Paramphisphaeria costaricensis gen. et sp. nov. and Pachytrype rimosa sp. nov. from Costa Rica

Paramphisphaeria is described as a new genus on the basis of the single species, P. costaricensis. It differs from Amphisphaeria spp. primarily in having bicellular ascospores with a germ slit and in having an ascus apical ring that does not become blue in iodine. It resembles Amphisphaeria in its brown color and lack of constriction at the septum of the ascospore. An anamorph is unknown. It tentatively is placed in the Xylariaceae for reasons discussed. Pachytrype rimosa is described as a new species.     

Thesium vlachorum sp. nov.

Thesium vlachorum sp. nov. is described. It was collected on ophiolitic screes on Mt. Grammos, Greece. The affinities of the new taxon are briefly discussed.     

Eupenicillium osmophilum sp. nov.

A new species of the genus Eupenicillium: E. osmophilum is described and illustrated. It is characterized by single asci, lenticular ascospores with 2 closely appressed equatorial ridges and divaricate penicilli.     

Penicillium flavido-stipitatum sp. nov.

An undescribed species of Penicillium was isolated in August 1982 from sand dunes located at the Arches National Monument, Utah, USA. It clearly differs from all species of the genus described so far and is, therefore, described and proposed as a new taxon: Penicillium flavido-stipitatum sp. nov.     

Gymnopus piceipes sp. nov. from Japan

Gymnopus piceipes is proposed as a new species within the sectionVestipedes. It is characterized by a brown pileus, pale brown close lamellae, a solid black stipe that is not insititious, and conspicuous pleurocystidia.     

Further studies on Nephroselmis and its allies (Prasinophyceae). II. Mamiella gen. nov., Mamiellaceae fam. nov., Mamiellales ord. nov.

The marine prasinophycean flagellate presently known as Nephroselmis gilva has been examined, using both the type culture and material from temperate (Denmark, New Zealand) and tropical waters (Thailand). All cell surfaces are covered with unmineralized scales, two types on the body, two on the flagella including flagellar hairs. The detailed structure of the scales is described, using high power electron microscopy of detached positive–stained scales. Previously overlooked organelles within the cell include large numbers of extrusive bodies, a rare type of organelle in chlorophyll–a– and –b–containing organisms, and an eyespot. N. gilva differs profoundly from the type species of Nephroselmis , and is transferred to the new genus Mamiella. Mamiella gilva is closely related to Mantoniella squamata. Together with the genus Dolichomastix they form the new family, Mamiellaceae, a small group of marine flagellates of worldwide distribution.
The members of the new family probably represent the most primitive extant prasinophytes. When compared with other members of the class, its species stand out, particularly by the lack of small square or diamond–shaped scales on the flagella and cell body. It is suggested that the Mamiellaceae should be referred to a separate order, Mamiellales.     

Description of Muscotabanus gen. nov. and Muscotabanus rafaeli sp. nov. (Diptera: Tabanidae: Diachlorini) from Amazon Basin,Brazil

A new genus of Tabanidae mimetic of flies is described: Muscotabanus new genus, Muscotabanus rafaeli new species, based on 12 females collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is presented a discussion for separating the new genus from Diachlorini species which resemblance with sarcophagids flies. It is characterised by striped thorax, banded abdomen, long slender palpus subequal antenna length, labella predominantly membranous, except for a narrow sclerotised plate, basicosta bare, wing hyaline and stigma brown.     

Rhodospira trueperi gen. nov., spec. nov., a new phototrophic Proteobacterium of the alpha group

A new phototrophic purple bacterium was isolated from a flat, laminated microbial mat in a salt marsh near Woods Hole, Mass., USA. The spiral-shaped bacterium was highly motile and had bipolar tufts of flagella and intracytoplasmic membranes of the vesicular type. The major photosynthetic pigments were identified as the carotenoid tetrahydrospirilloxanthin and bacteriochlorophyll b. The long wavelength in vivo absorption maximum of the bacteriochlorophyll was at 986 nm. The marine bacterium showed optimal growth in the presence of 2% NaCl. It utilized a number of organic substrates as carbon and energy sources and required vitamins and sulfide as a reduced sulfur source for growth. In the presence of sulfide, elemental sulfur globules were formed outside the cells. Elemental sulfur was not further oxidized to sulfate. The new isolate had a unique lipid and fatty acid composition, and according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, it is most similar to Rhodospirillum rubrum. It is described as a new species and assigned to a new genus with the proposed name Rhodospira trueperi. Received: 16 September 1996 / Accepted: 24 January 1997     

Mycobacterium confluentis sp. nov.

A new rapidly growing mycobacterium was isolated from human sputum. This organism grew at 22, 31, 37, and 41 degrees C and possessed catalase, acid phosphatase, acetamidase, urease, nicotinamidase, pyrazinamidase, and nitrate reductase activities. It did not produce nicotinic acid, hydrolyze Tween, or have benzamidase, isonicotinamidase, succinidamidase, and arylsulfatase activities. A mycolic acid analysis revealed a simple, unique pattern. The organism is susceptible to antituberculotic drugs. A comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis placed this organism within the confines of the genus Mycobacterium, most closely related to the thermotolerant rapidly growing species. On the basis of the pattern of enzymatic activities and metabolic properties, as well as the unique 16S rRNA sequence, we propose that our single strain represents a new species, for which we propose the name Mycobacterium confluentis. The type strain is strain 1389/90; a culture of this strain has been deposited in the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures as strain DSM 44017.     

Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new, extremely halotolerant, hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium.

On the basis of phenotypical characteristics and analysis of 16S rRNA sequence, a new species belonging to a new genus is described, and the name Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus is proposed. This organism, isolated from Mediterranean seawater near a petroleum refinery, is a gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It grows at NaCl concentrations of 0.08 to 3.5 M and uses various hydrocarbons as the sole source of carbon and energy. Its DNA has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 52.7 mol%. The 16S rRNA analysis shows a clear affiliation between M. hydrocarbonoclasticus and the gamma group of the phylum Proteobacteria. A close phylogenetic relationship appears among the species Marinomonas vaga, Oceanospirillum linum, Halomonas elongata, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Because of the impossibility of finding a single most closely related species, we suggest that this bacterium be assigned to a new genus, at least temporarily. The possibility of a revision of this status when new data appear is, however, not excluded. The type strain is M. hydrocarbonoclasticus SP.17 (= ATCC 49840).     

Trichoderma brevicompactum sp. nov

Trichoderma brevicompactum, a new species, was isolated from soil or tree bark in North, Central and South America, including the Caribbean Islands, and southwestern and southeastern Asia. Morphological and physiological characters, the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA cluster (ITS1-5.8SrDNA-ITS2) and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) are described. Trichoderma brevicompactum is characterized by a pachybasium-type morphology, morphologically resembling other small-spored species referable to Trichoderma section Pachybasium but with essentially subglobose conidia. It is most closely related phylogenetically to Hypocrea lutea, from which it differs in morphological and physiological characters.     

Cheiromycina flabelliformis gen. et sp. nov. on Picea from Sweden

The new genus Cheiromycina , based on the new species C. flabelliformis is described and illustrated from Picea wood in Sweden. It is characterized by eustromatic sporochial conidiomata, a thick-walled branched conidiogenous system and holobastic flabelliform to palmate, hyaline to pale brown, distoseptate conidia. It is compared and contrasted with several similar deuteromycetes, especially on coniferous substrates.     

Novelties in the Corticiales: Vuilleminia nilsii sp. nov. and Dendrominia gen. nov. (Basidiomycota)

Vuilleminia nilsii sp. nov. is described based on collections made in Argelès-sur-Mer communal forest, France. It is characterized by a resupinate, smooth, whitish, decorticating basidiocarp, cylindrical cystidia, heavily crystallized matrix, and guttulate, allantoid spores. It can be distinguished from V. coryli by basidiospore size, substrate preferences, abundance of dendrohyphidia, and crystal in the context. Phylogenetic analyses place Vuilleminia ericae, Dendrothele dryina (= V. dryina) and Dendrothele maculata in a distinct, well-defined clade. The new genus Dendrominia is proposed for this clade. The new combinations Dendrominia dryina, D. ericae, and D. maculata are proposed. Dendrothele corticola is regarded as a synonym of D. maculata. A lectotype is selected for V. macrospora. An updated key to the genus Vuilleminia and a key to Dendrominia species are provided.     

Natroniella acetigena gen. nov. sp. nov., an Extremely Haloalkaliphilic,Homoacetic Bacterium: A New Member of Haloanaerobiales

A new extremely haloalkaliphilic, chemoorganotrophic, homoacetogenic bacterium strain Z-7937^T(T-type strain) was isolated from the bottom mud of the soda-depositing Lake Magadi, Kenya. It is an obligately anaerobic, motile, Gram-negative, spore-forming rod growing in the pH range pH 8.1 to 10.7 and optimally in the range pH 9.7 to 10.0 under conditions of high alkalinity caused by saturation with trona. It has an obligate requirement for sodium carbonate and chloride ions. The optimum salt concentration for growth is in the range 12–15% wt/vol, and growth occurs within the range from 10% to 26%. Strain Z-7937^T is a mesophile with an optimal temperature for growth of 37°C, and a maximum of 42°C. The G + C content of strain Z-7937^T is 31.9 mol%. A limited number of compounds are utilized, including lactate, ethanol, pyruvate, glutamate, and propanol. Acetate is the main end product. 16S rDNA sequence analysis shows strain Z-7937^T to be a member of the order Haloanaerobiales and to represent a new branch within the family Halobacteroidaceae. On the basis of its novel physiology and phylogenetic position, we propose strain Z-7937 as a new species of a new genus, Natroniella acetigena gen. nov. sp. nov. The type strain is Z-7937^T (= DSM 9952).     

Transfer ofHaemophilus equigenitalis Taylor et al. 1978 to the genusTaylorella gen. nov. asTaylorella equigenitalis comb. nov.

The taxonomic position ofHaemophilus equigenitalis Taylor et al. 1978, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, was studied in comparison with phenotypically similar organisms such asMoraxella, Legionella, and others.Haemophilus equigenitalis is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative, nonmotile, short rod; the mean base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid of this organism is 36.5±0.5 mol% G+C. It shows best growth on chocolate agar, but very poor or no growth on plain nutrient agar and blood agar, although it requires no X- or V-factors for the growth. It is positive in catalase, oxidase, phosphatase, and phosphoamidase tests, but very unreactive in other biochemical tests for routine use. It produces no acid from any carbohydrates nor glycosidase. Arylamidase activities of the organism to -naphtylamide derivatives of various amino acids, and di- and tripeptides were also compared with those of other taxa. The group of this organism was different from other known taxa in the numerical analysis of its phenotypic characteristics, DNA base composition, and DNA-DNA hybridization. These data indicate thatH. equigenitalis does not belong in the genusHaemophilus nor other known genera, but rather in a new genus. Therefore, we propose thatHaemophilus equigenitalis be reclassified in a new genusTaylorella asTaylorella equigenitalis.     

Actinomadura fibrosa sp. nov. isolated from soil

A new species of the genus Actinomadura which belongs to the Actinomadura madurae group of Goodfellow et al. was isolated from soil collected in Togo, West Africa. Traditional taxonomic methods plus contemporary fatty acid analysis techniques were used to establish the position of this species. Both physiological characteristics and fatty acid composition differentiate this strain from previously described species. This culture produces a new polyether antibiotic. It is characterized by the production of white to pink aerial hyphae on a limited number of media. The aerial hyphae appear asporogenous, forming thick fibers and projections instead of true spores. The reverse side is a distinctive reddish orange. This organism is resistant to 5% NaCl and grows at temperatures between 20 and 45 degrees C. Whole cells contain meso-diaminopimelic acid, galactose, glucose, mannose, madurose, phosphatidylinositol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The menaquinones detected were MK-9(H6) and minor amounts of MK-9(H8). The name proposed for this new species is Actinomadura fibrosa; the type strain is strain NRRL 18348.     

双圆蚧隔担菌新种

在安徽省发现了隔担菌属1新种——双圆蚧隔担菌（Septobasidium diaspidioti）。该种与双圆蚧属蚧壳虫共生,其模式标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Alysiella and related genera of Neisseriaceae: proposal of Alysiella crassa comb. nov., Conchiformibium steedae gen. nov., comb. nov., Conchiformibium kuhniae sp. nov. and Bergeriella denitrificans gen. nov., comb. nov

A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences reveals that Alysiella filiformis belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. The genus Simonsiella is phylogenetically separated by the genera Kingella and Neisseria. The species Simonsiella crassa and A. filiformis show a close phylogenetic relationship, with the 16S rDNA sequence similarity and the DNA-DNA hybridization representing 98.7% and 35%, respectively. Therefore, S. crassa should be transferred from the genus Simonsiella to the genus Alysiella as Alysiella crassa comb. nov. Simonsiella steedae and Simonsiella sp. of cat origin show strong genetic affinities and are distantly related with the type species of Simonsiella, S. mulleri. Thus, a new genus, Conchiformibium is proposed; Conchiformibium steedae comb. nov. and Conchiformibium kuhniae sp. nov. are accommodated in this new genus. On the basis of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic distinction from the genus Neisseria, N. denitrificans should be reclassified, for which a new genus and new combination Bergeriella denitrificans are proposed.     

Candida sonckii sp. nov.

A new yeast species with basidiomycetous affinities is described as Candida sonckii Hopsu-Havu et al. It differs from C. fujisanensis and C. maris by growing with KNO₃ as nitrogen source, from C. vanderwaltii by its lower mol % G+C, lower maximum temperature for growth and failure to grow on D-arabinose and citrate.