营养价值。     

6个地区青海湖裸鲤肌肉营养成分分析

采用常规生化分析方法,测定青海湖6个不同地区的青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przew alskii)肌肉主要营养成分,对其营养价值进行评价。结果表明,淡水青海湖裸鲤肌肉中脂肪含量显著大于(P<0.05)其他5个地区,蛋白含量显著大于(P<0.05)黑马河青海湖裸鲤肌肉的蛋白含量,6个地区青海湖裸鲤肌肉营养成分存在一定的地区差异。总体上,青海湖裸鲤肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白含量为17.26%~18.87%;粗脂肪含量为1.51%~3.37%;灰分含量为1.42%~1.61%;18种氨基酸总量15.48%~17.16%,其中除色氨酸外7种人体必需氨基酸总量6.38%~7.05%,4种鲜味氨基酸总量5.82%~6.49%。青海湖裸鲤肌肉中蛋白质含量较高,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸与鲜味氨基酸含量较高,尤其是淡水青海湖裸鲤品质更佳,淡水的生态环境可能更适合青海湖裸鲤的生长。     

刺猬肌肉营养成份分析

对刺猬肌肉营养成分测定及其氨基酸分析,评价其营养价值。结果表明,刺猬肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白含量丰富(20.92±0.14)%,肌肉中含18种氨基酸,占肌肉总量的80.13%(干样百分比),其中人体必需氨基酸8种,占氨基酸总量的46.88%,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为64.58,氨基酸构成比例符合FAO/WHO标准;鲜味氨基酸总量为30.82%;钙和铁的含量分别为33.8mg/100g和11.0mg/100g。说明其具有较高的营养和食用价值。     

Megaplasmids in Thermus oshimai isolates from two widely separated geographical areas: restriction fragment profiling and DNA homology

Megaplasmid DNA was detected in ten isolates belonging to the recently described thermophilic eubacterial species Thermus oshimai and isolated from hot springs in Portugal (eight isolates) and Iceland (two isolates). The estimated size of the large plasmids purified from T. oshimai SPS-18 from S. Pedro do Sul, Portugal, and from isolate JK-91 from Hveragerdhi-Hengill, Iceland, was 214 and 275 kb, respectively. No sequence homologous to isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid is present in chromosomal DNA as indicated by Southern hybridization analysis. Overall examination of the HindIII fragment profiles of megaplasmid DNAs purified from isolates from the same geographical area gave similar but not always identical restriction profiles on agarose gels. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was higher for megaplasmids present in isolates purified from the Portuguese and Icelandic isolates than for megaplasmids from the same hot spring. Megaplasmid RFLP correlated with previous results obtained on the polymorphism of macrorestriction patterns of whole genomic DNA and with the RFLP of co-resident small plasmid DNA that was found in one half of the isolates examined. The 16-kb HindIII–HindIII fragment from isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid showed DNA–DNA homology with restriction fragments of similar size generated by the large plasmids present in all the other isolates, even in those from hot springs of widely separated geographical areas. This suggests a high degree of sequence conservation in T. oshimai megaplasmids. Received: 12 May 1997 / Accepted: 17 July 1997     

金藜麦耐盐性分析及营养评价

对我国沿海地区新收集种质资源金藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)进行了耐盐性及营养品质评价。结果表明:金藜麦在对盐胁迫相对敏感的芽期和苗期表现出相对较高的耐盐性;子粒蛋白质含量为14.2%,蛋白营养价值优于牛奶以及小麦、水稻、玉米、大豆等作物;子粒中富含维生素B、E等以及钙、锰、铁、铜、锌等矿质元素,特别是钙含量高达190.16 mg/100g,是小米钙含量的35倍;且金藜麦子粒含有丰富的必需脂肪酸,如亚油酸(3.58 g/100g)和亚麻酸(0.44 g/100g),天然抗氧化剂维生素E含量为7.66 mg/100g。这些研究结果表明,新收集的金藜麦种质资源具有较高的营养价值和耐盐性,将为我国藜麦研究和种植提供重要的种质资源。     

墨脱四须鲃肌肉营养成分研究

墨脱四须鲃肉味鲜美、营养丰富,是雅鲁藏布江下游较大型鱼类。参照国标用常规方法分析墨脱四须鲃肌肉,结果发现：肌肉中粗蛋白含量占18.6%,粗脂肪占0.65%,水分占79.1%,灰分占1.4%;检测出16种氨基酸,其氨基酸评分(AAS)77.142,化学评分(CS)47.368,氨基酸指数(EAAI)86.157,第一限制氨基酸为甲硫氨酸（Met）+半胱氨酸（Cys）,氨基酸支/芳值（BCAA/AAA）2.434。检测出22种脂肪酸,必需脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的38.4%,其致动脉粥样硬化指数（IA）及血栓形成指数（IT）值分别为0.352和0.230。因此,墨脱四须鲃的肌肉是一种极佳的蛋白质及脂肪源,墨脱四须鲃具有养殖及推广的潜力。     

A scanning electron microscope study of ectodermal differentiations in the caudal mantle epithelium of embryos and juveniles of Loligo vulgaris,Loligo forbesi and Sepia officinalis

Summary

The mantle epithelium of embryos and early juveniles of the squids Loligo vulgaris and Loligo forbesi and the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis was studied using scanning electron microscopy. In embryos of L. vulgaris and L. forbesi, previously undescribed epidermal structures were found. They are missing in S. officinalis embryos. These so-called “extruding structures” are located near Hoyle's organ and first appear at stage XIII of Naef. At the same embryonic stage, Hoyle's organ starts to differentiate and “uniform-type” ciliated cells become visible in the epidermis of both L. vulgaris and L. forbesi. Directly after hatching the epidermis of the species examined starts to slough off and finally the extruding structures, Hoyle's organ and both types of ciliated cells of the mantle epithelium disappear. The function of the extruding structures remains obscure.     

Characterization of microsatellite markers in the squid,Loligo bleekeri (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

Loligo bleekeri has a long spawning season and the size of mature males changes during the season: dimorphic (large/small) early in the spawning season and monomorphic (small) later in the spawning season. To understand how copulatory behaviours relate to the dimorphism, we developed five polymorphic microsatellite loci in L. bleekeri. The level of polymorphism ranged from 10 to 22 alleles with expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.79 to 0.93, suggesting that the novel polymorphic loci should be useful for parentage analysis of L. bleekeri.     

Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic microsatellites in the chokka squid, Loligo reynaudii

The chokka squid, Loligo reynaudii, is the target of a commercially valuable fishery in South Africa, but little information is available on population structure and mating system. We developed 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers using both standard nonenrichment and enrichment protocols. Numbers of alleles per locus ranged from 11 to 30, and levels of expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.77 and 0.98. Three loci developed using an enriched library displayed significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg genotype proportions suggesting high frequencies of null alleles. The remaining loci should prove useful for population and parentage studies.     

6种石斛属植物氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为比较不同种石斛的氨基酸组成差异,作出营养评价,使用氨基酸自动分析仪检测6种石斛的氨基酸含量,分析其必需氨基酸组成成分,并通过计算氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)及氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)等非生物指标进行营养评价。结果表明:石斛中氨基酸种类齐全、营养丰富,均含有被检测的17种氨基酸。6种石斛氨基酸总量存在差异,介于3.58%～8.09%。必需氨基酸组成总含量介于42.62%～47.23%之间,明显高于WHO/FAO模式值(35.00%),其中,化学评分显示其限制氨基酸均为半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸。6种石斛药用氨基酸含量相差较大(2.24%～5.37%),其中蜻蜓石斛含量最高,为含量最低细叶石斛的2.40倍,但在总氨基酸中所占的比例基本一致(60.96%～66.47%)。对6种石斛进行聚类分析可分为4类,其中杓唇石斛、叠鞘石斛、细叶石斛可视为高品质蛋白质种。综上所述,石斛氨基酸具有重要的营养价值,6种石斛氨基酸差异显著。该结果可为石斛营养价值评价、品种选育及药用开发提供理论指导。     

The locomotory function of the fins in the squid Loligo pealei

Kinematic data of high spatial and temporal resolution, acquired from image sequences of adult long-finned squid, Loligo pealei, during steady swimming in a flume, were used to examine the role of fins and the coordination between fin and jet propulsion in squid locomotion. Fin shape and body outlines were digitized and used to calculate fin wave speed, amplitude, frequency, angle of attack, body deformation, speed, and acceleration. L. pealei were observed to have two fin gait patterns with a transition at 1.4-1.8 mantle lengths per second (L_m s^-1) marked by alternation between the two patterns. Fin motion in L. pealei exhibited characteristics of both traveling waves and flapping wings. At low speeds, fin motion was more wave-like; at high speeds, fin motion was more flap-like and was marked by regular periods during which the fins were wrapped tightly against the mantle. Fin cycle frequencies were dependent on swimming speed and gait, and obvious coordination between the fins and jet were observed. Fin wave speed, angle of attack, and body acceleration confirmed the role of fins in thrust production and revealed a role of fins at all swimming speeds by a transition from drag-based to lift-based thrust when fin wave speed dropped below swimming speed. Estimates of peak fin thrust were as high as 0.44-0.96 times peak jet thrust in steady swimming over the range of swimming speeds observed. Fin downstrokes generally contributed more to thrust than did upstrokes, especially at high speeds.     

小尺度海域空间评价单元划分技术研究——以福建省东山湾为例

科学合理的海域空间评价单元划分是各类海洋空间监测、评价、规划和管理的基础工作,对于保护海洋生态环境,实现海洋资源的可持续开发利用具有重大现实意义。然而,海洋的流动性、开放性、边界模糊性等特征,导致海洋空间评价单元划分较陆地而言更为复杂、困难。以福建省东山湾为例,提出一种适用于小尺度海域的空间评价单元划分技术方案,通过从化学属性、物理属性、生物学属性三个方面构建海域空间生态属性划分指标体系,进行空间分类评价,运用插值、叠加分析等GIS技术将东山湾划分为67个基本空间评价单元。研究结果不仅能为进一步划定东山湾海洋空间规划提供技术支持,同时为其他小尺度海域生态监测、评价、规划和管理提供科学参考。