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1.
Lagou V Liu G Zhu H Stallmann-Jorgensen IS Gutin B Dong Y Snieder H 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2011,19(3):595-603
The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of and interaction between lifestyle behaviors (diet and physical activity (PA)) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in obesity-candidate genes (ADRB2, APOB and NOS3) on general and central adiposity. Six-hundred-and-twenty-one European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) youths aged 13-19 years were classified by ethnicity (49% AA), gender (45% male), and socioeconomic status (SES). PA and dietary intake with up to seven 24-h recalls were reported for all subjects. Percent body fat (%BF) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) by magnetic resonance imaging. Reported energy intake (EI) and vigorous PA (VPA) were negative predictors of %BF and SAAT. Carriers of the NOS3 Asp298 allele had higher %BF only in the presence of an adverse environment (low SES). Compared to the most common NOS3 haplotype, homozygotes for haplotype A-non4r-Asp had 6.1% higher %BF. Significant interactions were revealed between the ADRB2 Arg16Gly SNP and VPA on VAT, SAAT and waist circumference (WC) such that Gly16 homozygotes may benefit less from increased VPA to reduce their weight. Genetic susceptibility to increased general and central adiposity is dependent on several factors, such as SES and vigorous exercise. Improved understanding of the joint effect of genes and lifestyle on adiposity will offer new insights into obesity and may provide new avenues for personalized prevention and treatment. 相似文献
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The body adiposity index (BAI; hip circumference (cm)/height (m)(1.5) - 18) has recently been shown to demonstrate a stronger correlation with percentage body fat (%fat) than that between the BMI and %fat in Mexican-American adults. Here, we compare the concordance between %fat from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and BAI, and between %fat and BMI, in European-American adults (n = 623). Agreement between BAI, BMI, and %fat was assessed using Lin's concordance coefficients (ρ(c)), where values <0.90 are considered poor. In the sample as a whole, the agreement between BAI and %fat (ρ(c) = 0.752) was far better than that between BMI and %fat (ρ(c) = 0.445) but was nonetheless relatively poor. There were large mean differences in %fat between the BAI and DXA %fat, particularly at lower levels of adiposity (<20%), and further the BAI overestimated %fat in males and underestimated %fat in females. Optimizing the BAI formula for our sample only marginally improved performance. Results of the present study show that BAI provides a better indicator of adiposity in European-American adults than does BMI, but does not provide valid estimates of %fat, particularly at lower levels of body fatness. Further research is warranted to investigate the predictive ability of BAI for various health outcomes. 相似文献
3.
Anders Grøntved 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2013,21(12):2421-2421
Physical activity (PA) is considered a cornerstone in weight control and public health guidelines recommend regular participation to prevent gains in adiposity. It may therefore come as a surprise that the cumulative evidence from observational studies to support this is not strong. A weakness of many published observational studies on this topic has been a reliance on a single baseline assessment of PA. Using only the baseline information on PA in a prospective study cause misclassification because of participants often change activity level during follow‐up. In turn this causes regression dilution bias and decreases the precision of the estimate of an association between PA and adiposity. Furthermore, because gains in adiposity often are caused by a small average daily energy imbalance over many years, following individuals for longer periods of time is essential to characterize a relationship. 相似文献
4.
Damali N. Martin Brenda J. Boersma Ming Yi Mark Reimers Tiffany M. Howe Harry G. Yfantis Yien Che Tsai Erica H. Williams Dong H. Lee Robert M. Stephens Allan M. Weissman Stefan Ambs 《PloS one》2009,4(2)
Background
African-American breast cancer patients experience higher mortality rates than European-American patients despite having a lower incidence of the disease. We tested the hypothesis that intrinsic differences in the tumor biology may contribute to this cancer health disparity.Methods and Results
Using laser capture microdissection, we examined genome-wide mRNA expression specific to tumor epithelium and tumor stroma in 18 African-American and 17 European-American patients. Numerous genes were differentially expressed between these two patient groups and a two-gene signature in the tumor epithelium distinguished between them. To identify the biological processes in tumors that are different by race/ethnicity, Gene Ontology and disease association analyses were performed. Several biological processes were identified which may contribute to enhanced disease aggressiveness in African-American patients, including angiogenesis and chemotaxis. African-American tumors also contained a prominent interferon signature. The role of angiogenesis in the tumor biology of African-Americans was further investigated by examining the extent of vascularization and macrophage infiltration in an expanded set of 248 breast tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed that microvessel density and macrophage infiltration is higher in tumors of African-Americans than in tumors of European-Americans. Lastly, using an in silico approach, we explored the potential of tailored treatment options for African-American patients based on their gene expression profile. This exploratory approach generated lists of therapeutics that may have specific antagonistic activity against tumors of African-American patients, e.g., sirolimus, resveratrol, and chlorpromazine in estrogen receptor-negative tumors.Conclusions
The gene expression profiles of breast tumors indicate that differences in tumor biology may exist between African-American and European-American patients beyond the knowledge of current markers. Notably, pathways related to tumor angiogenesis and chemotaxis could be functionally different in these two patient groups. 相似文献5.
Physical activity attenuates the effect of the FTO genotype on obesity traits in European adults: The Food4Me study 下载免费PDF全文
Carlos Celis‐Morales Cyril F.M. Marsaux Katherine M. Livingstone Santiago Navas‐Carretero Rodrigo San‐Cristobal Clare B. O'donovan Hannah Forster Clara Woolhead Rosalind Fallaize Anna L. Macready Silvia Kolossa Jacqueline Hallmann Lydia Tsirigoti Christina P. Lambrinou George Moschonis Magdalena Godlewska Agnieszka Surwio Keith Grimaldi Jildau Bouwman Yannis Manios Iwona Traczyk Christian A. Drevon Laurence D. Parnell Hannelore Daniel Eileen R. Gibney Lorraine Brennan Marianne C. Walsh Mike Gibney Julie A. Lovegrove J. Alfredo Martinez Wim H.M. Saris John C. Mathers 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2016,24(4):962-969
6.
Amon Emeka 《Ethnic and racial studies》2013,36(2):272-290
Despite the largely voluntary character of Nigerian immigration to the United States since 1970, it is not clear that their patterns of integration have emulated those of earlier immigrants who, over time, traded their specific national origins for “American” or “White” identities as they experienced upward mobility. This path may not be available to Nigerian immigrants. When they cease to be Nigerian, they may become black or African-American. In this paper, I use US Census data to trace patterns of identity in a Nigerian second-generation cohort as they advance from early school-age in 1990 to adulthood in 2014. The cohort shrinks inordinately across the period as its members cease to identify as Nigerian, and this pattern of ethnic attrition is most pronounced among the downwardly mobile – leaving us with a positively select Nigerian second generation and, perhaps, unduly optimistic assessments of Nigerian-American socioeconomic advancement. 相似文献
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This study employs metric and morphological features of the deciduous dentition for discriminating between European-American and African-American children and providing allocation rules (regression equations). Five logistic regression equations are presented, with the percentage of correct allocation to group of between 90.1-92.6%. All five equations employ three metric traits (the mesiodistal diameters of the mandibular deciduous canines and anterior and posterior deciduous premolars) and one morphological feature (cusp number of the maxillary deciduous anterior premolar). In addition to these four variables, only two or three additional morphological features are added in carious combinations in the final equations. Correct allocation to group is 4-12% greater when combining metric and morphological features compared to using the features separately. 相似文献
9.
Jankowski CM Gozansky WS Van Pelt RE Schenkman ML Wolfe P Schwartz RS Kohrt WM 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2008,16(5):1039-1044
Objective: To determine the relative contributions of adiposity and muscularity to multi‐dimensional performance‐based and perceived physical function in older adults living independently. Methods and Procedures: Data from 109 women and men, aged 60 or older, with low serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate levels were included in this cross‐sectional analysis of baseline measures from a single‐site, randomized, controlled trial of DHEA replacement therapy. Physical function was determined by means of performance on the 100‐point Continuous Scale‐Physical Functional Performance (CS‐PFP) test and by self‐reporting using the physical function subscale of the Medical Outcomes Short Form‐36 (SF36PF). Body composition was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Linear regression analyses were used to determine the contributions of body mass index (BMI; kg body mass/m2), fat index (FI; kg fat/m2), and appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI; kg muscle/m2) to the CS‐PFP and SF36PF scores, adjusted for age and sex. Results: Age‐adjusted regression analyses indicated that FI, but not ASMI, was a significant (P < 0.001) determinant of CS‐PFP (R 2 = 0.54) and SF36PF (R 2 = 0.37). When adjusted for age and sex, BMI was nearly as good a predictor of CS‐PFP (R 2 = 0.50) and SF36PF (R 2 = 0.34) as FI. Discussion: Adiposity was a stronger predictor of measured and self‐reported physical function than was muscularity in older adults living independently. BMI, adjusted for sex, is a reasonable substitute for adiposity in the prediction of physical function. 相似文献
10.
Hubáček JA Pikhart H Peasey A Kubínová R Bobák M 《Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca》2011,60(1):175-183
The FTO gene variants are the most important genetic determinants of body weight and obesity known so far, but the mechanism of their effect remains unclear. We have analyzed FTO rs17817449 variant (G>T in first intron) in 6024 adults aged 45-69 years to assess the potential mediating role of diet and physical activity. Diet was assessed by a 140-item food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity was measured by hours spent during a typical week by sport, walking and other activities outside of work requiring heavy and medium physical activity. Basal metabolic rate was calculated according Schofield formula. The FTO variant was significantly associated with body mass index (means in GG, GT and TT carriers were 28.7, 28.2 and 27.8 kg/m(2), p<0.001) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) (means in GG, GT and TT were 1603, 1588 and 1576 kcal per day, respectively, p<0.008) but it was not associated with physical activity, total energy intake or with energy intakes from fat, carbohydrates, proteins or alcohol. Results were essentially similar in men and women and the adjustment for physical activity or dietary energy intake did not reduce the effect of the FTO polymorphism. Means of BMR per kg of body weight was lowest in GG carriers (20.09, 20.21 for GT and 20.30 for TT, p<0.006) and this effect was more pronounced in females. These results suggest that the effect of the FTO rs17817449 variant on BMI in Caucasian adults is not mediated by energy intake or physical activity, but some effect on BMR per kg of body weight is possible. 相似文献
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Kilpeläinen TO Qi L Brage S Sharp SJ Sonestedt E Demerath E Ahmad T Mora S Kaakinen M Sandholt CH Holzapfel C Autenrieth CS Hyppönen E Cauchi S He M Kutalik Z Kumari M Stančáková A Meidtner K Balkau B Tan JT Mangino M Timpson NJ Song Y Zillikens MC Jablonski KA Garcia ME Johansson S Bragg-Gresham JL Wu Y van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV Onland-Moret NC Zimmermann E Rivera NV Tanaka T Stringham HM Silbernagel G Kanoni S Feitosa MF Snitker S Ruiz JR Metter J Larrad MT Atalay M Hakanen M Amin N 《PLoS medicine》2011,8(11):e1001116
Background
The FTO gene harbors the strongest known susceptibility locus for obesity. While many individual studies have suggested that physical activity (PA) may attenuate the effect of FTO on obesity risk, other studies have not been able to confirm this interaction. To confirm or refute unambiguously whether PA attenuates the association of FTO with obesity risk, we meta-analyzed data from 45 studies of adults (n = 218,166) and nine studies of children and adolescents (n = 19,268).Methods and Findings
All studies identified to have data on the FTO rs9939609 variant (or any proxy [r 2>0.8]) and PA were invited to participate, regardless of ethnicity or age of the participants. PA was standardized by categorizing it into a dichotomous variable (physically inactive versus active) in each study. Overall, 25% of adults and 13% of children were categorized as inactive. Interaction analyses were performed within each study by including the FTO×PA interaction term in an additive model, adjusting for age and sex. Subsequently, random effects meta-analysis was used to pool the interaction terms. In adults, the minor (A−) allele of rs9939609 increased the odds of obesity by 1.23-fold/allele (95% CI 1.20–1.26), but PA attenuated this effect (p interaction = 0.001). More specifically, the minor allele of rs9939609 increased the odds of obesity less in the physically active group (odds ratio = 1.22/allele, 95% CI 1.19–1.25) than in the inactive group (odds ratio = 1.30/allele, 95% CI 1.24–1.36). No such interaction was found in children and adolescents.Conclusions
The association of the FTO risk allele with the odds of obesity is attenuated by 27% in physically active adults, highlighting the importance of PA in particular in those genetically predisposed to obesity. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary 相似文献13.
Elisabeth Anens Lena Zetterberg Charlotte Urell Margareta Emtner Karin Hellström 《BMC neurology》2017,17(1):204
Background
The benefits of physical activity in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are considerable. Knowledge about factors that correlate to physical activity is helpful in order to develop successful strategies to increase physical activity in persons with MS. Previous studies have focused on correlates to physical activity in MS, however falls self-efficacy, social support and enjoyment of physical activity are not much studied, as well as if the correlates differ with regard to disease severity. The aim of the study was to examine associations between physical activity and age, gender, employment, having children living at home, education, disease type, disease severity, fatigue, self-efficacy for physical activity, falls self-efficacy, social support and enjoyment of physical activity in a sample of persons with MS and in subgroups with regard to disease severity.Methods
This is a cross-sectional survey study including Swedish community living adults with MS, 287 persons, response rate 58.2%. The survey included standardized self-reported scales measuring physical activity, disease severity, fatigue, self-efficacy for physical activity, falls self-efficacy, and social support. Physical activity was measured by the Physical Activity Disability Survey – Revised.Results
Multiple regression analyzes showed that 59% (F(6,3)?=?64.9, p?=?0.000) of the variation in physical activity was explained by having less severe disease (β?=??0.30), being employed (β?=?0.26), having high falls self-efficacy (β?=?0.20), having high self-efficacy for physical activity (β?=?0.17), and enjoying physical activity (β?=?0.11). In persons with moderate/severe MS, self-efficacy for physical activity explained physical activity.Conclusions
Consistent with previous research in persons with MS in other countries this study shows that disease severity, employment and self-efficacy for physical activity are important for physical activity. Additional important factors were falls self-efficacy and enjoyment. More research is needed to confirm this and the subgroup differences.14.
The goal of this study was to determine whether differences in physical activity-related fat oxidation exist between lean and obese African-American (LAA and OAA) and lean and obese Caucasian (LC and OC) premenopausal women. Lean AA (28.4 +/- 2.8 yr, n = 7), LC (24.7 +/- 1.8 yr, n = 9), OAA (30.9 +/- 2.2 yr, n = 11), and OC (34.1 +/- 2.5 yr, n = 9) women underwent preliminary assessment of peak aerobic capacity (VO2 peak). On a subsequent testing day, participants exercised after an 8-h fast on a cycle ergometer at 15 W (approximately 40% VO2 peak) for 10 min and then for 10 min at approximately 65% VO2 peak). Fatty acid oxidation was determined using the average respiratory exchange ratio and O2 consumption during minutes 5-9 of the exercise session. Percent body fat and fat-free mass were lower (P < 0.05) in LAA (25.8 +/- 2.8% and 48.3 kg) and LC (26.4 +/- 2.0% and 45.8 +/- 1.7 kg) than in OAA (41.2 +/- 1.3% and 58.8 +/- 3.3 kg) and OC (39.3 +/- 2.7% and 58.6 kg) women. Fat oxidation among the groups was analyzed statistically using analysis of covariance with fat-free mass and VO2 peak) as covariates. During exercise at 15 W, fat oxidation was as low in LAA (0.134 +/- 0.024 g/min) as in OAA (0.144 +/- 0.026 g/min) and OC (0.156 +/- 0.020 g/min) women: all these rates of fat oxidation were lower than in LC women (0.200 +/- 0.021 g/min, P < 0.05, LC vs. all other groups). Fatty acid oxidation during higher-intensity exercise (65% VO2 peak)) was higher in LC than in OC women but was not statistically different between African-American and Caucasian groups. Fatty acid oxidation was therefore lower during low-intensity physical activity in OAA, LAA, and OC than in LC women. 相似文献
15.
Lemmon CR Ludwig DA Howe CA Ferguson-Smith A Barbeau P 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2007,15(3):695-703
Objective: The goal was to identify correlates of adherence to a structured physical activity (PA) program. Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 136 8‐ to 12‐year‐old African‐American girls. Potential correlates at baseline were: 1) fitness index (FI: % body fat from DXA and cardiovascular fitness from treadmill test), and 2) self‐esteem, anxiety, attitude to school and teachers, relationship with parents, and interpersonal relations (Behavioral Assessment System for Children). The 10‐month PA program included 80 minutes of PA offered 5 days/wk. Regression tree classification was used to model attendance. Results: Six splits occurred (34% total variance explained). Less anxious subjects attended more often than highly anxious subjects (3 days/wk vs. 1.5 days/wk) did. Subjects with a healthier FI attended more often than those with a less healthy FI (3 days/wk vs. 0.5 days/wk) did. Younger subjects attended more often than older ones (3 days/wk vs. 2.5 days/wk) did. The next two splits were again with anxiety (3.5 days/wk vs. 3 days/wk) and FI (3 days/wk vs. 2.5 days/wk). Finally, subjects with higher levels of self‐esteem attended more often than those with lower levels (3.5 days/wk vs. 2 days/wk) did. Discussion: Subjects who were self‐confident, younger, fitter, and less anxious were more likely to participate regularly. This suggests that children who may be more likely to benefit from a PA program are less likely to participate. To enhance participation in PA programs, especially in older African‐American girls: 1) psychological concerns should be identified and addressed before enrollment, and 2) programs should be designed to be appealing to children of all fitness levels. 相似文献
16.
Scribner KB Pawlak DB Aubin CM Majzoub JA Ludwig DS 《American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism》2008,295(5):E1126-E1131
A high-glycemic index (GI) diet has been shown to increase adiposity in rodents; however, the long-term metabolic effects of a low- and high-GI diet have not been examined. In this study, a total of 48 male 129SvPas mice were fed diets high in either rapidly absorbed carbohydrate (RAC; high GI) or slowly absorbed carbohydrate (SAC; low GI) for up to 40 wk. Diets were controlled for macronutrient and micronutrient content, differing only in starch type. Body composition and insulin sensitivity were measured longitudinally by DEXA scan and oral glucose tolerance test, respectively. Food intake, respiratory quotient, physical activity, and energy expenditure were assessed using metabolic cages. Despite having similar mean body weights, mice fed the RAC diet had 40% greater body fat by the end of the study and a mean 2.2-fold greater insulin resistance compared with mice fed the SAC diet. Respiratory quotient was higher in the RAC group, indicating comparatively less fat oxidation. Although no differences in energy expenditure were observed throughout the study, total physical activity was 45% higher for the SAC-fed mice after 38 wk of feeding. We conclude that, in this animal model, 1) the effect of GI on body composition is mediated by changes in substrate oxidation, not energy intake; 2) a high-GI diet causes insulin resistance; and 3) dietary composition can affect physical activity level. 相似文献
17.
Mitsui T Shimaoka K Tsuzuku S Kajioka T Sakakibara H 《Journal of physiological anthropology》2008,27(4):179-184
Recently, many cross-sectional studies observed that body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat (%BF) were inversely associated with pedometer-determined physical activities, but studies on Asian populations, including the Japanese, are sparse. Height, weight, body fat percentage (%BF, bioelectrical impedance analyzer), and waist circumference were measured on 117 women (62.8+/-4.5 years, 22.2+/-2.2 kg/m(2)) and 62 men (64.0+/-4.6 years, 23.6+/-2.5 kg/m(2)). Pearson correlations and partial correlation coefficients after controlling for age were calculated between steps/day and variables. Furthermore, participants were classified into four groups as follows: <5,000, 5,000-7,499, 7,500-9,999, and >or=10,000 steps/day, and analyzed using ANOVA across activity groups. In women, a significant correlation was found between steps/day and BMI (r=-0.217, p=0.018), %BF (r=-0.292, p=0.0014), and the relationship was still significant after controlling for age. The relationship between steps/day and waist circumference was not significant. In men, a significant relationship was not observed between steps/day and obesity indices. The correlations between steps/day and both BMI and %BF were significant in Japanese women, but weak compared with Caucasian and African-American women as reported previously. A possible cause is racial difference in degree of obesity and body shape. The effects of physical activity on body shape and composition may differ according to race. 相似文献
18.
Agnes Luzak Stefan Karrasch Barbara Thorand Dennis Nowak Rolf Holle Annette Peters Holger Schulz 《BMC pulmonary medicine》2017,17(1):215
Background
In lung disease, physical activity (PA) yields beneficial health effects, but its association with the function of healthy lungs has rarely been studied. We investigated the association of accelerometer-based PA with spirometric indices, maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) and lung diffusion capacity in lung-healthy adults.Methods
In total, 341 apparently lung-healthy participants from the population-based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) FF4 cohort study (45% male, aged 48-68 years, 47% never smokers) completed lung function testing and wore ActiGraph accelerometers over a one week period at the hip. In adjusted regression analyses, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was characterized as: sex-specific activity quartiles, achieving ≥?10 consecutive minutes (yes vs. no), and meeting the WHO PA recommendations (yes vs. no).Results
Positive associations of MVPA-quartiles with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and corresponding Global Lung Function Initiative z-scores were found. Subjects in the most active quartile (>?47 or >?50 min/day for females and males, respectively) had 142 ml [95% CI: 23, 260] higher FEV1 and 155 ml [95% CI: 10, 301] higher FVC than those in the least active quartile (<?17 or <?21 min/day for females and males, respectively); however these associations were stronger among ex?/current smokers. Achieving at least once 10 consecutive minutes of MVPA was only associated with higher PImax [β-estimate: 0.57 kPa; 95% CI: 0.04, 1.10], remaining significant among never smokers. No associations were found with diffusion capacity or for reaching the WHO-recommended 150 min of MVPA/week in 10-min bouts.Conclusions
Although the effects were small, active subjects showed higher spirometric results. The observed associations were more pronounced among ever smokers suggesting a higher benefit of PA for subjects being at a higher risk for chronic lung diseases.19.
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