四川小相岭山系植被景观的斑块特征分析

利用3S技术与景观生态学相结合的方法,分别从斑块的基本特征、形状特征、聚集与散布特征以及多样性特征4个方面对四川小相岭山系的植被景观空间格局进行了详细分析。研究结果表明：1）该山系存在9种植被类型,斑块数为1849,斑块面积约186951hm^2。其中,针阔叶混交林分布面积与密度最大,是山系的基质植被类型;而次生落叶阔叶林面积最少,景观地位最弱。2）常绿落叶阔叶混交林形状最为简单,但聚集度高;而针阔叶混交林形状最不规则,边界最为复杂;另外,次生落叶阔叶林连接性最弱,高山草甸斑块聚集程度最高。3）该山系斑块的多样性、优势度、均匀度指数值分别为1．54、0．66和0．67,植被类型丰富多样、植被错综复杂、各植被斑块间镶嵌度较好。     

毛乌素沙地南缘植被景观格局演变与空间分布特征

以1991、1999和2007年TM/ETM+影像为数据源,利用RS和GIS技术提取研究区植被覆盖度信息,将其按地貌分区,计算景观格局指数,分析植被景观格局变化特征.结果表明:(1) 1999年是研究区16a植被景观结构变化的转折点,植被覆盖状况前期恶化后期好转.1991-1999年两区极低和低级植被覆盖度占绝对优势,继续增强,风沙区55％-70％,丘陵区70％-80％.高等级比例均在5％以下,持续下滑.2007年两区的优势级别提升为低级和中级,风沙区比例55％,丘陵区70％.极低级别比例减小,风沙区40％-20％,丘陵区50％-15％.高级比例不同程度增大.(2)1999年前后植被景观格局反向演变,两区变化趋势基本相同程度不同.植被多样性和均匀度先减小后增大,等级问交替分布规律先弱后强.风沙区景观形状由复杂到简单,破碎度先增后减;丘陵区破碎度持续增大,形状变化微小.整体上来看,风沙区植被多样性高整体性好,植被均匀度指数大,交替分布规律明显,丘陵区植被格局较差.但外界对风沙区的干扰比丘陵区强烈.(3)植被景观格局演变过程中始终保持多核心模式,核心面积、形状甚至类型发生不同程度的变化.风沙区核心多为无植被斑块,丘陵区多为高植被覆盖度斑块.核心外围植被分布具有梯度性.     

卧龙地区流域土地覆盖变化及其对大熊猫潜在生境的影响

土地覆盖变化作为土地利用驱动的显著结果,是人类活动对环境影响的最显著的表现。为了将土地覆盖变化结果用于探讨大熊猫潜在生境与人为活动导致的环境变化之间的关系,利用1：25万数字高程模型和1：10万土地覆盖分类数据（1990年,2000年两期）,采用流域时空对比和景观格局分析的手段,对卧龙地区两流域土地覆盖变化及大熊猫潜在生境的景观格局变化进行了对比研究,结果表明：①10a间,寿溪流域土地覆盖年变化率（0．33％）低于渔子溪流域（1．02％）,且两流域土地覆盖类型的变化趋势有所不同。主要表现为：在寿溪流域,主要土地覆盖类型的斑块均表现出破碎化的趋势,且森林和灌丛的斑块破碎化趋势更显著;而在渔子溪流域,仅是与人类活动相关的草地、农田斑块破碎化加剧,而森林和灌丛的平均斑块大小反而增加了。②两流域大熊猫潜在生境的景观格局变化趋势有所不同。在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境的景观多样性指数、均匀度指数、破碎度和森林景观形状指数均高于寿溪流域。而与渔子溪全流域相比,该地区大熊猫潜在生境的森林平均斑块大小较小,并且近十年,在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境景观的森林面积比重及斑块大小的减少,森林景观形状指数的增加等变化趋势与全流域的相反,间接反映出渔子溪流域的大熊猫潜在生境所受的人类活动的压力更大。③两流域分级集水区的大熊猫潜在生境比重分布与居民点密度分布存在空间上的分异。利用缓冲区分析表明,在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境与居民点范围的重叠更为严重,约57．7％的人类活动范围处于与大熊猫潜在生境重叠的区域。据此推断,大熊猫潜在生境在流域中的分布与人类活动空间上的交错关系是导致近十年渔子溪流域大熊猫生境受到严重干扰的重要原因。     

人为干扰强度对村级景观破碎度的影响

村落具有人类活动所造成的许多景观特征,是研究人为干扰对景观破碎度影响的良好场所;本文运用地表植被的改变状况和主要辅助能的投入为指标,按重度干扰强度、中度干扰强度和轻度干扰强度3个等级把村落分为中心区、过渡区和基质区,分别不同研究区的景观破碎度与人为干扰强度的相互关系,3个研究区域的斑块密度指数分别为0．3416、0．3109和0．0028;景观破碎度分别为0．0820、0．0746和0．0007,重度干扰和中度干扰比轻度干扰下景观具有明显高的斑块密度指数和破碎化指数,随着人为干扰强度的增加,景观破碎化程度相应增加,中度人为干扰使景观破碎度值较高。     

广东揭阳东湖公园植被调查及景观格局分析

运用景观生态学原理,对广东揭阳东湖公园植被进行调查,同时在进行植被景观要素分类的基础上,选取景观多样性、斑块数目、斑块面积、破碎度、优势度等指标对东湖公园植物景观的异质性、多样性、均匀性等景观格局进行分析。结果表明,东湖公园植被较丰富,景观整体布局基本合理,景观结构相对稳定,但植物配置需要加强,尤其需要突出季相变化,同时适当增加灌丛和草地的斑块,丰富空间景观结构。     

喀斯特与非喀斯特区域植被覆盖变化景观分析——以广西壮族自治区河池市为例

根据1990年、2000年和2010年的3期Landsat TM数据,利用基于NDVI的像元二分模型,计算得出河池市的植被覆盖度空间分布数据,并将3期植被覆盖图与岩溶地质图进行叠加分析地质构造对植被覆盖度的影响;最后,从斑块类型和景观级别上选取10个景观指数进行空间格局变化的剖析。研究结果表明:1)30年来研究区植被覆盖度在增加,高植被覆盖区和较高植被覆盖区一直处于优势地位。2)30年来研究区景观异质性减弱,破碎度降低,景观优势度增加。3)30年来研究区的斑块形状主要取决于自然地貌及自然环境条件。4)30年来研究区景观整体的聚集程度在增加;研究区景观越来越由少数植被覆盖等级类型所控制。30年来,研究区植被景观的生态恢复是比较明显的,这与30年来研究区的经济社会发展的实际情况是相吻合的。研究可以得出非喀斯特区域的植被景观的生态恢复较喀斯特区域变化更明显;喀斯特区域的景观较非喀斯特区域更分散、更复杂;喀斯特区域的生态状况较非喀斯特区域更容易被破坏,并且恢复起来更困难。这说明了喀斯特生态系统的特殊性。     

2000-2011年黄土高原植被景观格局变化

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,利用遥感数据MODIS NDVI提取植被覆盖度,运用景观生态学的分析方法,对黄土高原近12年不同时段(2000-2003年、2004-2007年和2008-2011年)以及夏季不同时期(初夏、盛夏和暮夏)的植被景观格局变化进行研究.结果表明:(1)近12年黄土高原的植被覆盖度在景观水平上,破碎度和复杂度在初夏时期呈先增后减的趋势;而在盛夏和暮夏时期整体趋于复杂化,景观优势度、最大斑块的聚集度降低,多样性先增后减,景观连通性无明显变化.(2)在类型水平上,年际变化主要表现为中低度、中度覆盖向中高度、高度覆盖类型的转化,而低度覆盖呈先增后减的变化趋势,变化幅度较小,约为3％～5％;季节内变化主要表现为低度覆盖持续减小,中度、高度覆盖类型在盛夏明显增大,最大增幅为9.76％,中低度覆盖类型在盛夏减小幅度最高,达13.77％,其他类型无明显变化趋势.研究结果揭示了黄土高原植被覆盖情况和景观格局变化规律,可为当地植被建设和生态环境保护提供参考.     

呼伦贝尔森林-草原交错区景观格局时空动态

基于遥感（RS）与地理信息系统（GIS）相结合的方法,解译并提取了1988年、1995年、2000年和2004年四期呼伦贝尔森林．草原交错区的景观格局空间分布信息,并在Fragstats3．3软件中,分别从景观级别和类型级别出发,分析了该区景观格局的时空动态变化。结果表明：（1）16年来,呼伦贝尔森林-草原交错区各景观类型转换频繁。其中,林地面积减少量最多,达7858．15km^2,主要转换为草地;未利用土地面积增加量最多,净增4087．25km^2,增加的面积主要来源于草地和林地。（2）景观格局整体波动较大,景观破碎度、景观多样性指数逐年增大,优势度指数降低。（3）受人为干扰的影响,研究区内各主要景观类型均表现出景观斑块由大到小,由少到多,斑块形状复杂化程度增加的特点。（4）主要景观类型质心向东偏移,其中,林地景观的质心向东南方向偏移了50．22°大约4．48km;草地景观整体向东北方向偏移了79．96°大约29．93km。     

千岛湖生态保护与建设对景观格局的影响研究

生态保护和生态建设过程对景观格局产生影响并使之发生变化,这种变化又会影响景观的生态过程。应用3s技术和景观指数分析了39年(1964-2003年)内千岛湖库区土地利用和土地覆盖格局的变化。结果显示,斑块总数和景观破碎度基本保持不变,但是各斑块类型的斑块数量、面积和优势度变化非常显著。最优势斑块类型由荒山(占陆地面积的47．44％)演变为马尾松( Pinus massoniana)林(占陆地面积的52．8l％),研究区域内森林植被覆盖率增加。研究还发现景观多样性指数略微下降。景观多样性是对土地利用和覆盖类型丰富度和均匀度的概要度量,并不一定总是和景观功能呈正相关关系。上述变化归因于多项生态保护措施的实施使得自然演替得以实现。景观格局的优化使生态系统的生态功能得到提高,包括生境恢复、生物多样性增加、水土流失减少。森林植被恢复以后,马尾松林斑块的单一化趋势应在今后的生物多样性保护、生态规划和可持续发展中得到重视。     

宜昌城区绿地景观格局与大气污染的关系

在湖北省宜昌市中心城区4种景观绿地分布格局分析的基础上,对比观测了各景观中的环境噪声和大气SO2、NOx、TSP含量。结果表明,以无绿化道路廊道和建筑铺装斑块为主要景观构成的对照景观绿地破碎化指数最高(18．1253ind·hm^-2),绿化覆盖率仅为1．00％,其景观中环境噪声较大、大气TSP含量高(0．4918mg·m^-3);大面积绿地斑块占优势的景观绿化覆盖率高(达43．59％),绿地破碎度指数最小(0．4539 ind·hm^-2),与对照景观相比,大气噪声减弱28．12％,TSP含量降低86．42％;中小面积绿地斑块和绿化廊道呈均匀分布的景观绿化覆盖率(11．34％)和绿地破碎度指数(2．7511 ind·hm^-2)均较低,与对照景观相比平均滞尘率为46．62％;以绿化廊道占绝对优势的景观绿化覆盖率仅为6．13％,绿地破碎度指数均较高(6．8700 ind·hm^-2),绿化廊道密度指数最大(0．8443hm·hm^-2),其景观中环境噪声、TSP和NOx含量分别比对照景观增加21．47％、5．08％和9．06％.可见,在城市景观中绿地斑块平均面积越大、破碎度指数越低,则其对大气污染净化的作用越大。     

Remotely sensed vegetation phenology and productivity along a climatic gradient: on the value of incorporating the dimension of woody plant cover

Aim Woody plants affect vegetation–environment interactions by modifying microclimate, soil moisture dynamics and carbon cycling. In examining broad‐scale patterns in terrestrial vegetation dynamics, explicit consideration of variation in the amount of woody plant cover could provide additional explanatory power that might not be available when only considering landscape‐scale climate patterns or specific vegetation assemblages. Here we evaluate the interactive influence of woody plant cover on remotely sensed vegetation dynamics across a climatic gradient along a sky island. Location The Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, USA. Methods Using a satellite‐measured normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 2000 to 2008, we conducted time‐series and regression analyses to explain the variation in functional attributes of vegetation (productivity, seasonality and phenology) related to: (1) vegetation community, (2) elevation as a proxy for climate, and (3) woody plant cover, given the effects of the other environmental variables, as an additional ecological dimension that reflects potential vegetation–environment feedbacks at the local scale. Results NDVI metrics were well explained by interactions among elevation, vegetation community and woody plant cover. After accounting for elevation and vegetation community, woody plant cover explained up to 67% of variation in NDVI metrics and, notably, clarified elevation‐ and community‐specific patterns of vegetation dynamics across the gradient. Main conclusions In addition to the environmental factors usually considered – climate, reflecting resources and constraints, and vegetation community, reflecting species composition and relative dominance – woody plant cover, a broad‐scale proxy of many vegetation–environment interactions, represents an ecological dimension that provides additional process‐related understanding of landscape‐scale patterns of vegetation function.     

近10年湖北省植被指数时空变化特征及其驱动力

为了明确湖北省植被长势变化特征及其影响因子,研究利用Landsat影像提取2005年、2010年以及2015年湖北省景观类型信息,分析近10年来景观时空变化特征;基于2005-2015年夏季MODIS/NDVI数据,采用一元线性回归、Theil-Sen median趋势、Mann-Kendall检验等分析方法对NDVI时空变化特征及其显著性进行探讨;采用最小二乘法对NDVI与气候之间的相关关系进行分析。使用DMSP/OLS和NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据探讨NDVI与人类经济活动之间的关系。结果表明：研究区景观类型变化以建设用地和耕地为主。耕地面积呈现逐年减少的趋势,主要转变为建设用地。建设用地面积不断增多,主要由耕地和林地转变而来,集中在武汉、荆州、襄阳城市圈;研究区NDVI值整体上表现为西高东低,以林地为主的十堰、恩施等地区NDVI值较高,以建设用地为主的武汉、襄阳、荆州等地区NDVI值较低;整体上NDVI变化呈轻微改善趋势,局部地区下降明显,鄂西北、鄂西南等地区NDVI稍有上升,武汉城市圈植被呈退化趋势;NDVI与降水量、气温的相关性均较弱,气候因子不是该区NDVI变化的主导因子;NDVI与夜间灯光亮度值呈显著负相关,相关系数达-0.8030,整体上人类经济活动与NDVI呈负相关关系,且有着分区性的特点,在武汉、襄阳等以建设用地为主的地区人类经济活动对NDVI起抑制作用,而在恩施、十堰等林地为主的地区人类活动对NDVI起促进作用。人类社会经济活动是影响研究区景观格局和植被变化的重要驱动力,城镇化扩张是湖北省植被变化的主要原因。     

How does forest landscape structure explain tree species richness in a Mediterranean context?

Although the strong relationship between vegetation and climatic factors is widely accepted, other landscape composition and configuration characteristics could be significantly related with vegetation diversity patterns at different scales. Variation partitioning was conducted in order to analyse to what degree forest landscape structure, compared to other spatial and environmental factors, explained forest tree species richness in 278 UTM 10 × 10 km cells in the Mediterranean region of Catalonia (NE Spain). Tree species richness variation was decomposed through linear regression into three groups of explanatory variables: forest landscape (composition and configuration), environmental (topography and climate) and spatial variables. Additionally, the forest landscape characteristics which significantly contributed to explain richness variation were identified through a multiple regression model. About 60% of tree species richness variation was explained by the whole set of variables, while their joint effects explained nearly 28%. Forest landscape variables were those with a greater pure explanatory power for tree species richness (about 15% of total variation), much larger than the pure effect of environmental or spatial variables (about 2% each). Forest canopy cover, forest area and land cover diversity were the most significant composition variables in the regression model. Landscape configuration metrics had a minor effect on forest tree species richness, with the exception of some shape complexity indices, as indicators of land use intensity and edge effects. Our results highlight the importance of considering the forest landscape structure in order to understand the distribution of vegetation diversity in strongly human-modified regions like the Mediterranean.     

嘉陵江流域植被景观异质性的空间梯度变化

在遥感图像基础上,利用ArcView GIS和景观统计软件FRAGSTATS从东西、南北以及西北至东南3个方向对嘉陵江流域的植被景观异质性进行了空间梯度分析。结果表明:(1)"栽培植被"面积占总流域面积的51.81%,为整个流域植被景观的基质,聚合性最强,联结度最高;"针叶林"和"灌丛"的斑块数较多,但面积较小,破碎化程度较高,而"裸地/城镇"破碎化最低;"灌丛"斑块间距最大,聚合性最弱;"高山植被"分布零星,联结度最低;(2)沿东西方向,植被景观异质性逐步下降,在流域中部降至最低,但随着进一步向西推移又明显升高,表现出"先降后升"的总趋势;(3)从北至南植被景观异质性向上波动3次后逐步下降,在接近流域南端时降至最低后又略有升高,表现出"先升高再逐渐波动下降"的总趋势;(4)沿西北至东南方向植被景观异质性上下波动1次后在近东南端降至最低,随后略有小幅波动,但波动次数和幅度远低于北南方向,表现出"先降低再波动下降"的总趋势。     

Factors influencing the distribution of Azorean mountain vegetation: implications for nature conservation

In order to understand the main ecological factors that influence the distribution of mountain vegetation in Azores and to use it as a model for nature conservation, a study on Santa Bárbara Mountain on Terceira Island was performed. A multivariate analysis was done on vegetation data and the abiotic factors governing the vegetation pattern are discussed. The major factors contributing to the observed vegetation patterns are wind exposure, soil water saturation and historical human impacts. The vegetation analysis showed that Azorean Mountain habitats have a high variation of vegetation structure as a result of the habitat heterogeneity and the extreme ecological conditions. Using the co-dominant plants as indicator species, eco-zones are distinguished, characterized by the combination of different ecological–human factors which contribute to the distribution of specific types of natural vegetation communities. The studies of vegetation distribution give important information about the relation between vegetation and landscape that is essential for conservation, restoration proposals and landscape planning. Azores terrestrial Natura 2000 sites are largely dominated by mountain vegetation, therefore this work provides essential background data for the management plans of these sites.     

Post‐fire regeneration in alpine heathland: Does fire severity matter?

Fire severity is thought to be an important determinant of landscape patterns of post‐fire regeneration, yet there have been few studies of the effects of variation in fire severity at landscape scales on floristic diversity and composition, and none within alpine vegetation. Understanding how fire severity affects alpine vegetation is important because fire is relatively infrequent in alpine environments. Globally, alpine ecosystems are at risk from climate change, which, in addition to warming, is likely to increase the severity and frequency of fire in south‐eastern Australia. Here we examine the effects of variation in fire severity on plant diversity and vegetation composition, 5 years after the widespread fires of 2003. We used floristic data from two wide‐spread vegetation types on the Bogong High Plains: open heathland and closed heathland. Three alternative models were tested relating variation in plant community attributes (e.g. diversity, ground cover of dominant species, amount of bare ground) to variation in fire severity. The models were (i) ‘linear’, attributes vary linearly with fire severity; (ii) ‘intermediate disturbance’, attributes are highest at intermediate fire severity and lowest at both low‐ and high‐severity; and (iii) ‘null’, attributes are unaffected by fire severity. In both heathlands, there were few differences in floristic diversity, cover of dominant species and community composition, across the strong fire severity gradient. The null model was most supported in the vast majority of cases, with only limited support for either the linear and intermediate disturbance models. Our data indicate that in both heathlands, vegetation attributes in burnt vegetation were converging towards that of the unburnt state. We conclude that fire severity had little impact on post‐fire regeneration, and that both closed and open alpine heathlands are resilient to variation in fire severity during landscape scale fires.     

Grazing as a factor structuring grasslands in the Pyrenees

Questions: What are the relative roles of abiotic and grazing management factors on plant community distribution in landscapes? How are livestock type and stocking rate related to changes in vegetation structure and composition? Location: Sub‐alpine grasslands in the central and eastern Pyrenees. Methods: Multivariate analysis and variance partitioning methods were used to evaluate the relative roles of environmental factors in structuring vegetation composition and diversity patterns in three surveys on differently managed grasslands. Results: Vegetation composition within a region was affected by environmental factors hierarchically, changing first according to abiotic factors and then to grazing management. At landscape scales, abiotic factors explained two‐fold more variation in vegetation composition than grazing factors. Within landscape units, cattle grazing increased vegetation heterogeneity at landscape and patch scales, while sheep grazing favoured the presence of a specific set of species with high conservation value. Species composition was highly responsive to management variables compared to diversity components. Conclusions: The combination of sheep and cattle grazing at various stocking rates is an effective tool to preserve the diversity of plant species and communities within a region with a long tradition of livestock management, through the scaling up of effects by local processes occurring in patches at smaller scales.     

The role of landscape structure in determining palynological and floristic richness

The associations between floristic and palynological richness and landscape structure were studied based on modern pollen?Cvegetation data from a patchy cultural landscape in southern Estonia (northern temperate vegetation zone). Nine study sites (small lakes and their surrounding vegetation) represent land cover gradient from closed forest to semi-open vegetation. Floristic richness (number of species) and floristic richness of pollen types (number of pollen-equivalent taxa) were used to describe the vegetation within the radius of 250?m from the pollen sampling sites. Palynological richness was calculated to describe the modern pollen samples diversity. Landscape structure was estimated on the basis of landscape openness and three landscape diversity measures: richness of community patches, Simpson evenness of community patches and Simpson diversity of community patches. To study the effect of the spatial scale of landscapes on the vegetation?Clandscape and pollen?Clandscape associations, landscape structure was estimated within eight radii (250?C2,000?m) around each lake. The results showed that landscape openness was the most important determinant of both floristic richness and palynological richness in southern Estonia and that landscape diversity estimated by Simpson diversity index was also significantly associated with the richness estimates. Floristic and palynological richness were significantly positively correlated with landscape structure within the radii greater than 1,000?m from the pollen sampling sites, which is similar to the estimated Relevant Source Area of Pollen in southern Estonia. We conclude that within one floristic or climatic region, palynological richness gives reliable estimates about the variation in floristic richness and landscape structure; however, caution must be taken when comparing pollen-inferred vegetation diversities from different regions or when interpreting fossil pollen records from times with highly different vegetation associations.     

Vegetation differentiation in the patterned landscape of the central Everglades: importance of local and landscape drivers

Aim We present a model to account for self‐assembly of the slough–ridge–tree island patterned landscape of the central Everglades in southern Florida via feedbacks among landforms, hydrology, vegetation and biogeochemistry. We test aspects of this model by analysing vegetation composition in relation to local and landscape‐level drivers. Location We quantified vegetation composition and environmental characteristics in central Water Conservation Area (WCA) 3A, southern WCA‐3A and southern WCA‐3B in southern Florida, based on their divergence in water management and flow regimes over the past 50 years. Methods In 562 quadrats, we estimated species coverages and quantified maximum, minimum and average water depth, soil depth to bedrock, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and proximity to the nearest tree island. We used non‐metric multi‐dimensional scaling (NMS) to relate compositional variation to local and landscape‐level factors, and evaluated environmental differences among eight a priori vegetation types via anova . Results Water depth and hydroperiod decreased from sloughs to ridges to tree islands, but regions also differed significantly in the abundance of several community types and the hydroregimes characterizing them. NMS revealed two significant axes of compositional variation, tied to local gradients of water depth and correlated factors, and to a landscape‐scale gradient of proximity to tall tree islands. Sawgrass height and soil thickness increased toward higher ridges, and NDVI was greatest on tree islands. Main conclusions This study supports four components of our model: positive feedback of local substrate height on itself, woody plant invasion and subsequent P transport and concentration by top predators nesting on taller tree islands, compositional shifts in sites close to tree islands due to nutrient leakage, and flow‐induced feedback against total raised area. Regional divergence in the relationship of community types to current hydroregimes appears to reflect a lag of a few years after shifts in water management; a longer lag would be expected for shifts in landscape patterning. Both local and landscape‐level drivers appear to shape vegetation composition and soil thickness in the central Everglades.