镁,钙子对组装于人工膜上CF0—CF1质子传导的影响

在电压箝位下,研究Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋对重组于平板脂双层上ＣＦ０－ＣＦ１质子传导的影响,表明：（１）跨膜质子梯度０时（ΔｐＨ＝０）,在３０￣１５０ｍＶ范围内有大量的金Ｃａ＾２＋引起的正电流比在无金属离子溶液中的一定幅度的增加。在５０ｍＶ以上,Ｍｇ＾２＋比Ｃａ＾２＋有更大的促进正向电流的作用;（２）当ΔｐＨ＝３时,Ｍｇ＾２＋比Ｃａ＾２＋更有显著增加正向膜电流的作用,电压在０ｍＶ时就已显示出来;（３     

叶绿体H^＋—ATP酶在平板脂双层上重组及其质子传导的研究

从菠菜(Spinacia oleracea Mill.)叶中分离获得H~ -ATP酶(CF_0-CF_1)复合体。将CF_0-CF_1重组于平板脂双层上,在电压钳位下,研究CF_0～CF_1的质子传导性能,观察到:(1)当CF_0-CF_1重组于平板脂双层上后,平板膜电阻由10～20GΩ立即下降到1GΩ左右。(2)溶液中蛋白质(CF_0-CF_1)浓度在2mg/L下可记录到单通道电流的涨落,单位电导约在5～10pS。(3)通道电流随膜两侧ΔpH变化而改变,在ΔpH为2～4时,膜电流随ΔpH增加而增大,在ΔpH为4.5时膜电流呈现回落。(4)质子传导抑制剂Dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide(DCCD)显示出迅速地且不可逆地阻断通道电流。(5)无金属离子的溶液中,跨膜(BLM)的ΔpH为3时,在0～ 150mV钳位下,镁离子比钙离子所引起的CF_0-CF_1的通道电流要大得多。以上结果不仅表明CF_0-CF_1已成功地组装于人工膜上,而且也显示出镁离子直接参与了质子传导过程。     

海马脑片锥体神经元钙离子通道的盲法膜片钳研究

目的和方法 :采用大鼠海马脑片盲法膜片钳全细胞记录技术研究CA1区锥体神经元电压门控性Ca2 通道的动力学特征。结果 :大鼠海马脑片CA1区锥体神经元电压门控性Ca2 通道电流具有如下特点 :①激活的阈电位偏低 ,为 (- 4 9.3± 8.6 )mV ,范围为 - 6 5～ - 30mV(n =2 3)。②衰减时间常数τ值较大 ,且变化范围大 (10 0～ 70 0ms) (n =12 ) ,并且衰减具有Ca2 电流幅值的依赖性 ,③稳态失活呈现电压依赖性 ,半失活电压为 (- 5 5 .4± 9.7)mV ,斜率因子为 (5 .3± 0 .9)mV(n =10 )。④当细胞外Ca2 浓度为 2 .5mmol/L时 ,Ca2 通道的反转电位为 (5 5±13)mV(n =10 )。⑤尾电流成分较为单一 ,不表现电压依赖性。另外 ,Ca2 电流对戊脉胺及双氢吡啶类化合物硝苯地平均不敏感。结论 :根据上述Ca2 电流特征 ,海马脑片CA1区锥体神经元上的Ca2 通道主要以N型为主     

孤啡肽对大鼠顶叶皮层神经元瞬时外向钾电流的抑制作用

目的：研究孤啡肽（N／OFQ）对大鼠顶叶皮层神经元瞬时外向钾电流（IA）的影响,初步探讨其作用的通道动力学机制。方法：采用全细胞膜片钳技术,观察N／OFQ对急性分离的大鼠顶叶皮层神经元IA的作用。结果：①0．1μmol／L N／OFQ使IA幅值由给药前的（5356．1±361．6）pA下降为（4113．3±312．7）pA,抑制率为23．20％±2．17％（P〈0．01,n=10）。②0．1μmol／L N／OFQ使IA的电流-电压（I-V）曲线降低（P〈0．01,n=10）。③0．1μmol／L N／OFQ使,IA激活曲线的半数激活电压（V1／2）和斜率因子（κ）分别由给药前的（-9．2±2．5）mV和（20．4±2．3）mV变为给药后的（30．6±3．7）mV（P〈0．01,n=8）和（22．6±2．1）mV（P〉0．05,n=8）。④0．1μmol／L N／OFQ使IA失活曲线的半数失活电压（V1／2）和斜率因子（κ）分别由给药前的（-64．1±3．2）mV和（21．5±2．1）mV变为给药后的（-55．9±1．9）mV（P〈0．05,n=5）和（19．6±2．2）mV（P〉0．05,n=5）。结论：N／OFQ可抑制大鼠顶叶皮层神经元IA,使其激活曲线、失活曲线均右移。     

大鼠肥厚心肌细胞钙电流及 Na~ /Ca~(2 )交换电流的研究(英文)

本文观察了心肌肥厚对大鼠心肌细胞Na ／Ca2 交换电流的影响。我们采用Goldblatt两肾一夹方法诱发大鼠心肌肥厚,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录电流。结果表明：肥厚心肌细胞的Ni2 -敏感Na ／Ca2 交换电流密度大于正常细胞。在钳制电压为＋50mV时,正常细胞的外向交换电流密度为1．53±0．31pA／pF,而肥厚细胞则为2．62±0．53pA／pF（P＜0．01）;钳制电压为-100mV时,正常细胞的内向交换电流密度为0．42±0．14pA／pF,肥厚细胞达1．12±0．33pA／pF（P＜0．001）。这些结果提示,肥厚心肌细胞的Na ／Ca2 交换电流发生了改变,其意义有待进一步探讨。     

三苯基锡,二环己基碳二亚胺和寡霉素在叶绿体中的作用特点

作用于质子通道的抑制剂(TPT,DCCD和OM)对与叶绿体中质子跨膜传导失去联系的甲醇活化的类囊体膜上或离体的CF1—ATP酶活性无抑制作用,其主要作用部位在质子通道CF_0上。TPT和 DCCD能恢复残缺膜积贮H_in~ 、重建△pH和△ψ,使其电子流从解联状态回到复与叶绿体基础电子流相一致的水平。低浓度TPT即可部分恢复残缺膜的DLE,而DCCD需较高的浓度。低浓度TPT对叶绿体DLE有明显促进作用,而高浓度TPT和 DCCD有抑制作用。OM对这些功能都没有明显影响。推测OM可能作用于CF_0与CF_1的连接处,TPT的作用部位可能与光系统Ⅱ的水氧化质子释放部位有联系。     

蝎毒耐热蛋白对大鼠海马神经元钠通道的抑制作用

应用全细胞膜片钳技术观察蝎毒耐热蛋白（scorpion venom heat resistant protein,SVHRP）对急性分离大鼠海马神经元电压依赖性钠通道的影响。结果表明,急性分离大鼠海马神经元产生的河豚毒素（tetrodotoxin,TTX）敏感的电压依赖性钠电流被SVHRP浓度依赖性地抑制,半数抑制浓度为（0．0034±0．0004）μg／mL,Hill常数为0．4361±0．0318;SVHRP可使钠通道稳态激活曲线向电压的正方向移动,正常TTX敏感的钠通道的半数激活电压（V1/2）为（-34．38±0．62）mV（n=16）,给予0．1μg／mL的SVHRP后V1/2为（-23．96±0．41）mV（n=8,P〈0．05）,斜坡因子（κ）由正常的4．52±0．52变为3．73±0．08（n=8,P〈0．05）。SVHRP亦能改变电压依赖性钠通道的稳态失活曲线,使其向电位的负方向移动,SVHRP处理前钠通道半数失活电压（V1/2）为（-32．60±1．52）mV,κ为6．73±0．51（n=16）;0．1μg／mL的SVHRP处理后V1/2变为（-50．69±2．55）mV（n=8,P〈0．01）,κ为5．49±0．72（n=8,P〈0．05）。结果提示,SVHRP能抑制电压依赖性钠电流,改变钠通道的动力学特性,抑制其激活,促进其失活,从而影响神经元的兴奋性,这可能是其抗癫痫的机制之一。     

大鼠背根节神经元后超极化中Ca~(2 )激活K~ 电流的蜂毒明肽敏感成分I_(AHP)

为了明确大鼠背根节（DRG）神经元中存在慢的Ca2 激活K 电流成分,本实验在新鲜分散的DRG神经元胞体上,采用全细胞电压箝技术,给予DRG神经元一定强度的去极化刺激,记录刺激结束后30ms时的尾电流幅度。结果发现：（1）随着去极化时间从1ms延长至180ms时,尾电流幅度由9．3±2．8pA逐渐增大至64.1±3．4pA（P＜0．001）;（2）当去极化结束后的复极化电位降低时,尾电流幅度先逐渐下降到零,然后改变方向,逆转电位约为-63mV;（3）细胞外施加500μmol／LCd2 或细胞内液中施加11mmol／LEGTA时尾电流明显减小甚至完全消失;（4）尾电流中慢成分的幅度在细胞外给与200nmol／L蜂毒明肽后,减小了约26.32±3。9％（P＜0。01）;（5）细胞外施加10mmol／LTEA,可明显降低尾电流中的快成分。结果提示,在DRG神经元启超极化中存在Ca2 激活K 电流的蜂毒明肽敏感成分──IAHP。     

二硫苏糖醇对叶绿体H^＋—ATP酶复合体CFo的修饰

ＤＴＴ（二硫苏糖醇）可解除ＴＰＴ（氯化三苯锡）对叶绿体光合磷酸化的抑制,减弱ＴＰＴ对类囊体跨膜△ｐＨ的抑制和对类囊体腔内质子外流的促进。由于ＴＰＴ较专一作用于ＣＦｏ,推测ＣＦｏ受ＤＴＴ修饰。这从ＤＴＴ可消除ＴＰＴ对去除ＣＦ１的类囊体残缺膜△ｐＨ的重建和对残缺膜光下收缩的促进得到进一步的证明。ＤＴＴ的作用是还原二硫键成为游离的疏基,因而ＣＦ０可能含有二硫键。从光下ＤＴＴ或暗中ＤＴＴ处理残缺膜对ＴＰＴ     

胞外pH降低对肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜上电压门控性钾通道的调节

目的：观察pH对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（PASMCs）钾电流的调控作用并探讨其机制。方法：用全细胞膜片钳技术记录在正常细胞外液和不同pH的灌流液中,PASMCs膜上电压门控性钾电流大小（Ikv）,并分析了其电生理学特性的改变。结果：①胞外pH降低可快速可逆性抑制Ikv。,与对照相比（pH7.4）,pH值为7.0、6.5、6.0时,＋60mV处的峰电流的抑制率分别为：16.93％±2.47％、33.03％±2.13％、41.59％±6.53％,电流一电压关系曲线右下移。②胞外pH为7.0、6.5、6.0时,使电压依赖性Gk-Em向去极化方向移动。同时使半激活电压增加。结论：在缺氧所致缺氧性肺血管收缩反应（HPV）的发生中,胞外pH的降低可参与对Ikv的调节,从而使细胞膜去极化,Ikv减小电压门控钙通道打开,平滑肌细胞收缩,这可能是缺氧导致HPV的机制之一。     

Conformational preferences of modified nucleoside N(2)-methylguanosine (m(2)G) and its derivative N(2), N(2)-dimethylguanosine (m(2)(2)G) occur at 26th position (hinge region) in tRNA

Conformational preferences of the modified nucleosides N²-methylguanosine (m²G) and N², N²-dimethylguanosine (m₂²G) have been studied theoretically by using quantum chemical perturbative configuration interaction with localized orbitals (PCILO) method. Automated complete geometry optimization using semiempirical quantum chemical RM1, along with ab initio molecular orbital Hartree–Fock (HF-SCF), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations has also been made to compare the salient features. Single-point energy calculation studies have been made on various models of m²G26:C/A/U44 and m₂²G26:C/A/U44. The glycosyl torsion angle prefers “syn” (χ = 286°) conformation for m²G and m₂²G molecules. These conformations are stabilized by N(3)–HC2′ and N(3)–HC3′ by replacing weak interaction between O5′–HC(8). The N²-methyl substituent of (m²G26) prefers “proximal” or s-trans conformation. It may also prefer “distal” or s-cis conformation that allows base pairing with A/U44 instead of C at the hinge region. Thus, N²-methyl group of m²G may have energetically two stable s-trans m²G:C/A/U or s-cis m²G:A/U rotamers. This could be because of free rotations around C–N bond. Similarly, N², N²-dimethyl substituent of (m₂²G) prefers “distal” conformation that may allow base pairing with A/U instead of C at 44th position. Such orientations of m²G and m₂²G could play an important role in base-stacking interactions at the hinge region of tRNA during protein biosynthesis process.     

Compartment-dependent management of H(2)O(2) by peroxisomes

Peroxisomes (PO) are essential and ubiquitous single-membrane-bound organelles whose ultrastructure is characterized by a matrix and often a crystalloid core. A unique feature is their capacity to generate and degrade H(2)O(2) via several oxidases and catalase, respectively. Handling of H(2)O(2) within PO is poorly understood and, in contrast to mitochondria, they are not regarded as a default H(2)O(2) source. Using an ultrasensitive luminometric H(2)O(2) assay, we show in real time that H(2)O(2) handling by matrix-localized catalase depends on the localization of H(2)O(2) generation in- and outside the PO. Thus, intact PO are inefficient at degrading external but also internal H(2)O(2) that is generated by the core-localized urate oxidase (UOX). Our findings suggest that, in addition to the PO membrane, the matrix forms a significant diffusion barrier for H(2)O(2). In contrast, matrix-generated H(2)O(2) is efficiently degraded. We further show that the tubular structures in crystalloid cores of UOX are associated with and perpendicularly oriented toward the PO membrane. Studies on metabolically active liver slices demonstrate that UOX directly releases H(2)O(2) into the cytoplasm, with the 5-nm primary tubules in crystalloid cores serving as exhaust conduits. Apparently, PO are inefficient detoxifiers of external H(2)O(2) but rather can become an obligatory source of H(2)O(2)--an important signaling molecule and a potential toxin.     

Stereospecific formation of alpha-hydroxycarboxylato oxo peroxo complexes of vanadium(V). Crystal structure of (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(L-lact)2] x 2H2O and (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(D-lact)(L-lact)] x 2H2O

An overview of structurally characterized alpha-hydroxycarboxylatodioxo- and alpha-hydroxycarboxylatooxoperoxovanadates(V) is presented and the geometric parameters of the V2O2 bridging core are discussed. The first case of a stereospecific formation of oxoperoxovanadates(V) is reported: The crystal structures of the isomeric compounds (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(L-lact)2] x 2H2O and (NBu4)2[V2O2(O2)2(D-lact)(L-lact)] x 2H2O (lact = C3H4O3(2-), the anion of the lactic acid) differ mainly in the arrangement of the V2O2 core and in mutual orientation of the V=O bonds. The complexes with achiral ligands adopt the same structural type as the complexes formed from a racemic mixture of a chiral ligand, while the structure obtained using an enantiopure L,L-hydroxycarboxylate is different.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of cadmium(II) complexes with 2-(2-pyridyl)imino-N-(2-thiazolin-2-yl)thiazolidine (PyTT)

We have carried out the synthesis of the cadmium coordination compounds [Cd(NO₃)₂(PyTT)(H₂O)] (1) and [CdCl₂{(μ-Cl)₂CdCl(μ-Cl)(μ-PyTT)Cd}₂]_n (2), together with their structural determination by means of X-ray diffraction. The compounds were also characterized through elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The first complex presents a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with the axial positions occupied by one oxygen atom from a water molecule and a second one from a nitrate ion which acts as a monodentate ligand, whereas the equatorial plane contains three nitrogen atoms from the organic moiety and two oxygen atoms coming from the other nitrate group, which is bidentate. The structure of the second complex consists of parallel sheets linked by van der Waals forces, each one made up of structural units [CdCl₂{(μ-Cl)₂CdCl(μ-Cl)(μ-PyTT)Cd}₂], which possesses two PyTT ligands, 10 bridging chloro ligands and 5 cadmium(II) centres belonging to three environment types: octahedral CdN₂Cl₄, octahedral CdCl₆, on which a centre of symmetry is located, and tetrahedral CdNCl₃, present in a 2:1:2 ratio.     

Molecular-Mechanical studies of the mismatched base analogs of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2:d(CGTGAATTCGCG)2, d(CGAGAATTCGCG)2, d(CGCGAATTCACG)2, d(CGCGAATTCTCG)2, and d(CGCAGAATTCGCG)·d(CGCGAATTCGCG)

Molecular-mechanical simulations have been carried out on “mismatched base” analogs of the DNA double-helical structure d(CGCGAATTCGCG)₂, in which the base pairs CG at the 3 and 10 positions have been replaced by CA, AG, TC, and TG base pairs, as well as an insertion analog in which an extra adenine has been incorporated into one strand of the above structure between bases 3 and 4. The results of these simulations (calculated relative stabilities, structures, and nmr ring-current shifts) have been compared with calorimetric and nmr data. The calculated relative stabilities of the double-helical parent dodecamer and the various “wobble” base pairs qualitatively correlate with the experimental melting temperatures. The base-pairing structure for the GT wobble pair is in agreement with that previously determined from nmr experiments. For the GA base pair, the structure with both bases anti has a slightly more favorable energy from base pairing and stacking than a structure with non-Watson-Crick H-bonding with adenine syn, in agreement with nmr experiments. The CA wobble base is calculated to favor an adenine 6NH₂ …? cytosine N3 H-bond over cytosine 4NH₂ …? adenine N1, again, in agreement with nmr experiments. There is no definitive experimental data on the TC base pair, but the existence of (somewhat long and weak) H-bonds involving cytosine 4NH₂ …? thymine 4CO and cytosine N3 …? thymine HN3 seems reasonable. We find a structure in which the extra adenine base of the insertion analogs sits “inside” the double helix.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of CO(2) and O(2) on the Photosynthetic O(2) Evolution of Spirodela polyrrhiza Turions

Net photosynthetic rates of Spirodela polyrrhiza turions, at low O₂ levels, were 6.2 and 38.8 micromoles O₂ per gram fresh weight per hour at 1 millimolar HCO₃⁻ and CO₂ saturation, respectively, and much lower in a regular low-pH growth solution. Air equilibration O₂ concentrations decreased rates considerably, except at CO₂ saturation. The surfacing rate of turions in various inorganic carbon surroundings correlated positively with their photosynthetic rates, but were the same at high and low O₂ levels. The relevance of these findings in relation to environmental conditions conductive to germination of autotrophically growing turions is discussed.     

Conformational analysis of the tetranucleotides m6(2)A-m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A(m6(2)A = N6-dimethyladenosine) and U-m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A and of the hybrid dA-r(U-A). A one- and two-dimensional NMR study

A 1H-NMR investigation was carried out on the tetranucleotides U-m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A and m6(2)A-m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A (m6(2) = N6-dimethyladenosine) as well as on the hybrid trinucleotide dA-r(U-A). An extensive comparison with m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A and other relevant compounds is made. Previous proton NMR studies on trinucleotides have shown that purine-pyrimidine-purine sequences prefer to adopt a mixture of states which have as a common feature that the interior pyrimidine residue bulges out, whereas the flanking purine residues stack upon each other. A stacking interaction on the 3' side of the bulge is known to have no measurable effect on the bulge population. Chemical-shift data, ribose ring conformational analysis and information from NOE experiments now show unambiguously that the moderate U(1)-m6(2)A(2) stack in U-m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A diminishes the population of bulged-out structures in favour of a regular stack. This tendency towards conformational transmission in the downstream 5'----3' direction is fully confirmed by the fact that the strong m6(2)A(1)-m6(2)A(2) stack in the tetranucleotide m6(2)A-m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A virtually precludes the formation of bulged-out structures. The conformational characteristics of dA-r(U-A) appear comparable with those of m6(2)A-U-m6(2)A, which indicates that the presence of a 2'-hydroxyl group in the first purine residue is not a necessary prerequisite for the formation of a bulge.     

Synthesis,spectral and magnetical characterization of monomeric [Cu(2-NO2bz)2(3-pyme)2(H2O)2] and polymeric [Cu{3,5-(NO2)2bz}2(3-pyme)2]n

Two new complexes of composition [Cu(2-NO₂bz)₂(3-pyme)₂(H₂O)₂] (1) and/or [Cu{3,5-(NO₂)₂bz}₂(3-pyme)₂] (2) (3-pyme = 3-pyridylmethanol, ronicol or 3-pyridylcarbinol, 2-NO₂bz = 2-nitrobenzoate and 3,5-(NO₂)₂bz = 3,5-dinitrobenzoate) have been prepared and studied by elemental analysis, electronic, infrared and EPR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements and the structure of both complexes has been solved. Complex (1) shows an unusual molecular type of structure consisting of the [Cu(2-NO₂bz)₂(3-pyme)₂(H₂O)₂] molecules held together by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. Complex (2) exhibits a polymeric chain-like structure [Cu{3,5-(NO₂)₂bz}₂(3-pyme)₂]_n with copper atoms doubly bridged by two 3-pyridylmethanol molecules and the polymeric molecules are held together by van der Waals interactions. Complex (1) exhibits a magnetic moment μ_eff = 1.84 B.M. at 300 K that remains nearly constant within the temperature region (5–300 K). Further cooling results in lowering the magnetic moment to μ_eff = 1.82 B.M. at 1.8 K. The magnetic susceptibility temperature dependence obeys Curie–Weiss law with Curie constant of 0.423 cm³ K mol⁻¹ and with Weiss constant of −0.06 K. The magnetic moment of (2) exhibits a small increase with a decrease in the temperature (μ_eff = 1.80 B.M. at 300 K and μ_eff = 1.85 B.M. at 1.8 K) with Curie constant of 0.409 cm³ K mol⁻¹ and with Weiss constant of +1.1 K, which can indicate a very weak ferromagnetic interaction between the copper atoms within the chain. Applying the molecular field model resulted in obtaining zJ′ values −0.08 cm⁻¹ for complex (1), and −0.07 cm⁻¹ for complex (2), respectively, that could characterize intermolecular and interchain interactions transmitted through π–π stacking.