区域生态保护修复碳汇潜力评估方法与应用——基于第一批山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程的研究

山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程是生态系统恢复的有效措施,借助生态保护与修复提升生态系统固碳潜力,无疑是土地利用碳减排的新路径。基于山水林田湖草沙综合整治视角,从生态系统的格局和质量两个方面评估了第一批山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程的实施效果,并借助InVEST模型定量化地分析了工程实施前后的生态系统碳汇能力。结果如下：(1)山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点工程加速了各类生态系统间的相互转化,主要表现为城镇生态系统的增加、农田生态系统的减少;工程区植被覆盖度整体提高,NDVI值平均水平不断上升、高值区逐步扩大,劣质、低质生态系统改造成果显著,陆地生态系统质量有效提升。(2)试点区生态系统碳汇能力和潜力得到有效改善,工程累积增加碳汇面积22.68%,其中工程实施前期增加碳汇面积18.06%,中后期增加面积4.62%;工程实施后2018年碳汇总量增加32.74 Tg, 2020年碳汇总量增加31.28 Tg,年均碳汇潜力的提升约1.24%;工程在增加生态系统质与量、碳汇潜力的巩固与提升上具有显著成效。分析结果表明,生态保护修复是实现“双碳”目标的必然选项,这也是生态保护修复在实现“双碳”目标中的基本...     

我国生物试剂产业发展战略思考

现代生物技术已经成为一个新的经济增长点,其增长速度大致在25％～30％,是整个经济增长平均数的8～10倍,成为21世纪的主流经济——生物经济。在发达国家一个显著的特点就是：这些国家的生物科技支撑产业技术很发达并形成强大的规模产业。生物支撑技术产业应包括生物试剂、生物仪器、生物软件、模式实验动物及生物人才五个方面。下面主要就生物支撑技术产业之一——生物试剂作一论述。[编者按]     

我国生物能源产业健康发展的对策思考

居高不下的石油价格引发人们积极寻找石油替代资源．全球气候变暖促使大家减少化石燃料的使用以减排温室气体。利用生物质燃料、化学品和合成材料可以同时达到替代石油资源和减少CO2排放两个目的．因而正在受到全世界的普遍关注。在我国许多地方、不少企业也都以极高的热情发展生物能源产业．其目的不仅在于替代石油资源和减排CO2,还希望开发新的经济增长点。     

我国生物试剂产业发展战略思考

现代生物技术已经成为一个新的经济增长点,其增长速度大致在25％～30％,是整个经济增长平均数的8～10倍,成为21世纪的主流经济——生物经济。在发达国家一个显著的特点就是：这些国家的生物科技支撑产业技术很发达并形成强大的规模产业。生物支撑技术产业应包括生物试剂、生物仪器、生物软件、模式实验动物及生物人才五个方面。下面主要就生物支撑技术产业之一——生物试剂作一论述。     

生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局

综述了多重尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其对植被演替时空变异影响的研究进展,提出了生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局研究方向.在自然和人文等因子的驱动下,全球兴起了生态退耕的热潮,生态退耕类型正在由人工恢复为主向自然弃耕为主发展.尽管国内外很多学者开始关注不同尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其影响因子,但是生态退耕的时空变异性研究仍然比较薄弱,尤其缺乏多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局及其驱动因子的综合研究,在很大程度上限制了研究结果外推.研究表明,受到多因子的综合影响,生态退耕后植被演替呈现出复杂多样的时空变化特征;退耕植被演替研究从植物群落结构特征分析为主向群落功能分析发展,从传统的演替过程规律分析转向退耕植被演替的时空变异性分析;相对来说,生态退耕后植被演替的时空分异、影响因子和机制方面的研究比较薄弱.加强多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局与植被演替时空变异的综合研究是将来的研究重点.     

我国生物能源产业健康发展的对策思考

居高不下的石油价格引发人们积极寻找石油替代资源．全球气候变暖促使大家减少化石燃料的使用以减排温室气体。利用生物质燃料、化学品和合成材料可以同时达到替代石油资源和减少CO2排放两个目的．因而正在受到全世界的普遍关注。在我国许多地方、不少企业也都以极高的热情发展生物能源产业．其目的不仅在于替代石油资源和减排CO2,还希望开发新的经济增长点。     

区域生态恢复规划及其关键问题

生态恢复是一项长期的根本性生态建设措施,需要有区域性整体规划与长期维持的具体安排。目前,区域生态恢复规划却未受到足够的关注。重点讨论了区域生态恢复规划的内涵、理论基础、规划原则及关键问题,这些问题的探讨对于提升生态恢复效率,增强生态恢复的科学性具有重要意义。区域生态恢复规划从宏观整体性的角度对区域内所实施的生态恢复工程进行统筹规划,对区域内实施的具体恢复规划具有指导意义。区域生态恢复以不同生态功能区的主导生态功能为恢复目标。在退化生态系统诊断的基础上,确定在哪里恢复。通过局地恢复治理与区域调控相结合的恢复策略,实现生态链与产业链的结合,其本质则是实现生态建设与社会经济的协调发展。     

黑龙江省森林碳汇及其经济价值的变化分析与潜力预测

碳中和愿景下,量化森林碳汇有利于制定森林碳战略和碳交易机制,提升应对气候变化的抗御力,对守卫国家生态安全、实现碳中和目标和减缓全球变暖具有重要意义。本文基于国家森林清查数据,利用生物量转换因子连续函数法和碳税法,分析黑龙江省1999—2018年森林碳储量、碳汇量及其经济价值的变化趋势,并结合GM(1,1)模型对黑龙江省乔木林的碳储量进行预测,从而得到碳达峰目标年的碳汇量和碳汇经济价值的预估值。结果表明：黑龙江森林碳储量由1999—2003年6.96×10¹¹ kg增至2014—2018年的9.14×10¹¹ kg。其中乔木林碳储量占黑龙江省森林碳储量的99.51%～99.65%;1999—2018年黑龙江省乔木林的碳汇量整体呈上升趋势,由2004—2008年的1.68×10¹⁰ kg·a^-1增至2014—2018年的1.76×10¹⁰ kg·a^-1,碳汇经济价值受汇率的变化呈下降趋势,由2004—2008年的2.06×10⁹元·a     

退耕区域生态系统服务作用关系尺度效应及分异机制——以安塞区为例

生态系统服务的形成依赖于一定时空尺度上的生态过程。因此,探究生态系统服务在不同空间尺度的特征、关联和效应对于丰富生态系统服务的可持续管理具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。以典型退耕县域安塞区作为研究对象,基于生态模型定量评估了6项重要的生态系统服务,采用相关系数法、双变量空间自相关以及地理探测器揭示了不同空间尺度上生态系统服务作用关系的尺度效应及分异机制。研究结果显示：(1)退耕区域内,生态系统服务之间以协同关系为主,其中调节服务与支持服务的协同关系最强(|r|≥0.5),而权衡关系发生在文化服务与其他服务之间。从时间序列来看,调节服务与支持服务的作用关系较为稳定,在研究期间保持为协同关系,且协同度在退耕还林后有所提升;(2)生态系统服务作用关系的空间尺度效应主要表现在作用关系的方向变化与空间显著性的差异。在网格尺度中,生态系统服务之间的关系较为稳健,作用方向的变化主要发生在网格尺度与行政单元之间,且随研究尺度的加大,服务之间作用关系的空间显著性降低;(3)生态系统服务的权衡与协同是自然因子和社会因子共同作用的结果。退耕区人类活动干扰较小,自然因子的解释力(q均值0.1507)高于社会因子...     

自主创新 促进我国生物医药产业的健康发展

生物医药产业这一蓬勃发展的高科技产业．将成为我国21世纪的支柱产业和新的经济增长点之一。当前我国的生物医药产业面临着严峻的局面,国内经过GMP认证的4000多家医药企业,普遍缺乏自主知识产权产品,企业产品趋同．在国内市场恶性竞争,利润微薄,又无力进入国际市场。那么,如何在这种形势下,提高我们的自主创新能力,抓住机遇,寻求发展呢？北京医药集团有限责任公司董事长卫华诚先生的一席谈话给了我们启迪。     

Implications of a large global root biomass for carbon sink estimates and for soil carbon dynamics

Recent evidence suggests that significantly more plant carbon (C) is stored below ground than existing estimates indicate. This study explores the implications for biome C pool sizes and global C fluxes. It predicts a root C pool of at least 268 Pg, 68% larger than previously thought. Although still a low-precision estimate (owing to the uncertainties of biome-scale measurements), a global root C pool this large implies stronger land C sinks, particularly in tropical and temperate forests, shrubland and savanna. The land sink predicted from revised C inventories is 2.7 Pg yr(-1). This is 0.1 Pg yr(-1) larger than current estimates, within the uncertainties associated with global C fluxes, but conflicting with a smaller sink (2.4 Pg yr(-1)) estimated from C balance. Sink estimates derived from C inventories and C balance match, however, if global soil C is assumed to be declining by 0.4-0.7% yr(-1), rates that agree with long-term regional rates of soil C loss. Either possibility, a stronger land C sink or widespread soil C loss, argues that these features of the global C cycle should be reassessed to improve the accuracy and precision of C flux and pool estimates at both global and biome scales.     

陆地生态系统碳源与碳汇及其影响机制研究进展

全球碳循环研究中发现,目前已知碳源与碳汇不能达到平衡。存在一个很大的碳失汇。大气、海洋和陆地生态系统是人工源CO2的3个可能的容纳汇,其中陆地生态系统最复杂、最具不确定性,因此陆地生态系统碳源与碳汇研究是全球碳循环研究的核心问题之一。大气成分监测、CO2通量测定、森林资源清查以及模型模拟等方面的研究都表明,CO2施肥效应、氮沉降增加、污染、全球气候变化以及土地利用变化,是影响陆地生态系统碳储量的主要生态机制,但不确定在过去的10～100年以及未来哪一种机制起最主要的作用。     

我国钢渣碳汇的量化分析

在全球温室气体浓度升高的背景下,如何减少碳排放、增加碳吸收是当前应对气候变化研究的热点.本研究基于我国1963—2016年粗钢产量,采用温室气体清单指南编制方法,建立了钢渣碳汇核算方法,核算了我国1963—2016年钢渣碳汇量,并进行了不确定性分析.结果表明: 1963—2016年间,我国钢渣的年碳汇量总体呈上升趋势,从3.75×10³ t C增加至1359.32×10³ t C.1963—2016年间我国钢渣累积碳汇量为15×10⁶ t C,钢渣碳汇的总不确定性约为±30.4%.钢渣年碳汇量由当年产钢渣碳汇量和历年产钢渣碳汇量两部分组成.由于钢渣结构致密,年碳化速率较小,导致1963—2016年间当年产钢渣碳汇量较小,占钢渣碳汇总量的37%;历年产钢渣碳汇量较大,占钢渣碳汇总量的63%.虽然钢渣年碳汇量不大,但长期累积碳汇量非常可观,其碳汇作用不容忽视.今后研究应细化不同环境条件下钢渣碳化速率,降低钢渣碳汇核算的不确定性;推动以钢渣为原材料的碳捕集与封存技术发展,增加有效碳汇,为我国应对气候变化国际谈判提供科技支撑.     

CO2 stabilization,climate change and the terrestrial carbon sink

A nonequilibrium, dynamic, global vegetation model, Hybrid v4.1, with a subdaily timestep, was driven by increasing CO₂ and transient climate output from the UK Hadley Centre GCM (HadCM2) with simulated daily and interannual variability. Three IPCC emission scenarios were used: (i) IS92a, giving 790 ppm CO₂ by 2100, (ii) CO₂ stabilization at 750 ppm by 2225, and (iii) CO₂ stabilization at 550 ppm by 2150. Land use and future N deposition were not included. In the IS92a scenario, boreal and tropical lands warmed 4.5 °C by 2100 with rainfall decreased in parts of the tropics, where temperatures increased over 6 °C in some years and vapour pressure deficits (VPD) doubled. Stabilization at 750 ppm CO₂ delayed these changes by about 100 years while stabilization at 550 ppm limited the rise in global land surface temperature to 2.5 °C and lessened the appearance of relatively hot, dry areas in the tropics. Present‐day global predictions were 645 PgC in vegetation, 1190 PgC in soils, a mean carbon residence time of 40 years, NPP 47 PgC y^?1 and NEP (the terrestrial sink) about 1 PgC y^?1, distributed at both high and tropical latitudes. With IS92a emissions, the high latitude sink increased to the year 2100, as forest NPP accelerated and forest vegetation carbon stocks increased. The tropics became a source of CO₂ as forest dieback occurred in relatively hot, dry areas in 2060–2080. High VPDs and temperatures reduced NPP in tropical forests, primarily by reducing stomatal conductance and increasing maintenance respiration. Global NEP peaked at 3–4 PgC y^?1 in 2020–2050 and then decreased abruptly to near zero by 2100 as the tropical source offset the high‐latitude sink. The pattern of change in NEP was similar with CO₂ stabilization at 750 ppm, but was delayed by about 100 years and with a less abrupt collapse in global NEP. CO₂ stabilization at 550 ppm prevented sustained tropical forest dieback and enabled recovery to occur in favourable years, while maintaining a similar time course of global NEP as occurred with 750 ppm stabilization. By lessening dieback, stabilization increased the fraction of carbon emissions taken up by the land. Comparable studies and other evidence are discussed: climate‐induced tropical forest dieback is considered a plausible risk of following an unmitigated emissions scenario.     

区域碳排放量的计算——以广东省为例

采用IPCC 2006年版碳排放计算公式、经济-碳排放的动力学模型和水泥碳排放模型,提出了区域碳排量计算框架和研究方法,并以广东省为例,基于广东省社会经济统计数据、能源消费数据、水泥产量数据和森林碳汇数据,预测了广东省2008-2050年能源消费碳排放量、水泥消费量和碳排放量、森林碳汇值.结果表明：2008-2050年,广东省水泥产量及其生产过程中的碳排放量基本稳定,年碳排放量在10～15 Mt C;广东省能源消费碳排放和总的碳排放趋势均呈倒U型曲线,其峰值年份分别在2035和2036年;2008-2050年,广东省碳排放强度将持续下降,森林碳汇量呈波动式下降趋势.本文提出的区域碳排放计算框架在广东省具有可行性和合理性.     

Simulation of soil carbon cycling and carbon balance following clear-cutting in a mid-temperate forest and contribution to the sink of atmospheric CO2

A simulation model of soil carbon cycling was developed based on the data observed in a mid-temperate forest in Yoshiwa, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, and soil carbon cycling and carbon budget in a mature forest stand and following clear-cutting were calculated on a daily basis using daily air temperature and precipitation data. The seasonal change in the amount of the A₀ layer was characterized by a decrease from spring to autumn due to rapid decomposition of litter, and recovery in late autumn due to a large litterfall input. There was little change in the amount of humus in mineral soil. These estimates coincides closely with those observed in the field. Most flow rates and the accumulation of soil carbon decreased very markedly just after clear-cutting. The A₀ layer reached its minimum in 10 years, and recovered its loss within 50–60 years after cutting. A large loss of carbon was observed just after cutting, but the balance changed from negative to positive in 15 years after cutting. The total loss of soil carbon following cutting recovered within 30 years, and nearly the same amount of carbon as that stocked in the timber before harvesting accumulated 70–80 years after cutting. The calculation by the simulation model was made using the assumption that the increase in atmospheric CO₂ promoted the primary production rate by 10% over the last three decades. The result suggests that about 8 t C ha^-1 was sunk into soils of the mid-temperate forest over the same period. It indicates that forest soils may be one of the main sinks for atmospheric CO₂.     

太湖地区长期施肥条件下水稻-油菜轮作生态系统净碳汇效应及收益评估

以太湖地区水稻-油菜轮作系统长期施肥处理试验田为研究对象,利用历年作物产量、凋落物固碳和农田CO₂排放等实测资料,以及生态系统的物质投入和管理投入等调查资料,估算了该系统的年碳平衡和经济收益.结果表明：不同施肥处理的年碳汇量在0.9～7.5 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,有机无机肥配施的净碳汇量是单施化肥的3倍.系统物质投入的碳成本在0.37～1.13 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,人工管理的碳成本在1.69～1.83 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,年度经济收益在5.8×10³～16.5×10³ CNY·hm^-2·a^-1,有机无机肥配施下的经济效益是单施化肥下的1.1倍.与单施化肥相比,有机无机肥配施单位碳汇的边际成本为217.1 CNY·t^-1 C,与欧盟碳交易市场的碳价格每吨20欧元相近.与单施化肥相比,有机无机肥配施下生态系统不仅生产力较高,而且表现出更高的碳汇效应和经济收益.     

Reconstruction and attribution of the carbon sink of European forests between 1950 and 2000

European forests are an important carbon sink; however, the relative contributions to this sink of climate, atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]), nitrogen deposition and forest management are under debate. We attributed the European carbon sink in forests using ORCHIDEE‐FM, a process‐based vegetation model that differs from earlier versions of ORCHIDEE by its explicit representation of stand growth and idealized forest management. The model was applied on a grid across Europe to simulate changes in the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of forests with and without changes in climate, [CO₂] and age structure, the three drivers represented in ORCHIDEE‐FM. The model simulates carbon stocks and volume increment that are comparable – root mean square error of 2 m³ ha^?1 yr^?1 and 1.7 kg C m^?2 respectively – with inventory‐derived estimates at country level for 20 European countries. Our simulations estimate a mean European forest NEP of 175 ± 52 g C m^?2 yr^?1 in the 1990s. The model simulation that is most consistent with inventory records provides an upwards trend of forest NEP of 1 ± 0.5 g C m^?2 yr^?2 between 1950 and 2000 across the EU 25. Furthermore, the method used for reconstructing past age structure was found to dominate its contribution to temporal trends in NEP. The potentially large fertilizing effect of nitrogen deposition cannot be told apart, as the model does not explicitly simulate the nitrogen cycle. Among the three drivers that were considered in this study, the fertilizing effect of increasing [CO₂] explains about 61% of the simulated trend, against 26% to changes in climate and 13% only to changes in forest age structure. The major role of [CO₂] at the continental scale is due to its homogeneous impact on net primary productivity (NPP). At the local scale, however, changes in climate and forest age structure often dominate trends in NEP by affecting NPP and heterotrophic respiration.