昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种重要的世界性害虫,目前已扩散至我国十余个省、市(区)。由于草地贪夜蛾已报道对多种常用农药及Bt等制剂产生抗性,因此寻求新的生防制剂具有重要的意义。昆虫病原线虫具有防治草地贪夜蛾的应用潜力。本文从昆虫病原线虫品系、保护剂、增效药剂、施用技术以及综合防控等方面综述了昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进展,并对进一步开展应用昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾的研究进行了展望。     

4种昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾的致死作用

【目的】探讨昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的侵染效果。【方法】在室内条件下采用生测试验法,测定了小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ、长尾斯氏线虫X-7、夜蛾斯氏线虫SN和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06等4种昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的致死作用。【结果】小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ与草地贪夜蛾数量比为50∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为92%和100%。长尾斯氏线虫X-7与草地贪夜蛾数量比为50∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的死亡率为80%;在数量比30∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫死亡率为100%。夜蛾斯氏线虫SN与草地贪夜蛾数量比为400∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为88%和85%。嗜菌异小杆线虫H06与草地贪夜蛾在400∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为32%和67.5%。【结论】小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ具有较好的草地贪夜蛾生物防治潜质,其次是长尾斯氏线虫X-7。     

常规杀虫剂组合对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果及其经济性评价

比较7种常规杀虫剂组合对玉米田草地贪夜蛾的防效、喇叭口受害率以及用药经济性关系。表明了乙基多杀菌素SC+苏云金杆菌SC、甲维盐EC+苏云金杆菌SC和甲维盐EC+虱螨脲EC这3种组合,对草地贪夜蛾防效较好,14 d后,对低龄幼虫防效达93.7%～95.69%,高龄幼虫防效达93.49%～97.07%。乙基多杀菌素SC+苏云金杆菌SC、甲维盐EC+苏云金杆菌SC、甲维盐EC+虱螨脲EC和氯氰·辛硫磷EC+虱螨脲EC等组合,在药后14 d喇叭口受害率显著降低,仅8.33%～11.67%。对防效和植株止损投入比分析认为,考虑用药经济性,推荐氯氰·辛硫磷EC+虱螨脲EC的处理组合,能获得较好的防效;在防治预算充足条件下,推荐甲维盐EC+苏云金杆菌SC、苏云金杆菌SC和甲维盐EC+虱螨脲EC能达到更好地防治目标。     

昆虫病原线虫对红火蚁的致病力及田间防控效果

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是一种国际重大外来入侵生物,严重危害农林生产、生命健康、公共安全和生态环境。本研究在室内条件下测定了小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All品系、长尾斯氏线虫S. longicaudum X-7品系和芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫S. feltiae SN品系对红火蚁的致病力,并筛选出高致病力品系及其对红火蚁的田间防控效果。结果表明,不同昆虫病原线虫对红火蚁不同虫态的致病力存在显著差异。3种线虫对红火蚁幼虫具有较高的致病力,处理3 d后,幼虫的累计校正致死率均为100%。3种线虫对工蚁的致病力均较弱,处理10 d后的校正死亡率均小于30%。与芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SN品系相比,长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对蛹和生殖蚁具有较强的致病能力,10 d后累计校正死亡率均达到90%以上。田间试验表明,施用小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对红火蚁工蚁的防控效果最高可达63.7%,且不会增加红火蚁的迁巢风险。综上所述,小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系和长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系为红火蚁的高致病品系,田间施用小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对红火蚁工蚁具有显著的控制作用,可推荐用于红火蚁的生物防治。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的毒力及田间防效

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是威胁粮食安全的重要害虫,本文测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的室内毒力及田间防效,从中筛选出高效的施药方法和施药剂量,为当前草地贪夜蛾防治提供合理用药的参考。结果表明,在室内条件下,使用氯虫苯甲酰胺直接喷雾处理对草地贪夜蛾3龄和4龄幼虫毒力最高,LC_(50)值分别为0.42 mg/L和0.57 mg/L,使用0.5 mg/L 20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫毒力较高,在处理后第5天均有超过90%的死亡率。在田间条件下使用氯虫苯甲酰胺对草地贪夜蛾幼虫有较好的防效,使用60.0 g.a.i./ha 0.4%氯虫苯甲酰胺颗粒剂喇叭口点施防治低龄幼虫防效较好,药后第1天、第3天和第7天低龄幼虫(1～3龄)的防效分别为90.3%、100%和100%,使用22.5 g.a.i./ha 20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂喇叭口喷雾防治高龄幼虫(4～6龄)的防效较好,药后第1天、第3天和第7天高龄幼虫的防效分别为71.7%、84.5%和95.3%。     

半田间环境条件下叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力

为科学评估我国优势天敌昆虫叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata对重要农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的捕食作用,在笼罩条件下,采用功能反应方法评价了叉角厉蝽3龄和5龄若虫及雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄和5龄幼虫的捕食能力。研究表明,除叉角厉蝽3龄若虫不能独立捕食草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫外,叉角厉蝽其它虫态对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的升高而增加,捕食率则随猎物密度的升高而逐渐下降,经Logistic回归方程判别为II型功能反应。拟合的Rogers’随机捕食者方程参数表明,叉角厉蝽3龄和5龄若虫及雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率a分别为0.0295、0.0453和0.0965,处置单头猎物的时间Th分别为3.98 h、1.36 h和1.21 h,理论日最大捕食量T/Th分别为6.03头、17.65头和19.83头;叉角厉蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率a分别为0.0545和0.0876,处置单头猎物的时间Th分别为3.67 h和4.83 h,理论日最大捕食量T/Th分别为6.54头和4.97头。结果表明,在笼罩条件下叉角厉蝽3龄若虫的捕食能力最弱,除不能有效捕食草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫外,对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食量也远低于5龄若虫和雌成虫,而叉角厉蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫的捕食能力较强,能有效捕食草地贪夜蛾的3龄和5龄幼虫,两者的捕食量相近。研究结果可为合理利用叉角厉蝽防治草地贪夜蛾提供实践参考。     

50 g/L虱螨脲乳油对草地贪夜蛾的室内活性和田间药效研究

试验50 g/L虱螨脲乳油对草地贪夜蛾的室内活性及田间药效。以饲喂法测试虱螨脲对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的室内活性,以喷雾法测定50 g/L虱螨脲乳油在玉米不同生长发育期的田间药效。室内测定结果表明,20 mg/L虱螨脲对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫有较好的毒杀作用,经其处理3 d后的死亡率为80%,处理4 d后的死亡率为98.33%。田间试验结果表明,50 g/L虱螨脲乳油在玉米拔节期施药效果最好,穗期防效一般,花粒期防效较差,750倍药液处理7 d后的防效分别为93.07%、64.24%和43.21%。50 g/L虱螨脲乳油可用于防治玉米草地贪夜蛾,推荐施药时间为玉米喇叭口期前,施药浓度为750倍液。     

虫螨腈对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内毒力及田间防效

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),是一种广泛存在于美洲的杂食性农业害虫。据报道2019年1月草地贪夜蛾入侵我国云南,截止2019年6月6日,已在全国18个省份的884个县(市、区)监测到发生为害,发生面积342万亩,已经对我国粮食安全造成重大威胁。在2019年5月,在广东省广州市花都区儒林村玉米田开展喷雾和喇叭口点施虫螨腈对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防治试验以及室内毒力测定试验。试验结果表明,虫螨腈对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫具有良好的毒力活性;综合考虑在草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫期,用药量67.5 g.a.i/hm~2、药液量675 L/hm~2常规喷雾效果更佳;在草地贪夜蛾4～6龄幼虫期,用药量22.5 g.a.i/hm~2、药液量225 L/hm~2喇叭口点施效果更佳,且喇叭口点施可以定位定向定量地直接到达草地贪夜蛾为害部位,可减少2/3的农药使用量,达到农药减量增效的目的。该研究结果为拟定草地贪夜蛾应急防控技术方案提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

昆虫病原线虫Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF品系与Bt HBF-18菌株混用对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的防治效果

【目的】明确昆虫病原线虫 Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF品系(LF)与苏云金芽孢杆菌 Bacillus thuringiensis HBF-18菌株(Bt HBF-18)混用后对华北大黑鳃金龟 Holotrichia oblita 幼虫的致病力的协同增效作用,为该害虫的防治提供新的技术措施。【方法】在室内测定了LF在不同使用剂量、不同环境温度及不同土壤湿度条件下对华北大黑鳃金龟7-10日龄幼虫的致病力;通过室内生测测定了Bt HBF-18对LF存活的影响,以及Bt HBF-18与LF两者混用后对7-10日龄华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的防治效果;同时通过室外盆栽试验测定了两者混用对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的防治效果。【结果】华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫死亡率随LF施用剂量和处理时间的增加而升高,其中,侵染期线虫(infective juveniles, IJs)800 IJs/100 μL及以上剂量处理7 d后幼虫死亡率达到了100%;25℃为该线虫侵染的最适宜环境温度;适宜土壤湿度范围为14%~20%,湿度过低或过高都会显著影响其侵染效率。室内生测结果表明, Bt HBF-18处理9 d对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的致死中浓度(LC 50 )为 1.44× 10^8 CFU/g土,此浓度对LF的存活基本没有影响。另外,室内生测和室外盆栽试验结果均表明,将LF与Bt HBF-18混用能显著提高对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的防治效果,混用后具有不同程度的加成或协同增效作用。室内生测试验中LC 50 Bt+200 IJs/100 μL LF混用处理3 d后,较单独LF和Bt HBF-18处理幼虫死亡率分别提高了约43.07%和36.05%,具有显著的协同增效作用;室外盆栽试验中1/2 LC 50 Bt+1 000 IJs/mL LF, LC 50 Bt+1 000 IJs/mL LF和1/2 LC 50 Bt+1 500 IJs/mL LF均具有协同增效作用,其中1/2 LC 50 Bt+1 500 IJs/mL LF增效作用最佳,较单独LF和Bt HBF-18处理幼虫死亡率分别提高了约38.89%和80.55%。【结论】将昆虫病原线虫LF与Bt HBF-18混用对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的防治具有加成或协同增效作用。     

氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾的毒力与田间防效

【目的】本研究旨在明确氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的毒力水平和田间防治效果,为科学使用氰氟虫腙防治草地贪夜蛾提供参考依据。【方法】采用饲料混毒法在室内测定了氰氟虫腙与4种常用杀虫剂甲维盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虱螨脲和茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾3和6龄幼虫的致死中浓度(LC₅₀)及LC₉₀值,以及LC₉₀浓度的这些杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的致死中时(medium lethal time, LT₅₀)值。采用人工喷雾方法测定了玉米田中22%氰氟虫腙悬浮剂(6.6 g/667 m²)、22%氰氟虫腙悬浮剂(17.6 g/667 m²)、5.7%甲维盐水分散剂(1 g/667 m²)和150 g/L茚虫威悬浮剂(2 g/667 m²)对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防效。【结果】室内生测结果显示,供试的5种杀虫剂中氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾3和6龄幼虫均具有较高的毒力,其LC₅₀值分别为2.64和4.3...     

Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey

The diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in thefamilies Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae were assessed throughout anextensive soil survey in Turkey during 1999 and 2000. Entomopathogenic nematodeswere recovered from six out of seven regions sampled, with 22 positive sites(2%) out of 1080 sites sampled. A single nematode isolate was recovered at eachof the positive sites, of which 15 were steinernematid isolates and seven wereheterorhabditid isolates representing a total of four species. Based onmorphometric and molecular data, the nematode species were identified asHeterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernemafeltiae, S. affine, andSteinernema n. sp. The most common species was S.feltiae, which was isolated from 10 sites in six regions, followed byH. bacteriophora from seven sites in five regions,S. affine from four sites in two regions, andSteinernema n. sp. from one site. Heterorhabditisbacteriophora and S. feltiae have been found inmany parts of the world, whereas S. affine, so far, hasonly been recovered in Europe until our survey. Steinernemaaffine was isolated from the European (Marmara) as well as theAsiatic region (Middle Anatolia) of Turkey. A new undescribedSteinernema sp. was isolated from the most eastern region(East Anatolia) of Turkey. Soils of the positive sites were classified as sandy,sandy loam, or loam (68.2%) and sandy–clay–loam or clay loam (31.8%) and the pHranged from 5.6 to 7.9. The habitats from which the entomopathogenic nematodeswere isolated were broadly classified as disturbed (59.1%), which includedagricultural fields and poplar planted for lumber and wind breaks, andundisturbed (40.9%), which included pine forest, grassland, marsh and reed sites.Steinernema feltiae, S. affine, andH. bacteriophora were recovered from both disturbed andundisturbed habitats. The new Steinernema sp. was recoveredfrom grassland. Our survey showed that these nematodes occur widely throughoutTurkey, but at a frequency below that reported for other parts of the world.     

Factors influencing parasitism of adult Japanese beetles,Polillia japonica (Col.: Scarabaeidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes

Several factors that influence the activity of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes against adult Japanese beetles were examined in the laboratory. The effect of nematode concentration on mortality of adult beetles was evaluated using a Petri plate bioassay. The adults were exposed to 1,000 to 10,000 infective stage juveniles (J3) ofSteinernema glaseri per 10 beetles with or without food for 24 hr after which they were held with food for an additional 6 days. The LC50s for males with and without food during exposure were 3,435 and 2,854 J3s/10 adults, respectively. The LC50s for mixtures of males and females with and without food were 5,228 and 1,762 J3s/10 adults respectively. Although mortality occurred during and shortly after exposure, significant additional mortality was observed 1–4 days following exposure. Exposure of males and females with food to 10,000 J3s/10 adults for 6, 12, 18 or 24 hr resulted in 47, 58, 72 and 77% mortality, respectively. Comparative activity ofS. glaseri, S. carpocapsae (All strain),S. feltiae (Biosys experimental cold adapted strain=bibionis),S. feltiae (Biosys experimental strain 27),Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, andHeterorhabditis sp. (Terceiran isolate) was evaluated against adult Japanese beetles using a 24 hr exposure to 8,000 J3s/10 adults. The most virulent species wereS. glaseri, S. feltiae (=bibionis), the Terceiran isolate ofHeterorhabditis andS. carpocapsae producing 55, 44, 36 and 34% mortality respectively. Our results indicate that adult Japanese beetles infected with entomopathogenic nematodes could serve as a mechanism for nematode dispersal.     

Involvement of larvicidal toxins in pathogenesis of insect parasitism with the rhabditoid nematodes,Steinernema feltiae andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora

The insect-parasitic rhabditoid nematodes,Steinernema feltiae andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora, released a compound/s/ toxic to larvae of the greater wax moth,Galleria mellonella, that caused paralysis and death of the insect. Larvicidal substances appeared in wax moth larvae during parasitism and after inoculation with the primary form of the bacterial associates of the nematodes. The nematodeS. feltiae and its associate,Xenorhabdus nematophilus, excreted much less toxic activity within larval body thanH. bacteriophora. The secondary form ofXenohabdus did not produce toxin in parasitized larvae, butX. luminescens, the bacterium associated withH. bacteriophora, released detectable titer of toxin activity in broth cultures. Both nematode toxins were sensitive to heat and produced a specific type of proteolytic activity. Preliminary identification of the compounds responsible for larval toxicity revealed similarities to immune inhibitors produced by some bacterial pathogens of insects.      

Comparative susceptibility of larval instars and pupae of the western corn rootworm to infection by three entomopathogenic nematodes

As a first step towards the development of an ecologically rational control strategy against western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Europe, we compared the susceptibility of the soil living larvae and pupae of this maize pest to infection by three entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species. In laboratory assays using sand-filled trays, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and H. megidis Poinar, Jackson & Klein (both Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) caused comparable mortality among all three larval instars and pupae of D. v. virgifera. In soil-filled trays, H. bacteriophora was slightly more effective against third larval instars and pupae, and H. megidis against third larval instars, compared to other developmental stages. In both sand and soil, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rh.: Steinernematidae) was least effective against second instars. In conclusion, all larval instars of D. v. virgifera show susceptibility to infection by all three nematodes tested. It is predicted that early application against young larval instars would be most effective at preventing root feeding damage by D. v. virgifera. Applications of nematodes just before or during the time period when third instars are predominant in the field are likely to increase control efficacy. According to our laboratory assays, H. bacteriophora and H. megidis appear to be the most promising candidates for testing in the field. I. Hiltpold similarly contributed to this paper as the first author.     

Predation of entomopathogenic nematodes by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sancassania</Emphasis> sp. (Acari: Acaridae)

Predation of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), by Sancassania sp. (Acari: Acaridae) isolated from field-collected scarab larvae was examined under laboratory conditions. Adult female mites consumed more than 80% of the infective juvenile (IJ) stage of S. feltiae within 24 h. When S. feltiae IJs were exposed to the mites for 24 h and then exposed to Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, the number of nematodes penetrating into the larvae was significantly lower compared to S. feltiae IJs that were not exposed to mites (control). Soil type significantly affected the predation rate of IJs by the mites. Mites preyed more on nematodes in sandy soil than in loamy soil. We also observed that the mites consumed more S. feltiae IJs than Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). No phoretic relationship was observed between mites and nematodes and the nematodes did not infect the mites.     

嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲致病力的时间效应及对血淋巴的影响

【目的】阐明嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系处理对红棕象甲血淋巴免疫系统的影响。【方法】采用室内生物测定和生理生化测定法,研究了嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲不同虫态的致病力及对血淋巴各项指标的调节作用。【结果】嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系对红棕象甲不同虫态的致病力与处理浓度和处理时间均呈正相关性,经嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系处理后,红棕象甲血淋巴总量和血淋巴酯酶均呈前期升高、后期降低的趋势,处理后72 h的血淋巴总量和酯酶活性与对照相比分别降低39.73%和53.36%;血淋巴蛋白含量与对照相比呈下降的趋势,虽在60 h时有一个短暂的回升,之后又迅速下降,其中在处理后72 h,血淋巴的蛋白含量与对照相比下降74.96%。【结论】嗜菌异小杆线虫H06品系的侵入破坏了红棕象的血淋巴免疫系统,本研究结果可为揭示昆虫病原线虫对红棕象甲的致病机理提供依据。     

Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of carrot weevil

The potential of entomopathogenic nematodes as biologicalcontrol agents for carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis) was evaluated throughboth laboratory and field experiments. In thelaboratory, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. riobrave, S. feltiae, Heterorhabditis megidis, H. bacteriophora, and a control (water only) werecompared in sand and muck soil against adults,and in sand against larvae. All nematodespecies produced high levels of larvalmortality. S. carpocapsae producedsignificantly greater adult mortality in sandthan other species or the untreated control. H. bacteriophora caused low adultmortality in sand, but the greatest adultmortality among treatments in a similar testthat used muck soil; S. carpocapsae wasranked second on muck soil. Other speciesconsistently produced intermediate (H.megidis and S. riobrave) or low (S.feltiae) levels of mortality on bothsubstrates. In the field, we compared theeffect of early season vs. late seasonapplications of H. bacteriophora or S. carpocapsae on carrot weevil mortality andparsley survival and yield. Significantdifferences among treatments in plant survivaland yield were not found; however treatmentsinvolving H. bacteriophora had higherplant survival than other treatments. Earlierapplication of this species was associated withhigher plant survival. S. carpocapsaetreatments had similar plant survival to thecontrol. Mortality of larvae and combinedstages of carrot weevil was significantlygreater at 1 week following H.bacteriophora application than for othertreatments. H. bacteriophora also showedgreater persistence than S. carpocapsaein treated plots. We conclude that H.bacteriophora is a good candidate for furtherevaluation as a biological control agentagainst carrot weevil on muck soils in theGreat Lakes region.