密云水库上游流域土地利用与地表径流营养物的关系

定量刻画土地利用与水体营养物浓度的关系,有助于指导流域土地利用管理,以控制水体富营养化.以往研究较多关注土地利用的数量结构,对其强度、空间分布等刻画相对不足.本研究以密云水库上游流域为例,基于覆盖全流域52个子流域的水质采样,通过遥感解译和空间计算,提取土地利用强度、所处坡度、与河道及监测断面距离以及位置邻接关系等信息,构建土地利用与总氮、总磷和化学需氧量浓度的多元线性回归方程.结果表明: 土地利用与总氮、总磷和化学需氧量浓度回归方程的决定系数由未纳入任何信息的0.294、0.471和0.223分别增加到0.532、0.685和0.489,显著提高了模型的解释能力.在厘定每一空间位置土地利用对监测断面营养物浓度贡献率的基础上,比较与河道不同迁移路径距离下土地利用对营养物浓度的平均累积贡献率及面积累计百分比,确定了距离河道1 km范围内的河岸带为水体富营养化的关键控制范围.最后提出了优化农田施肥管理、加强牲畜粪便处理、建设林地过滤带和河岸缓冲带等水质污染控制和调控的措施建议.     

密云水库的浮游生物群落

2002年4～10月对密云水库浮游生物群落的调查结果显示：浮游植物有6门,58属,122种,细胞密度为565．30～10^4cells／L,4月份硅藻(Bacillariophyta)占优势,6～10月蓝藻(Cyanophyta)占绝对优势．浮游植物优势种群有水华微囊藻(Microcystis flas-aquae)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)等。浮游动物有36种,密度为4761ind/L;浮游动物具有原生动物在数量上占绝对优势．轮虫次之,枝角类与桡足类数量较少的特点。浮游动物的优势种群有弹跳虫(Halteria grandinella)、急游虫(Stromlridium uiHde)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)、长额象鼻蚤(Bosmlna longirostris)等．与1980年监测结果相比,密云水库浮游生物总密度上升较快,群落结构和优势种群也发生了明显变化．浮游生物优势种群的指示作用显示,在植物生长季节,库区水体已进入富营养状态。     

密云水库水体营养状态分析

调研结果显示 ,密云水库的营养特征为浮游藻类响应型。浮游藻类的群落结构是绿藻 (Chlorophyta)—硅藻(Bacillariophyta)型。库区水体TN 0 86mg/L ,TP 0 .0 2 2mg/L ,浮游藻类的细胞密度 4 0 5 2 3× 10 4/L。 4项指标 (Tr、TP、CODmn、chla)的TSIM 值 4 0 1— 4 9 6 ,水体为中营养。但TN、TP和浮游藻类细胞密度增长较快 ,水体向富营养发展的趋势明显。主要制约因素是面源、点源和内源对水体的污染。北京市水资源紧缺 ,密云水库是主要饮用水源地。保护流域生态环境 ,治理污染 ,涵养水源 ,实现水资源的可持续利用已很迫切     

金矮生苹果土壤水分合理供给范围研究

对7年生田间和2年生盆栽金矮生苹果(Malus pumila)不同土壤水分(SWC)条件下水分利用效率(WUE)研究表明。SWC约为10％时,WUE最大值在所有处理中最高(230μmolCO₂·g^-1 H2O);在水分供应充足时,WUE最大值只有160μmolCO₂·g^-1 H2O左右,各SWC水平间差异不显著．WUE随SWC的变化与光照条件有关。     

主要管理措施对人工林土壤碳的影响

人工林碳汇在全球碳循环及温室气体减排中发挥着重要作用。人工林是处于人为调控下的生态系统类型,经营管理措施是影响人工林土壤碳平衡的重要因素。通过科学合理的生态系统管理,增强人工林的土壤碳汇,对减缓气候变化具有十分重要的意义。本文综述了主要经营管理措施(造林树种、轮伐期、采伐、灌溉和施肥)对人工林土壤碳储量与碳通量影响的研究进展,结果表明:人工林经营管理措施可通过改变林地的温度、水分、养分和土壤结构,来影响土壤有机碳储量和土壤呼吸等碳循环过程。但目前人工林管理对土壤碳影响的研究还很不足,一些营林措施还未展开相关研究。未来应针对人工林管理措施对土壤碳的影响做更全面的定量研究。     

Comparisons in water relations of plants between newly formed riparian and non-riparian habitats along the bank of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The water table in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) rose significantly since the construction of the Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River. Little is known about how such a change in local hydrological condition will affect the ecophysiology of plants along the bank of the world’s largest reservoir. In this study, water relations of the dominant plants were investigated over an entire year period by comparing stable isotope compositions of xylem water, leaf water potentials and foliar carbon isotope ratios at a newly-formed riparian site near the river bank and two non-riparian sites at higher elevations. The isotopic compositions of xylem water indicated that the plants in the newly-formed riparian zone acquired water mainly from the soil previously infiltrated by local rain rather than the Yangtze River water. Predawn and midday water potentials of the riparian trees were also similar to those at the non-riparian sites. Leaf δ¹³C values of plants across the three sites also showed no difference, even though there was a significant difference among species. Our results indicate that plants at the newly formed transient riparian area along the bank of TGR do not depend on the Yangtze River water for their water sources and that rising water levels in this reservoir may not lead to immediate changes in water relations of the plants along the bank. Communicated by K. Winter.     

密云水库不同季节细菌群落多样性

为加强对密云水库水体状况的全面了解,对2006年11月到2007年11月不同季节水体中的微生物进行了研究.用流式细胞仪技术和LB固体培养基培养测定了水体中的细菌数目;利用PCR-DGGE技术对水体细菌的多样性和相似性进行分析.结果表明,细菌数目随季节变化有所不同,但利用流式细胞仪测定的每毫升水体细菌的数目基本上均为104数量级,而培养得到的细菌菌落数为102～103 CFU/ml,基本符合国家饮用水源的卫生标准.细菌的多样性指数也表现出随季节变化的规律,冬季(2006-11和2007-11)Shannon-Weaver多样性指数较低,为3.0左右;春季(2007-04)开始增大,至夏季(2007-07)时可高达3.3068;秋季(2007-09)又减小到3.1246.另外,密云水库细菌的优势类群有β-Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides (CFB) 类群和Cyanobacteria. 这些资料有望为以后进一步从微生物角度评价水质提供参考.     

Do They Ever Come Back? Responses of Leafhopper Communities to Extensification of Land Use

We studied leafhopper communities in meadows subject to progressive extensification of land use, particularly (i) delay of the first cut, (ii) cessation of fertilising and (iii) reduction of cutting events. Within a gradient from conventionally used high-productivity meadows (as control) through our extensified plots to extensively managed wet hay meadows (as control), we found an increasing species number correlated with extensification of land use. However, a separate analysis of generalists and specialists showed that the latter group increased significantly whereas generalists did not respond at all. Even after 12 years of extensification there was only little evidence for the recovery or recolonisation of former hay meadow insect communities. Instead the increase in species numbers was rather due to immigration of more xerophilous or mesophilous species. We conclude that leafhoppers principally respond positively to extensification of land use, but that restoration of former moisture conditions is necessary in order to achieve a full recovery of original hay meadow communities. Finally we propose a model extensification ecogram for meadow leafhoppers which can be used as a predictive tool for extensification and as an indicator of restoration progress and success.     

Eco-hydrological effects of landscape pattern change

Scientists and environmental managers alike are increasingly concerned about landscape pattern change and its effect on hydrological and ecological processes. In this paper, research progress is reviewed and key issues of eco-hydrological effects of landscape pattern change are discussed. There are different eco-hydrological effects with landscape pattern change, and most attention is paid to runoff, water quality, and soil loss. Landscape shape and spatial distribution can change precipitation-runoff processes and lead to the change in runoff yield. Water quality is closely connected with the composition and spatial pattern of source and sink landscapes. Soil erosion systems are usually modified by land use structure and landscape pattern, and soil loss will be either reduced or increased with land use change. In addition, the change of landscape pattern also has potential impacts on climate and soil quality. In future studies, more attention should be paid to comprehensive multi-scale and integrated research of landscape pattern and eco-hydrological processes.     

横岗水库后生浮游动物群落特征

横岗水库位于广东省东莞市,是一个富营养化水体,于2005年5月和11月对该水库后生浮游动物进行采样。该水库浮游动物具有种类少、丰度低的特点,在组成上以轮虫为主。两次采样共检到25种,其中枝角类4种,成体桡足类4种,轮虫17种。5月份,共检到15种,11月份有所增加,为20种。轮虫是主要的优势类群,5月份和11月份轮虫的平均相对丰度分别为82.8%和78.8%,以裂足臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和前节晶囊轮虫为主要优势种。其次是桡足类,5月份和11月份平均相对丰度分别为16.6%和19.9%,以无节幼体和桡足幼体为主,成体以舌状叶镖水蚤为优势种。枝角类相对丰度最低,5月份和11月份平均相对丰度分别仅0.6%和1.3%,以微型裸腹溞为优势种类·浮蝣动物的组成、丰度和生物量均存在时间和空间上的异质性。5月份浮游动物平均丰度为242.6ind.·L^-1,平均生物量为0.912mg·L^-1,11月份浮游动物平均丰度为138.5ind.·L^-1,平均生物量为0.317mg·L^-1。从河流区到大坝区,浮游动物的丰度和生物量呈下降趋势,体现了水库中由水文和水动力学调节的浮游生物分布空间异质性。横岗水库中大个体的前节晶囊轮虫丰度较高,致使浮游动物生物量要高于浮游动物丰度相当的热带富营养化湖泊-星湖,但无论是生物量还是丰度要远低于温带富营养化湖泊。     

Effect of land use types on stream water quality under seasonal variation and topographic characteristics in the Wei River basin,China

The effect of topographic characteristics of land uses on stream water quality must be addressed for a better understanding of the complex relationship between land use and stream water quality. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Pearson correlation analysis were used to determine whether there were relationship between land use types and stream water quality at the sub-basin scale in the Wei River basin, China, during the dry and rainy seasons in 2012. Temporal variation of these relations was observed, indicating that the relationships between water quality variables and different land uses were weaker in rainy seasons than that in dry seasons. Compared with other land uses, agriculture and urban lands had a stronger relationship with water quality variables in both rainy and dry seasons. Topographic characteristics of land use were employed to further analyze these relationships. The results showed that seasonal variation also occurred in the complex relationship, and land uses in steeper slopes generally had a stronger influence on stream water quality than those in flatter ones. For the riparian zone of each sampling site, the slope coefficients were weaker than those at the sub-basin scale. Land use type near stream water was generally a better indicator for the effectiveness of water quality. These results suggest that the slope and proximity should be taken into account for better land use management.     

Testing the transferability of a marsh-inundation model across two landscapes

The effect of water-level (WL) fluctuations on both the structure and functioning of coastal marshes is well documented, and in the past, scientists have demonstrated this by relating historical changes in the areal cover of emergent vegetation (EM) of a particular site to corresponding WL data. This approach of relating areal cover to WL cannot be applied to multiple sites from a region experiencing the same WL because in that instance, WL would be a constant and cannot be used as an explanatory variable for emergent cover. In a previous study of Cootes Paradise Marsh, we proposed the use of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to examine the effect of WL fluctuations on emergent plant cover over a 60-year period (1934–1993), and found that the inundated area (IA) was a better predictor of emergent cover than WL. However, the transferability of the marsh-inundation model and the related uncertainty has not yet been tested in a distinct geographic region. In the present article, we test the transferability of the model and develop a regional model of vegetation response to validate the DEM-based method. We confirm the existence of a highly significant relationship between percent IA and percent emergent cover over a large spatial scale in Eastern Lake Ontario. Additionally, we showed that this general relationship might be modified by the degree of urbanization in wetland watersheds. Our results suggest that this DEM-based approach is useful for predicting the aggregate response of EM to annual WL fluctuations and is transferable from local to regional scales. Handling editor: L. M. Bini     

洋河水库富营养化发展趋势及其关键影响因素

洋河水库作为秦皇岛和北戴河暑期办公的重要水源地,近年来富营养化逐年加重,水质恶化.通过收集历史资料和现场连续监测,综合分析了洋河水库富营养化发展趋势及其关键影响因素,结果表明1990-2011年期间,总氮、总磷常年超过国际公认的发生富营养化的浓度水平,每年8月是水华集中暴发期.以8月为例,自1990年以来,水体总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度逐年上升,透明度则呈明显下降趋势,富营养化状态从1990年的中营养状态变成2011年的超富营养状态.对2011年5-10月监测数据进行相关关系分析发现水温、透明度、溶解氧、pH值、总磷、正磷酸盐、高锰酸盐指数和总有机碳都与叶绿素a浓度明显相关,其中透明度、溶解氧、pH值是水华暴发的结果而非原因,表明透明度、溶解氧和pH值是水华暴发影响水质的主要表现因素;既然洋河水库地处北温带,四季分明,冬季存在2-3个月的冰封期,因此水温是水库水华暴发的驱动因子之一.2011年7月中旬至8月底洋河水库暴发了全库水域的蓝藻水华,优势种为铜绿微囊藻(Microystis aeruginosa)和鱼害微囊藻(M.ichthyoblabe),密度分别达到3.5×106和1.4×106个/mL.