极端降水条件下延河水沙特征对比分析及其影响因素

为探究延河流域在开展水土保持工程前后极端降水条件下水沙特征变化情况,采用统计学方法对比分析了延河流域1977年和2013年7月两次极端降水条件下的水沙特征变化情况。结果表明:1977年7月极端暴雨具有降雨强度大和降雨量峰值大、降雨强度空间分布极不均匀的特征;2013年7月极端暴雨具有降雨总量和时段降雨量大、暴雨频率高、降雨强度空间分布较均匀的特征。2013年7月洪水洪峰流量、洪水总径流量、洪峰含沙量等特征值较1977年7月显著减小,输沙量随径流量的减小而显著减小。1977年7月洪水表现为陡涨陡落,洪水历时较短;2013年7月洪水表现为缓涨缓落,洪水历时明显延长。与1977年相比,2013年泥沙颗粒明显细化。该研究表明1990年代以来水土保持高水平的规模化治理改变了流域产、汇流的下垫面条件,是导致1977年和2013年7月极端降水条件下的水沙特征表现迥异的主要原因。该研究为应对极端降水引发的洪灾和防治水土流失提供可靠的科学理论依据。     

本刊编委陈宏伟教授简介

陈宏伟,男,1960年9月生。1983年7月沈阳师范大学生物系毕业;2001年3月获日本北海道大学地球环境科学博士学位。2001年7月—2003年6月作为日本学术振兴会外国人特别研究员,在东京都立大学进化遗传学研究室从事果蝇进化生物学研究。2003年7月始,任华南农业大学资源环境学院教授。     

上海市（复旦大学附属）公共卫生临床中心感染科

卢洪洲（1966-）,中共党员;内科学博士、留美博士后,博士生导师。1988年7月毕业于蚌埠医学院医疗系,获学士学位。1994年获得主治医师职称,同年9月自安徽省淮北市人民医院考入上海医科大学研究生院,师从国内著名感染病专家翁心华教授。1996年7月转入博士阶段学习,担任研究生会主席。1999年7月以优异成绩获得内科学博士学位并分配在华山医院感染科工作至今。     

浙江省翼手类初步调查

浙江省的翼手类,以往G.M.AlleN(1938年)在《中国和蒙古的哺乳类》一书中,仅记载了8种,分别隶属于3科6属。采集地限于桐庐、兰溪两县。为了了解浙江省蝙蝠区系和其生态习性,我们曾于1963年7月、1964年6月和8月、1965年7月、1973年7月以及1980年5、6、7月对12个县和山区进行了调查,所获材料报道如下。     

河南省发现宁波滑蜥

2011年7月、2012年7月和10月在河南伏牛山国家级自然保护区采集到5号宁波滑蜥(Scincella modesta)标本,系河南首次发现,标本保存于河南大学生命科学学院动物学标本室。     

林下植被剔除对杉木林土壤呼吸和微生物群落结构的影响

以湖南会同地区26年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林为研究对象, 探讨剔除林下植被对土壤呼吸和微生物群落结构的影响。2012年6月将林下植被剔除后, 2012年7月-2014年7月每月测定一次土壤呼吸速率、5 cm土壤温度和含水量, 并分别于2013年7月和2014年7月测定了土壤微生物群落结构和土壤养分数据。研究结果表明: 杉木人工林土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化规律, 且与5 cm深处的土壤温度呈极显著的正相关关系。林下植被剔除两年内土壤呼吸平均下降了32.8%, 2012年7月-2013年6月下降了42.9%, 2013年7月-2014年7月下降了22.2%。根据土壤呼吸与温度拟合的指数方程所计算出的土壤呼吸的温度敏感性Q₁₀值在对照区为2.10, 林下植被剔除区为1.87, 说明在杉木人工林系统中林下植被剔除2年降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。此外, 林下植被剔除也改变了土壤微生物群落结构。林下植被剔除1年后, 土壤细菌的浓度没有发生改变, 但真菌的浓度降低, 导致真菌与细菌的浓度比值下降。此外, 革兰氏阳性细菌(G⁺)的浓度及其与革兰氏阴性菌(G^-)的比值升高。林下植被剔除2年后, G⁺浓度和G⁺与G^-的浓度比值降低。该研究表明林下植被剔除可以降低土壤呼吸, 从而减少土壤向大气中释放碳; 同时可改变土壤微生物群落结构, 而且其效应受作用时间的影响。     

内科保守治疗急性上消化道大出血的体会

上消化道出血是临床常见严重病症之一。我院自2005年7月-2009年7月共收治上消化道出血患者639例,其中采取内科保守治疗急性上消化道大出血（出血量〉1000ml）143例,效果良好,现报告如下。     

高黎贡山两栖爬行动物新种和新亚种

1973年4月至7月,同年11月至1974年7月,曾两次在云南省高黎贡山地区进行两栖爬行动物区系调查。经研究,发现两栖类2新种,爬行类1新亚种。模式标本保存在中国科学院昆明动物研究所。     

缅怀《植物生理通讯》原编委、我的恩师陈培元先生

我的恩师——陈培元先生是我国著名植物生理生态与旱地农业专家、中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所研究员,他于2005年7月在陕西杨凌去世。恩师于1933年7月11日生于上海,祖籍为     

北京地区铜绿金龟子发生规律与防治

1974—1975年,我们在我院大兴分校,进行了铜绿金龟子的发生规律与综合防治的研究。现将所得结果整理出来,供参考。 一、生活史 铜绿金龟子在北京地区一年发生一代,以幼虫越冬。从7月上旬即出现初孵化的蛴螬,一直到第二年7月中、下旬才进入末期。5月下旬开始化蛹,6月中旬进入盛期,7月中、下旬为末期。成虫于6月上旬始见,6月下旬至7月上、中旬进行入盛期,直到9月中、下旬为末期。6月中旬开始产卵,6月下旬至7月上、中旬为即盛期,9月中、下旬才结束(详见右图)。     

Decline in Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) Concentrations in 1983 Ontario Winter Wheat Before Harvest

Samples of winter wheat were collected in 1983 from five fields in southwestern Ontario that were naturally infected with head blight. The geometric mean concentration of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in the grain declined significantly from 1.56 μg/g on 7 July to 0.21 μg/g on 14 July and 0.11 μg/g on 18 July and did not increase at harvest (20 through 27 July).     

Crop selection, feeding skills and risks taken by adult and juvenile Rooks Corvus frugilegus

During July and August, adult Rooks Corvus frugilegus predominantly foraged on pastures while most juveniles fed on storm-flattened barley. The rate at which barley grains were consumed by both adults and juveniles increased from early July to late July and August. Adult birds consumed barley at a faster rate than juveniles in early July, but there was no difference in the rate at which barley was consumed by adults and juveniles later in the season. No differences in feeding rates could be detected between adults and juveniles that foraged on pasture. Adult Rooks were more vigilant than juveniles when feeding in barley fields.     

Temporal variations in the feeding habits of the Purple Heron Ardea purpurea during the breeding season

The foraging strategies of adult Purple Herons Ardea purpurea from an increasing colony in northern Spain were studied in the feeding areas (nonagricultural habitats) during the breeding season (May-July). In this area, herons were mainly piscivorous, and there was no seasonal variation in prey type. Small fish (<12.5 cm) were more abundant in the diet in June and medium-sized fish (12.5–25 cm) in May and July. Foraging strategies varied seasonally: (1) More time was spent by the herons in the feeding areas in June than in May or July, whereas foraging time was only significantly greater in June than in July. (2) The biomass captured by the adults in each foraging session was similar in May and June but greater in July. (3) Feeding attempts were more numerous (but not more successful) in shallow water in June and July. (4) Aggression rates between conspecifics were higher in June than in both May and July. Probably the hatching of chicks (June) was the cause of these changes in diet and foraging strategies as well as increased intraspecies competition for foraging habitat.     

典型草原通量塔通量贡献区地上生物量和叶面积指数的时空变异

引入循环采样方法,在生长季(7月初、7月末和8月末)测量了典型草原植被生物量和叶面积指数,并利用地统计方法分析了二者的空间分布格局.结果表明:在7月初、7月末和8月末3个时期,地上生物量递增,叶面积指数(LAI)先增大后减小,地上生物量和LAI均具有良好的空间自相关性,二者空间格局相似且具有相似的时间演变规律,由条带状逐渐变为斑块状.从7月初到8月末,地上生物量和LAI的块金值/基台值[C0/(C+C0)]显著降低,表明其空间自相关程度从中度自相关变为强相关;变程逐渐缩小,空间连续性变差;分维值逐渐降低,空间依赖性增强.地形和草地管理方式是影响草原植被生物量和叶面积指数空间分布格局的重要因素,导致水热因子空间差异,进而对牧草生长产生影响.     

内蒙古荒漠草原亚洲小车蝗的种群动态

2010—2011年于内蒙古乌兰察布市四子王旗格根塔拉草原对亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus(B.-Bienko)种群动态进行了研究。结果表明,亚洲小车蝗种群空间格局为随机分布;亚洲小车蝗于6月中旬开始孵化出土,1～3龄蝗蝻高峰期在6月中下旬至7月初,终见期在7月下旬;4～5龄蝗蝻于6月下旬始见,高峰期在7月上中旬,终见期在7月末;成虫于7月上旬始见,高峰期在7月中旬至8月下旬,终见期在9月上旬。应用最优分割法将亚洲小车蝗种群动态划分为3个阶段:(1)6月中旬,为蝗蝻开始出土期,数量稀少,空间格局为聚集分布或随机分布;(2)6月下旬至7月上中旬,为蝗蝻发生盛期,密度低时为随机分布,密度高时为聚集分布;(3)7月中下旬至9月上旬,为成虫发生期,空间格局为随机分布。     

Effects of insecticide applications on macroinvertebrate density and biomass in rice-fields in the Rhône-delta,France

The density of 23 macroinvertebrate species and the total macroinvertebrate biomass were compared between rice-fields treated with lindane and diazinon in June and alphamethine in August and untreated controls. The macroinvertebrates could be divided into four groups: (1) Taxa, in which the densities were lower in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the non-insecticide treatment. (2) The Culicidae which occurred in the insecticide treatment in significantly lower density in July, but in significantly higher density in August. (3) Ischnura elegans (Vander L.) which was found in July after the lindane application in significantly higher numbers in the insecticide treatments, but in significantly lower numbers in the insecticide treatment in August after the application of the pyrethroid. In these three groups, we assumed that direct effects due to the insecticides toxicity were the reason for the differences in density. (4) The fourth group included three taxa in which the densities were significantly higher in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the control. For this, indirect effects due to reduced biotic interactions may be responsible. The biomass was higher in the insecticide treatments in July, mainly because of a high increase in gastropod density, during the rest of the season it was similar between treatments and controls.     

松嫩草原碱茅(Puccinellia tenuiflora)热值和能量动态的研究

碱茅植株热值的季节变化出现3个峰值,并依次降低,最大值在5月初。茎、叶、穗和立枯体热值的季节变化不规则,茎和叶最大值均在5月初,最小值茎在7月初,叶在6月初;穗最大值在7月中旬,最小值在6月初;立枯体最大值在8月初,最小值在7月中旬。在整个生长季表现为穗热值＞叶＞茎＞立枯体。碱茅种群地上部能量现存量的季节变化,呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在9月初,为6967.75kJ/m^2。不同季节能量在各器官中的分配比率为,5月份为叶＞茎;6月份为茎＞叶;7月初至中旬为茎＞叶＞穗＞立枯体;8月初至9月初为茎＞叶＞立枯体＞穗;9月中旬为立枯体＞叶＞茎＞穗。能量现存量垂直结构,地上部为从地表至20cm高度逐渐增加,最大值在10－20cm层占地上部能量现存量的36.13%,然后逐渐下降,地下部的变化规律为随着浓度增加能值逐渐减小,最大值在0－10cm层占地下部能量现存量的69.01%。     

Influence of Planting Date on Damage to Soybean Caused by Heterodera glycines

Bragg soybeans were planted in nematicide-treated and nontreated plots on 15 May, 15 June, 1 July, and 15 July in 1980 and 1981 to determine the influence of planting date on damage caused by H. glycines. Although earlier studies showed the nematode was sensitive to high soil temperatures (> 34 C), late planting did not reduce damage caused by the nematode. Yields from plots treated with 1, 2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (57.5 kg a.i./ha) were 48, 118, 395, and 403% higher than yields from nontreated plots with planting dates of 15 May, 15 June, 1 July, and 15 July, respectively, when data were averaged over the 2 years. Increase in both seed size and number accounted for the yield increases in treated plots. Soil temperatures were highest during July in 1980, averaging 8.9 and 6.5 hours per day above 34 C at 10- and 20-cm depths, respectively. Larvae populations of H. glycines were reduced by the nematicide but not by late planting. These results indicate that damage caused by H. glycines may actually increase with later planting and that nematicides may be more beneficial when soybeans are planted late in a double-cropped production system.