山茶属主要物种耐热性研究

以山茶属17个组130个物种为材料,通过相对电导率、丙二醛含量及超氧阴离子产生速率等生理指标测定及SPSS统计分析对其耐热性进行了研究.结果表明:持续1周36~38℃的高温胁迫能够有效区分不同山茶物种的耐热性;生理生化相关指标测定结果的系统聚类与主成分分析能够对不同山茶物种的耐热性进行有效评价.耐热性较强的有5个组,即离生雄蕊茶组、秃茶组、毛蕊茶组、茶组和连蕊茶组;耐热性最差为古茶组;部分组与组内物种的耐热性不完全一致,同组内不同物种的耐热性可能具较大差异.     

高温胁迫影响红掌生长发育的研究进展

红掌原产于南美洲热带雨林,其具有色彩艳丽的佛焰苞,在适宜的条件下可周年开花,是一种具有极高观赏价值的盆花和切花植物.夏季高温严重影响红掌的生长和观赏价值,增加了红掌的种植成本.对高温胁迫影响红掌外观形态、光合作用、细胞膜热稳定性、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性进行了讨论分析,对高温褪色机理及其应对措施进行了归纳总结,以期为进...     

植物Hsp90s与耐热性关系的研究进展

植物热激蛋白90(Heat shock protein 90,Hsp90s)是普遍存在和高度保守的一类热激蛋白基因家族.在热胁迫条件下,Hsp90s在协助蛋白质折叠、细胞内转运、维持和降解以及促进细胞信号传导方面发挥重要作用.近年来,植物Hsp90s在高温胁迫下的产生、分类与定位和基因表达的调控及生物学功能等方面的研究...     

高温胁迫下五种杜鹃花属植物的生理变化及其耐热性比较

高温是制约分布于较高海拔地区杜鹃花迁地保育与园林应用的重要因子.为探讨杜鹃花属植物的 高温致伤机理,该实验以隶属不同亚属的白花杜鹃、羊踯躅、毛棉杜鹃、红滩杜鹃及红棕杜鹃4年生实生苗为 材料,通过人工气候箱的盆栽实验,研究了30℃、38℃高温胁迫下其叶片生理生化指标的变化,并利用隶属 函数法及系统聚类分析法对其种间...     

猕猴桃叶片耐热性指标研究

选择中华猕猴桃与美味猕猴桃共７个品种。对耐热性的形态与生理生化指标进行了探讨,结果表明：与耐热性较弱的品种相比,耐热性较强的品种有较大的叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度,栅栏组织／海绵组织比例及较高的气孔密度,通过离体叶片温浴处理后细胞膜透性的变化拟合出的拐点温度高低可以鉴别品种耐热性的强弱,耐热性较强的品种在热胁迫下叶片游离脯氨酸累积率高于耐热性较弱的品种;品种耐热性与过氧化物酶活性之间无一致规律。     

热激锻炼诱导菊花耐热性研究

以菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)叶片和花瓣为试验材料,在38℃下对其进行5 h的热激锻炼,再于50℃下分别进行0、0.5、1.0、1.5、3.0 h的高温胁迫,然后对其细胞膜透性、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白质含量动态变化及5′-核苷酸酶的活性进行了测定.结果表明,热锻炼的菊花叶片电解质渗漏率相对较小,叶片叶绿素含量比对照下降的慢,5′-核苷酸酶活性比对照高,MDA含量也相对较低,而且花瓣中可溶性蛋白质保持了相对较高的含量,说明热锻炼诱导菊花获得了一定的耐热性.     

不同地理种源西南桦苗木的耐热性研究

由于受全球气候变化的影响,近年来我国一些地区出现了异常高温天气,这越来越引起林业工作者的重视。以亚热带珍贵用材树种西南桦为研究对象,以采集于我国广西和云南两省区12个种源的西南桦种子所育苗木为实验材料,对不同种源苗木在41C高温处理下的生理指标(叶片电导率、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力)的变化进行了综合评价,来选择耐热性优良的种源。结果表明,各生理指标在高温处理后与处理前相比发生了较为明显的变化,其中,叶片电导率增高为对照温度(25C)的1．2倍,光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力则分别只有对照温度的60％、21％和6％;方差分析发现,在对照温度下,各生理指标在不同种源间的差别不明显,而在41C高温处理后,这种差异达到显著程度。用模糊数学的隶属度函数对参加试验的12个种源西南桦苗木的耐热性进行综合评价发现,凌云种源的耐热性最强,建议作为推荐优先发展的种源。     

不同地理种群紫茎泽兰耐热性差异的比较分析

以采集于紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng．）危害较为严重的云南、广西、贵州、四川以及澳大利亚共17个种群的紫苇泽兰为实验材料,采用人工模拟气候法、模糊数学中隶属函数法（测定了净光合速率、MDA、叶绿素荧光）比较了不同种群紫茎泽兰耐热性。结果表明,高温处理后云南元江与其它种群相比热害指数最低、隶属函数值较高。最为耐热,其次为元谋种群;而云南大理种群热害指数较高,隶属函数均值也较低,其次为广西隆林。说明元江、元谋种群较为耐热,而隆林、大理种群则较为敏感。结合其生境来看,恶性杂草紫茎泽兰种群之间的这种差异性反映了其对入侵地环境的适应性。     

水杨酸对高温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗耐热性的影响

为研究不同浓度水杨酸对铁皮石斛幼苗耐热性的诱导效应,以移栽半年的铁皮石斛幼苗为实验材料,对不同浓度水杨酸诱导高温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗的耐热性进行外观评价及叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的动态测定,观察其动态变化趋势并筛选最佳施用浓度.结果显示:在高温胁迫环境下,随着胁迫时间的延长,不同浓度SA处理均能有效缓解高温对铁皮石斛植株伤害;1.5～2.0 mmol·L1SA处理使铁皮石斛叶片中SOD、POD活性显著提高,0.5～1.5 mmol·L-1 SA处理叶片中CAT、APX活性显著提高;1.5～2.0 mmol·L-1SA处理可显著促进叶片Pro、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,有效抑制MDA含量的增加,且不同浓度处理之间差异显著.研究表明,适宜浓度水杨酸处理能提高铁皮石斛幼苗的耐热性,并以1.5 mmol·L-1浓度处理效果最好.     

不同品种葡萄对高温的生理响应及耐热性评价

以新疆农业科学院吐鲁番农业科学研究所葡萄资源圃中选取的19个具有代表性葡萄品种作为试验材料,在当地自然高温期中段(7月份,日最高温＞35 ℃),对葡萄叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸含量等12个生理指标进行测定,采用模糊隶属函数分析法结合有序样本最优分割聚类法对不同品种耐热性进行评价,考察不同葡萄品种对高温的生理响应差异,为葡萄高温逆境栽培和耐热品种选育提供参考。结果表明：(1)在自然高温条件下,19个品种葡萄的耐热性表现存在差异,‘红地球’、‘藤稔’、‘贝达’、‘和田黄’耐热性较强,而‘无核白’、‘红旗特早玫瑰’、‘水晶无核’、‘维多利亚’、‘矢富罗莎’、‘克瑞森无核’耐热性较弱。(2)不同品种叶片丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性变化对高温响应差异较大,耐热性较强的‘红地球’和‘藤稔’的丙二醛含量相对较低,而‘贝达’、‘和田黄’的丙二醛含量相对较高,但其抗氧化酶活性均较高。(3)模糊隶属函数法分析结果表明,各品种生理指标的隶属函数值(AR)大小与其耐热性直观表现基本一致,AR可作为评价葡萄品种耐热性评价的综合指标;进一步聚类分析结果将参试品种划分为耐热性强、中、弱3个类型,并筛选出‘红地球’、‘藤稔’、‘贝达’、‘和田黄’等4个耐热性较强的品种。     

南京裂爪螨危害对毛竹生理生化的影响研究

本文首次报道毛竹上重要害螨——南京裂爪螨Schizotetranychus nanjinensis Ma et Yan的危害对毛竹生理生化影响。研究结果表明：毛竹叶片受害程度与叶绿素含量,还原糖含量,总糖含量,含水量呈明显直线负相关关系,其模型分别：Y叶绿素2.10-0.268x(r=-0.96),Y总量=5.2721-0.2788x(r=-0.87),Y还原糖=-2.778-0.1766x(r=-0.99),Y含水量=2.472-2.783x(r=-0.81)。最后对毛竹叶螨暴发成灾及综合治理作了简述。     

Physiological and biochemical energetics of larvae of Teredo navalis L. and Bankia gouldi (Bartsch) (Bivalvia : Teredinidae)

The biochemical composition of larvae of Teredo navalis L. and Bankia gouldi (Bartsch) (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) was examined throughout larval development at 23°C and 30–32%. salinity in the presence of the phytoplankton food Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-ISO), during a delay of metamorphosis in the presence of food but absence of a wood substratum and during periods of enforced starvation. Newly released Teredo navalis larvae had a mean length (L) and height (H) of 89.3 and 76.1 μm respectively. The first appearance of pediveliger larvae at 212.1 μm L and 230.0 μm H occurred 27 days after release. Larval dry weight increased from 0.29 μg to 1.96 μg during this period. Newly formed straight hinge larvae of Bankiagouldi had dimensions of 62.8 μm L and 49.8 μm H. Metamorphically competent B. gouldi larvae had dimensions of 230.0 μm L and 282.9 μm H and were first observed 20 days after fertilization. Larval dry weight increased from 0.06 μg to 2.20 μg during this period. During enforced delay of metamorphosis the ash-free dry weight of Teredo navalis larvae decreased whereas the ash free dry weight of Bankia gouldi larvae increased. During the early period of shelled larval development both species showed similar decreases in lipid, protein and carbohydrate levels (μg·mg dry weight^?1); however, this was reflected in a decrease in biochemical content (μg·larva^?1) only in Teredo navalis. During enforced starvation the major proportion of both the weight and caloric losses were due to protein. Lipid also contributes significantly to these losses whereas the contribution of carbohydrate was small. Larval oxygen consumption rates were determined directly by manometry and indirectly by estimates of decrease in caloric content during periods of enforced starvation. Direct and indirect determinations for T. navalis are described by the relationships R = 1.16 W^1.05 and R = 0.98 W^1.24 respectively where R is the respiration rate in nl O₂ · larva^?1 · h^?1 and W is dry weight inclusive of shell in μg. Direct and indirect determinations for Bankia gouldi are described by the relationships R = 1.37 W^1.25 and R = 1.81 W^1.25 respectively. When data for both assay procedures are combined for each species the relationships R = 1.10 W^1.07 and R = 1.44 W^1.18 are obtained for Teredonavalis and Bankia gouldi respectively.     

园艺植物水分胁迫生理及耐旱机制研究进展

概述了园艺植物在水分胁迫下的生理生化,分子反应及耐旱机制研究进展,并指出尚需进一步研究的问题。     

烟草雄性不育的细胞形态学及生理生化研究进展(综述)

本文综述烟草雄性不育系及其同型保持系的花器官分化发育及形态特征、花药绒毡层特性、线粒体蛋白质差异及多种酶活性等细胞形态学和生理生化方面的研究进展。     

黑水虻幼虫及预蛹抗逆性的初步研究

本文初步研究了老熟和预蛹阶段的黑水虻Hermetiaillucens对于酒精毒性、氧胁迫和高渗透压条件下的耐受特性,结果显示黑水虻幼虫和预蛹在三种胁迫因子处于20%～60%(浓度)的较低水平时,其平均死亡率低于20%,表现出良好的抗逆性。高浓度的酒精、矿物油和氯化钠溶液对于黑水虻的生存都会产生负面影响,但是幼虫与预蛹由于其生理形态上的变化,致使其在抗逆性方面表现出显著差异,预蛹阶段的黑水虻对矿物油较为敏感,而幼虫则对高盐环境的耐受性表现较弱。     

淹水胁迫对美国流苏幼苗生理特性和叶片结构的影响

以美国流苏2年生实生苗为材料,测定不同程度淹水处理(对照、轻度淹水、渍害、涝害)及其不同胁迫时间下幼苗生理指标和叶片结构特征,分析淹水胁迫对美国流苏幼苗生理生化和叶片结构的影响,探讨其耐涝性及其生理机制,为引种和栽培应用提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)美国流苏叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性在轻度淹水和涝害处理下呈“下降-上升-下降”趋势,在渍害处理下呈先降后升趋势;在各淹水处理下,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先升后降趋势,相对电导率呈上升趋势,丙二醛(MDA)不同程度积累。在轻度淹水处理下,叶片可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量呈先升后降趋势;在渍害和涝害处理下,叶片SS含量呈上升趋势,SP含量呈先降后升趋势。(2)随着淹水胁迫程度的加深,叶片厚度总体呈上升趋势,上、下表皮厚度总体呈下降趋势,栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、组织结构紧密度(CTR)和栅海比(P/S)总体呈先降后升趋势,组织结构疏松度(SR)总体呈先升后降趋势。(3)淹水胁迫使叶绿体形态膨胀变圆,多数不贴细胞壁,边缘降解,嗜锇颗粒和淀粉粒膨胀增多,基粒片层空泡化;随着淹水胁迫加剧,细胞核与叶绿体降解,淀粉粒大量聚...     

植物衰老期间生理生化变化的研究进展

植物衰老是受内外因素控制的细胞有序降解并最终导致死亡的过程,衰老期间会出现与正常生长阶段不同的生理生化变化。植物衰老引起的各种功能的下降极大地限制了作物产量潜力的发挥,种子贮存过程中的衰变、逆境条件下植株的早衰、果蔬采后贮藏衰老导致货架寿命的缩短等均会造成极大的经济损失。研究植物衰老的生理机制及其调控具有十分重要的意义。综述了有关植物衰老时生理生化变化方面的近期研究进展,以利于人们对植物衰老生理的更深入的了解。     

Pinniped diving response mechanism and evolution: a window on the paradigm of comparative biochemistry and physiology

Starting even before the end of World War II, the discipline of comparative physiology and biochemistry experienced a period of unprecedented growth and development that pioneers in this field thought would never end. However, by the mid-1970s many of the major mechanistic problems in the field were pretty well understood in principle, and by the mid-1980s workers in the field widely recognized that the discipline was at the point of diminishing returns. One response to this was disillusionment, which turned out to be premature because the field was already absorbing molecular biology tools which has now caused a kind of renaissance in mechanistic physiology studies. The second major response to the sense of disillusionment led to a search for new approaches, and out of this endeavor the newly rejuvenated field of evolutionary physiology arose, and this research area too is now in a growth phase. These general patterns of growth and development in our discipline as a whole are particularly clearly evident in the field of aquatic mammals and birds. Between the 1930s and the 1970s, studies of diving physiology and biochemistry made great progress in mechanistically explaining the basic diving response of aquatic mammals and birds. Key components of the diving response (apnea, bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, redistribution of cardiac output) were found in essentially all species analyzed and were generally taken to be biological adaptations. By the mid-1970s, this approach to unraveling the diving response had run 'out of steam' and was in conceptual stasis. The breakthrough which gave renewal to the field at this time was the development of microprocessor based monitoring of diving animals in their natural environments, which led to a flurry of studies mostly confirming the essential outlines of the diving response based upon laboratory studies and firmly placing it into a proper biological context, underlining its plasticity and species specificities. Now as we begin a new millenium, despite ever more detailed field monitoring of physiology, behavior and ecology, studies aimed at improving understanding of physiological mechanisms in diving are again approaching a point of diminishing returns. To avoid another conceptual stasis, what seems required are new initiatives which may arise from two differing approaches. The first is purely experimental, relying on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) to expand the framework of the original 'diving response' concept. The second, evolutionary study of the diving response, is synthetic, linked to both field and laboratory studies. To date the evolution of the diving response has only been analyzed in pinnipeds and from these studies two kinds of patterns have emerged. (1) Some physiological and biochemical characters, required and used in diving animals, are highly conserved not only in pinnipeds but in all vertebrates; these traits are necessarily similar in all pinnipeds and include diving apnea, bradycardia, tissue specific hypoperfusion, and hypometabolism of hypoperfused tissues. (2) Another group of functionally linked characters are more malleable and include (i) spleen mass, (ii) blood volume, and (iii) hemoglobin (Hb) pool size. Increases in any of these traits (or in a morphological character, body size) improve diving capacity. Assuming that conserved physiological function means conserved sequences in specific genes and their products (and that evolving function requires changes in such sequences), it is possible to rationalize both the above trait categories in pinniped phylogeny. However, it is more difficult for molecular evolution theory to explain how complex regulatory systems like those involved in bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction remain the same through phylogenetic time than it is to explain physiological change driven by directional natural selection.