湛江红树林可培养内生真菌多样性及Stemphyliums sp. SCSIO 40436次生代谢产物分离与鉴定

【背景】红树林生态系统位于陆地和海洋的交汇地带,具有巨大的生态价值和经济效益。红树林内生真菌种类丰富,次生代谢产物结构多样、活性优异,是小分子天然产物和药物研发的重要来源。【目的】从湛江红树林植物样品分离、鉴定和筛选内生真菌,分离筛选菌株Stemphyliums sp. SCSIO 40436次生代谢产物并进行活性筛选。【方法】基于ITS序列鉴定种属研究内生真菌多样性;通过高效液相色谱和滤纸片扩散法筛选大米和燕麦固体培养基培养菌株的化学多样性及抑菌活性。应用硅胶、凝胶和反相色谱等色谱学方法分离纯化;应用高分辨质谱、核磁、X射线单晶衍射、圆二色谱等波谱手段确定化合物的平面结构与立体构型;采用微量肉汤稀释法测定分离化合物的最小抑菌浓度。【结果】从湛江高桥红树林植物样品分离纯化获得52株内生真菌,通过ITS序列比对归属于29个属。筛选到菌株Stemphylium sp. SCSIO 40436,从其发酵粗提物中分离得到5个聚酮化合物stemphol (1)、macrosporin (2)、altersolanol A (3)、alterporriol E (4)和alterporriol D...     

海洋来源真菌Aspergillus sp.SCSIO 81-F2抗菌活性次级代谢产物的研究

采用抑菌活性追踪的方法,利用硅胶柱色谱和半制备反相高效液相色谱法对一株南海海洋来源真菌SCSIO 81-F2的发酵产物进行分离,纯化获得3个单体化合物,通过理化性质、MS、NMR及X-单晶衍射分析,分别鉴定为xanthocillin X dimethylether(1)、xanthocillin X monomethylether(2)、6',8'-dimethoxy xanthocillin X dimethylether(3)。经18S r DNA序列分析并构建系统发育进化树,鉴定该菌株为曲霉属真菌Aspergillus sp.SCSIO 81-F2。海洋曲霉菌Aspergillus sp.SCSIO 81-F2是一个能产生具有抗菌活性xanthocillin类抗生素的新来源。     

柳珊瑚共附生放线菌Streptomyces sp. SCSGAA0009中生物碱类化合物及其抗菌和抗附着活性

【目的】从南海柳珊瑚共附生放线菌的次生代谢产物中寻找具有抗菌和抗附着活性的先导化合物。【方法】应用化学与生物活性相结合的筛选方法,从柳珊瑚共附生微生物中筛选获得代谢产物丰富且具有生物活性的目标菌株并通过大发酵提取浸膏,利用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和高效液相色谱等方法对发酵产物进行分离、纯化,运用波谱解析鉴定化合物的结构。【结果】从采自海南三亚的柳珊瑚(Muricella flexuosa)样品中分离到一株放线菌SCSGAA0009,鉴定为链霉属Streptomycessp.,从其改良ISP2发酵液中分离到新化合物N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)propionamide(1)和已知化合物phenazine-1-carboxylic acid(2),其中化合物2对大肠杆菌和海洋细菌假单胞菌(Pseudoaltermonas piscida)具有较好抗菌活性,且有强抗草苔虫(Bugulaneritina)幼虫附着活性。【结论】首次从柳珊瑚共附生放线菌的次生代谢产物中获得新的生物碱化合物1,首次报道化合物2的抗海洋细菌活性和抗附着活性;从南海柳珊瑚共附生微生物的次生代谢产物中可以得到新化合物和活性化合物,这一来源的微生物资源值得深入研究。     

南海局部海洋沉积物中真菌多样性及产酶活性

【目的】从11份南海海洋沉积物中分离耐盐真菌,并对其物种多样性及产酶活性进行研究。【方法】利用平板涂布法分离耐盐真菌,基于形态学和ITS序列的系统进化研究耐盐真菌多样性;利用6种筛选培养基对耐盐真菌进行产酶活性筛选。【结果】分离得到1689株耐盐真菌,共41个形态种。形态学和ITS序列分析表明,这些真菌归于15个属,其中曲霉属(Aspergillus)和青霉属(Penicillium)为优势菌群。对已测序的41株耐盐真菌的产酶活性研究表明,8株产纤维素酶,9株产淀粉酶,5株产复合酶,16株产蛋白酶,3株产脂肪酶,未发现产壳聚糖酶的菌株,其中Acrodontium sp.8m和Aspergillus sp.86b产复合酶的活性相对较高,而Penicillium sp.41m产蛋白酶的活性相对较高。【结论】南海局部海洋沉积物中耐盐真菌丰富,多数菌株具有产酶活性。     

石磺来源海洋链霉菌Streptomyces ardesiacus SCSIO LO23中germicidin类化合物的分离鉴定及其生物合成分析

海洋共附生放线菌具有生产结构特殊和活性显著化合物的潜力。【目的】以海洋软体动物石磺Onchidium sp.来源共附生海洋链霉菌Streptomyces ardesiacus SCSIO LO23为研究对象,分离并鉴定其次级代谢产物结构,分析化合物的生物合成基因簇及其生物合成途径。【方法】采用多种培养基对该菌株进行发酵优化并放大发酵,利用多种柱色谱方法分离得到germicidin类化合物,并利用波谱学手段和X-Ray单晶衍射技术完成化合物的结构鉴定;利用Illumina HiSeq对目标菌株进行全基因组测序,结合antiSMASH和BLAST在线分析软件实现菌株中germicidin类化合物生物合成基因功能注释和生物合成途径分析,并通过异源表达进一步确定其生物合成基因。【结果】从AM3培养基发酵产物中分离鉴定了6个吡喃酮类化合物germicidinA(1)、germicidinB(2)、germicidin D (3)、germicidin H (4)、isogermicidin A (5)和isogermicidin B (6),其中化合物2和6对斑马鱼神经行为有显著兴奋作用。通过对...     

永兴岛白穗软珊瑚共附生放线菌筛选及部分活性次级代谢产物的鉴定

【目的】从白穗软珊瑚中分离和鉴定共附生放线菌,运用PCR技术对所分离的放线菌进行I型聚酮合酶(PKS)筛选,研究其次级代谢产物。【方法】使用11种培养基对白穗软珊瑚共附生放线菌进行分离、鉴定,构建16S rRNA基因系统发育进化树,以基于I型PKS的KS基因设计的简并引物对所分离放线菌进行基因筛选,对阳性菌株用3种培养基发酵检测,对目标菌株进行放大规模发酵分离鉴定次级代谢产物。【结果】从白穗软珊瑚中分离到20株共附生放线菌,包括链霉菌属10株、迪茨氏菌属2株和盐水孢菌属8株,筛选获得18株I型PKS阳性菌株,并从菌株Salinospora arenicola SH04中分离到化合物rifamycin S和rifamycin W。【结论】首次从珊瑚共附生环境中分离得到海洋专属性稀有放线菌盐水孢菌属,并以I型PKS基因筛选为指导,分离鉴定了聚酮类化合物rifamycins,为研究软珊瑚共附生可培养放线菌的多样性和基于基因筛选指导分离次级代谢产物提供了可靠依据。     

湛江高桥红树林沉积物放线菌多样性及其中一株链霉菌产生的germicidins类化合物的鉴定

【目的】从3种红树林植物根际沉积物中分离和鉴定放线菌,进行抑菌活性初筛获得目标菌株并研究其次级代谢产物。【方法】使用5种培养基对红树林植物根际沉积物放线菌进行分离,采用16S rRNA基因序列比对的方法研究沉积物中的放线菌多样性,结合抑菌活性筛选获得目标菌株后进行放大规模发酵和分离鉴定次级代谢产物,根据生物合成基因簇定位和分析对化合物的生物合成途径进行推导。【结果】从3种红树林植物根际沉积物中分离得到放线菌49株,包括链霉菌属(Streptomyces)31株、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)14株、小双孢菌属(Microbispora)、链孢子囊菌属(Streptosporangium)、野野村氏菌属(Nonomuraea)和糖单孢菌属(Saccharomonospora)各1株。获得粗浸膏抑菌活性较好的菌株Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40067,从中分离鉴定了6个α-吡喃酮类化合物：germicidin A–C、germicidin I和isogermicidin A–B,并首次报道了germicidin A的晶体结构。从菌株SCSIO 40067基因组...     

西沙石珊瑚共附生放线菌的分离培养及抗菌活性评价

【背景】珊瑚礁生态系统是海洋中一类极其重要的生态系统,健康珊瑚礁中丰富的共附生放线菌群体是珊瑚抵御各种致病菌的重要防线,因此,这类放线菌是寻找抗菌活性分子的重要资源,其药用潜力巨大。【目的】从西沙石珊瑚样品中分离共附生放线菌,并从中筛选具有良好抗菌活性的菌株。【方法】通过稀释涂布法分离珊瑚共附生放线菌,并根据16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育树进行菌种鉴定;通过平板对峙法对放线菌进行抗菌活性筛选并确定目标菌株;将目标菌株涂布于不同氯化钠浓度的ISP2固体培养基上培养,测试其盐度耐受能力;通过平板对峙法对该菌株发酵产物的热稳定性和光稳定性进行测试;采用NanoPore和Illumina方法完成目标活性放线菌全基因组测序,并通过antiSMASH在线分析预测其次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇及其结构类型。【结果】从6份西沙石珊瑚样品中分离得到104株可培养放线菌,根据菌落形态和分离来源去重后对其中27株放线菌进行16S rRNA基因序列测序,通过序列比对和系统发育树分析将菌株初步鉴定为盐孢菌属(Salinispora)(25株)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)(1株)和戈登菌属(Gord...     

具抑菌活性连翘内生真菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从药用植物连翘内生真菌中筛选抑菌活性菌株, 并对其主要活性成分进行检测分析。【方法】采用常规组织分离法分离内生真菌, 滤纸片法测定其发酵产物对3种指示细菌的抑菌活性。TLC、HPLC和HPLC-MS检测活性菌株代谢产物中连翘苷成分。根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析鉴定目的菌株。【结果】分离得到的24株内生真菌中抑菌圈直径超过10 mm的菌株, 发酵液组有11株(45.8%), 菌丝体组有19株(79.2%), 活性菌株主要集中在果实内生真菌中, 其中G5、G7和G10表现出较强的抑菌活性。从菌株G10的胞内产物中发现活性成分连翘苷, 将其鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。【结论】连翘内生真菌是天然抗菌活性物质的重要筛选来源。     

艾纳香内生真菌Diaporthe sp.次生代谢产物

【目的】从艾纳香内生菌J1中获得活性次生代谢产物。【方法】对菌株J1进行ITS序列分子鉴定,综合运用多种色谱技术对其发酵产物进行分离纯化,结合波谱学技术对其进行结构表征。【结果】经构建系统进化树,鉴定菌株J1为Diaporthe sp.,从该菌株大米培养基中分离得到7个单体化合物,经鉴定分别为Dicerandrol A (1)、Dicerandrol B (2)、4,6-dihydroxy-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione (3)、Cytochalasin H (4)、Cytochalasin J (5)、4,6-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one (6)、Cerebroside C (7)。所有化合物均为首次从该菌中分得,化合物1对枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis KCTC 1021具有非常强的抑制活性,MIC值为0.125μg/mL。【结论】Diaporthe sp.富含抑菌活性化合物,具有开发成微生物源农药潜力。     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

Introduction,distribution, spread,and impacts of exotic freshwater gastropods in Texas

We examined the patterns of distribution, vectors of introduction, and potential ecological impacts of freshwater exotic species in Texas over the last 45 years. Currently, five species of exotic gastropods are established: channeled-type applesnail (Pomacea insularum), red-rim melania (Melanoides tuberculatus), quilted melania (Tarebia granifera), giant rams-horn snail (Marisa cornuarietis), and Chinese mysterysnail (Cipangopaludina chinensis). In contrast to the northern part of the US, where shipping appears to be the most important vector for the introduction of aquatic invasive species, aquarium and ornamental trade dominated among unintentional vectors of introduction of all freshwater exotics in Texas, resulting in different patterns of distribution, spread, and ecological impacts. The rate of spread of exotic gastropods in Texas varied from 39 waterbodies colonized over 18 years for P. insularum to only three waterbodies during last 45 years for C. chinensis. Four of five exotic gastropods were found in highly vulnerable aquifer-fed springs and rivers, which contain numerous endemic and endangered species. The fifth species, Pomacea insularum, is an agricultural pest. Potential negative ecological effects of exotic gastropods include impacts on wetlands and wetland restoration, competitive exclusion of native snails, and the introduction of exotic parasites, trematodes, which could infect fish and waterfowl, including federally protected species. Aquifer springs with stable temperature regimes are refuges for both cold and warm intolerant species. Handling editor: D. Dudgeon     

Triads Synthesized from Deuteroporphyrin IX,Naphthoquinone, and Aromatic Amino Acids

Two triad systems were synthesized from deuteroporphyrin IX by tethering 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative and aromatic amino acids to its propionic groups using the method of mixed anhydrides. Physicochemical characteristics of the triads were studied, and the -electron systems of their chromophores were shown to interact.