异源物代谢核受体PXR和CAR在血管疾病中的作用

孕烷X受体(pregnant X receptor,PXR)和组成型雄甾烷受体(constitutive androstane receptor,CAR)是核受体(nuclear receptors,NRs)超家族的重要成员,主要分布在肝脏和小肠等组织,经配体激活后可调控药物代谢酶及转运体的表达和活性,调节毒性物质的清除、解毒及代谢,保护机体免受外源性化学物质和内源性毒性脂质损伤。因此,PXR和CAR也被称为异源物代谢核受体(xenobiotic nuclear receptors)。近年发现,PXR和CAR也参与糖、脂代谢和炎症等信号通路的调控,同时,在血管内皮细胞也有表达,从而可能与动脉粥样硬化、高血压等血管疾病的发生密切相关。本文简要综述PXR和CAR的结构、组织分布、配体、激活及其在血管疾病中的作用。     

药物诱导的孕烷X受体对基因表达的调控

孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)是一种重要的孤儿核受体,可以调节很多基因的转录表达,例如:CYP3A4、CYP2B6、UGT1A1、ABCB1和MRP2等。它通过与配体结合的方式活化,进行相关基因转录的调控。PXR的配体包括大量的外源和内源化合物。     

孕烷X受体的翻译后修饰及其功能调控作用研究进展

孕烷X 受体（PXR）是一类配体依赖性的核受体亚家族,可感受外源物质,被多种药物激活。PXR 可转录调控多种与药物代谢 相关的药物代谢酶和药物转运体的表达,参与药物代谢调控。PXR 转录活性的变化可改变药物在体内的代谢过程,继而诱发潜在药物不 良反应,与药物药代动力学研究和临床药物治疗密切相关,并有潜力成为防治药物介导的肝损伤和逆转化疗药物耐药的新型药物靶标。 综述了目前已发现的PXR 翻译后修饰及其对PXR 功能调控机制的研究进展。     

孕烷X受体研究进展

孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)是核受体超家族成员之一,以同名内源性配体孕烷命名,主要表达在肝脏、小肠、胃、肾脏等组织,在机体异源性/内源性物质的代谢及排泄过程中起重要的调节作用。近年的研究表明,PXR还可以通过调节其下游靶基因的表达,直接参与机体脂质、胆固醇和糖代谢,维持机体内环境的稳态。本文将就PXR的研究进展做一综述。     

孕烷X受体的研究进展

孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)属于核受体超家族(NRs)中的NR1I亚家族,主要在肝脏、小肠、胃、肾脏等组织中高表达。自该受体发现以来已相继克隆出小鼠、大鼠、猴及人等哺乳动物的PXR。PXR作为内源及外源物激活受体在机体的防御机制中发挥重要的生物调节作用和"解毒"功能。此外,大量研究还表明PXR通过调节下游靶基因的表达而广泛参与机体的物质及能量代谢,并在某些疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文就PXR的新近研究进展做一综述。     

孕烷X受体在内源物质代谢中的功能

核受体(nuclear receptor, NR)超家族成员孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, PXR)是一个配体激活型转录因子,高表达于肝脏和肠组织,在其它某些组织器官中也存在表达。PXR与维甲酸X受体(retinoid X receptor, RXR)形成异源二聚体,在招募大量共活化因子后,与特异性DNA响应元件结合发挥转录调控功能。PXR是一个公认的外源物质感受器,因此,PXR最初被认为是一种调节药物代谢酶和转运体的NR。但目前已知PXR也是同等重要的内源物质受体。最近的研究显示PXR激活可以调节体内葡萄糖代谢、脂质代谢、类固醇内分泌稳态、胆酸和胆红素去毒化、骨矿物质平衡和免疫炎症反应等,本文就这几个方面对PXR作一个综述。     

异源物代谢核受体PXR与肿瘤多药耐药相关性的研究进展

肿瘤的多药耐药性是临床化疗中迫切需要解决的问题.孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)为配体活化的转录因子,其下游靶基因均为主司异源性药物/毒物生物转化功能的I相、II相代谢酶及III相转运蛋白,可对药物代谢动力学过程产生重要的影响,故有可能成为逆转肿瘤多药耐药的新的药物作用靶点.本文总结了PXR在肿瘤多药耐药中的作用及机制、新型PXR配体类药物研发等方面的研究进展.     

核受体在胆固醇性胆结石形成过程中的作用

胆固醇结石病(cholesterol gallstone disease,CGD)是一种常见的消化系疾病,其发病机制被认为是遗传、环境及生活方式共同作用的结果。研究表明:胆石病的发生与代谢综合征密切相关。核受体是配体依赖性的转录因子超家族成员之一,不仅调节机体生长发育、细胞分化,而且还对机体内许多生理,特别是代谢过程中的基因表达进行调控。该综述主要概述了肝X受体、法尼醇X受体、孕烷X受体和雌激素受体在胆固醇结石形成过程中的作用。     

畜禽PPARα基因研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)是核激素受体家族中的配体激活受体,控制许多细胞内的代谢过程,PPARα作为过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体家族重要成员之一,是调控机体脂质代谢的重要枢纽,在调控畜禽机体肝脏脂质代谢方面有重要作用。PPARα基因由四个结构域组成,多在机体肝脏和脂肪组织中表达,可作为细胞核受体被外源和内源的特异性配体结合并激活,进而结合靶基因发挥对肝脏脂质代谢的调控作用。就PPARα基因的结构特点及表达模式、PPARα基因对肝脏脂代谢的调控机制,以及现阶段PPARα在畜禽方面的研究进展进行阐述,旨在引起人们对PPARα基因调控脂质代谢的关注,并为畜禽肝脏脂质代谢过程的机理研究和相关疾病的治疗提供一些理论支持。     

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体研究概况

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)家族由PPARα、PPARβ／δ和PPARγ三种核受体组成。PPARs是配体调节的转录因子,与另外一种核受体视黄醛衍生物X受体(RXR)形成异二聚体,结合到靶基因启动子区的特异反应元件(PPRE)上,从而发挥重要的调节基因表达的作用。现在已知有多种天然及合成的PPARs配体,其中,合成药物fibrates(PPARα配体)及thiazolidinediones(PPARγ配体)分别能有效地治疗血脂异常及2型糖尿病。利用这些配体对PPARs进行研究,揭示了PPARs在脂肪形成、脂质代谢、糖稳态、胰岛素敏感性、细胞生长及分化、动脉粥样硬化、炎症及肿瘤等多种生理及病理生理过程中的重要作用。本文对PPARs的结构、组织分布、主要配体,以及它们在健康和疾病状态下的作用进行综述。     

Inflammation and drug metabolism: NF-kappB and the CAR and PXR xeno-receptors

Decreased drug metabolism, hyperbilirubinemia and intrahepatic cholestasis are frequently observed during inflammation. Additionally, it has long been appreciated that exposure to drug metabolism-inducing xenobiotics can impair immune function. The nuclear receptor CAR (constitutive androstane receptor or NR1I3) and PXR (pregnane X receptor, NR1I2) control phase I (cytochrome P450 2B and 3A), phase II (GSTA, UGT1A1), and transporter (MDR1, SLC21A6, MRP2) genes involved in drugs metabolism, bile acids and bilirubin clearance in response to xenobiotics. It is well known that inflammation, through the activation of NF-kappaB pathway, leads to a decrease of CAR, PXR and RXRalpha expression and the expression of their target genes. In addition, a new study reveals the mutual repression between PXR and NF-kappaB signaling pathways, providing a molecular mechanism linking xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation.     

T0901317 is a potent PXR ligand: implications for the biology ascribed to LXR

The liver X receptors (LXRalpha and beta) are nuclear receptors that coordinate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Insight into the physiologic roles of the LXRs has been greatly facilitated by the discovery of potent synthetic agonists. Here we show that one of these compounds, T0901317, is also a high-affinity ligand for the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR). T0901317 binds and activates PXR with the same nanomolar potency with which it stimulates LXR activity. T0901317 induces expression not only of LXR target genes, but also of PXR target genes in cells and animals, including the scavenger receptor CD36, a property not shared by more specific LXR ligands, such as GW3965. Activation of PXR targets may explain why T0901317 induces dramatic liver steatosis, while GW3965 has a milder effect. These results suggest that many of the biological activities heretofore associated with LXR activation may be mediated by PXR, not LXR. Since T0901317 has been widely used in animals to study LXR function, the in vivo effects of this compound ascribed to LXR activation should be re-examined.     

CAR and PXR: the xenobiotic-sensing receptors

The xenobiotic receptors CAR and PXR constitute two important members of the NR1I nuclear receptor family. They function as sensors of toxic byproducts derived from endogenous metabolism and of exogenous chemicals, in order to enhance their elimination. This unique function of CAR and PXR sets them apart from the steroid hormone receptors. In contrast, the steroid receptors, exemplified by the estrogen receptor (ER) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), are the sensors that tightly monitor and respond to changes in circulating steroid hormone levels to maintain body homeostasis. This divergence of the chemical- and steroid-sensing functions has evolved to ensure the fidelity of the steroid hormone endocrine regulation while allowing development of metabolic elimination pathways for xenobiotics. The development of the xenobiotic receptors CAR and PXR also reflect the increasing complexity of metabolism in higher organisms, which necessitate novel mechanisms for handling and eliminating metabolic by-products and foreign compounds from the body. The purpose of this review is to discuss similarities and differences between the xenobiotic receptors CAR and PXR with the prototypical steroid hormone receptors ER and GR. Interesting differences in structure explain in part the divergence in function and activation mechanisms of CAR/PXR from ER/GR. In addition, the physiological roles of CAR and PXR will be reviewed, with discussion of interactions of CAR and PXR with endocrine signaling pathways.