收割对穗花狐尾藻生长的影响

在水深为24 cm的桶中,以6、12和18 cm等3个收割强度对穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）进行了连续4次收割实验,研究了收割强度、收割频次及收割季节对穗花狐尾藻生长恢复的影响。结果表明：8月下旬第1次收割18 cm后,植物在41 d恢复,但产生分枝较少,影响了植物的无性繁殖;9月下旬之前,前2次收割6 cm或12 cm后,穗花狐尾藻在55 d恢复,并能产生较多的分枝,而且条枝总长有明显的增加,表明穗花狐尾藻的无性繁殖没有受到抑制;10月初第2次收割18 cm,或11月下旬前第3次收割6或12 cm后,植物均能安全越冬,恢复时间至少4个月以上;各次收割后,穗花狐尾藻的新生枝条主要从切割处萌发（至少40%以上）,其次是从基部萌发（0～41.3%）;随着收割次数增加,干质量的相对增长率下降,而根冠比增加。     

狐尾藻属狭域种和广布种断枝的生长与再生能力比较研究

对比研究了广布种穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)和狭域种扬子狐尾藻(M. oguraense Mikisubsp. yangtzense Wang)不同长度(5、10 和15 cm)和不同位置(顶枝、中枝和底枝)断枝的生长和再生能力。研究结果显示, 两物种由断枝生长所形成植株的总生物量、分枝生物量、分枝数均随断枝长度的增加而增大;在由不同位置的断枝生长所形成的植株中, 顶枝所形成植株的总生物量最大, 中枝所形成植株的分枝生物量、分枝数和平均分枝长最大。由断枝所形成植株的总生物量、分枝生物量、分枝数、平均分枝长和新分枝所处位置在种间均存在显著差异, 穗花狐尾藻顶枝和中枝的生物量较大, 顶枝所产生的分枝位于断枝基部; 扬子狐尾藻的分枝生物量、分枝数及平均分枝长较大, 新产生的分枝多位于断枝顶端附近。研究结果表明穗花狐尾藻和扬子狐尾藻断枝的再生对策不同, 前者是增加对断枝总生物量的投资, 而后者是增加对断枝产生新分枝的投资。研究结果可为进一步开展水生植物广布种与狭域种的生活史对策研究提供资料, 也为湿地物种多样性保护与管理提供科学指导     

外源NH+4对穗花狐尾藻根系形态和养分吸收的影响

在温室内进行静态实验,以原沉积物(CK)和分别添加0.24%和0.48%氯化铵(SN1和SN2)的沉积物作为底质培养沉水植物,探讨了高NH4+环境中穗花狐尾藻的根系形态特征及营养物质积累与干物质分配策略。结果表明,穗花狐尾藻主根直径(0.432-0.518mm)与主根/侧根比率(1.50-4.39)均随着沉积物NH4+含量升高呈现增大趋势,但单株主根总长(31.64-171.67cm)则在高NH4+环境中显著变短;其中,SN2处理中穗花狐尾藻主根数量(8.17条/株)显著低于SN1(14.67条/株)和CK(14.33条/株)处理,而SN1与CK处理之间差异不显著。SN1和SN2处理中穗花狐尾藻植株全氮含量(55.98和55.19mg/g)均显著高于CK(42.89mg/g)处理,而SN1和SN2处理中穗花狐尾藻植株全磷含量(1.63和1.53mg/g)则比CK处理中(3.71mg/g)显著降低。穗花狐尾藻植株干物质积累量(168.17-405.81mg/株)和全磷积累量(0.25-1.51mg/株)均随沉积物NH4+含量升高而显著下降,但植株全氮积累量(9.12-21.08mg/株)则表现为:SN1CKSN2。全氮和全磷在叶片中的分配率都随着沉积物NH+含量升高而显著降低,而在根系和茎秆中分配率则显著增加。     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析Ⅲ.金鱼藻+菹草+穗花狐尾藻群落

金鱼藻＋菹草＋穗花狐尾藻群落是洪湖生物量最大的沉水植被类型,在不同的地段存在较大的变化,种类组成复杂,金鱼藻和菹草在不同有季节交替成为群落的优势种。水流是影响不同种群水平分布的主要因素。从水面到水底,植被郁闭度逐步降低。各种对之间不存在显著的联结关系,水流作用及各有关种营养繁殖体的散布方式使得某些种对的生物量分布在一定时期出现显著的相关关系。     

光周期对穗花狐尾藻生长、开花与种子形成的影响

通过人工补光和遮光处理,初步研究了光周期对狐尾藻生长和开花的影响。研究发现:8h短日照条件不利于狐尾藻的生长和花序形成,导致狐尾藻不能正常开花和结实;与自然日照长度(平均日照14h)条件下相比,16h长光照条件可以增加植株的高度和分枝数,形成更大的生物量;但24h全光照条件对生长有抑制作用。长光照条件下,狐尾藻花序形成时间和开花时间均比自然条件下延迟,形成花序的数目也显著较自然条件下的少,但长光照条件下形成的种子比自然条件下形成的种子具有更高的萌发率。     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析：Ⅳ.穗花狐尾藻＋微齿眼子菜＋金鱼 …

穗花狐尾藻＋微齿眼子菜＋金鱼或群共产党员 是洪湖沉水植被的一种重要群落类型,种类组成比较复杂,受干扰程度相对较低,各组成种类数量特征的变化基本上反映了各自的生活史特征。不同季节穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻和微齿眼子菜的优势地位转换构成了该群落的重要特征。群落的生物量峰值在夏季出现,约为９４０ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。群落水平结构比较均一,垂直结构主要取决于优势种生物量的空间分务聚分布是各组成种的主要分布方式。分析     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析：Ⅱ.微齿眼子菜＋穗花狐尾藻＋轮藻群落

微齿眼子菜＋穗花狐尾藻＋轮藻群落是洪湖的一个特殊沉水植物群落类型,其形成和维持与圈养活动及特殊的环境条件密切相关,该群落种类组成简单,组成种分布均一,一秋季峰值为２５１ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,季节最大生物量为春季３１２ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。策齿子菜在生物量为秋季１５２ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,穗花狐尾藻季节最大生物量为冬季４５ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,轮藻季节最大生物量为春季１７８ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。群落水平结果     

狐尾藻与黑藻断枝的不定根和新芽的形成

比较狐尾藻和黑藻2种沉水植物不同节位和不同长度断枝的不定根和新芽形成时间的结果表明,随着断枝节位的下降或断枝长度的增加,狐尾藻不定根的形成时间分别呈延长和缩短的趋势,其新芽均呈缩短趋势;而黑藻不定根的形成时间均呈缩短趋势,其新芽受节位与长度的影响不明显。     

中国穗状狐尾藻遗传多样性的初步分析

利用叶绿体DNA三个片段(trnK-matK、trnL-trnF、rpl32-trnL)对中国大陆广布的水生植物穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)的遗传多样性进行了初步分析,以探讨其自然居群的遗传结构及具有广泛分布格局的可能机制。AMOVA分析显示,穗状狐尾藻8个居群间的遗传变异为84.97%,而居群内的遗传变异为15.03%,居群遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.85,表明穗状狐尾藻具有较高的遗传多样性(Hd=0.83)且主要存在于居群间,奠基者效应可能导致了最初的遗传差异,而隔离障碍(Nm=0.09)又进一步导致了居群间的遗传分化。基于17个单倍型构建的系统发育树和网络关系图均显示,单倍型H5和H6在居群中的分布范围最广且出现频率最高,表明H5和H6可能为最古老的祖先单倍型。Mantel检验表明居群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间不存在显著的相关性,失配分布检测结果显示穗状狐尾藻在历史上曾发生过扩张事件,而Tajima’s、FuLi’s D*和F*检测发现,该物种不存在明显的谱系地理格局,这可能与穗状狐尾藻种子的长距离扩散有关。     

狐尾藻断枝上不定根与芽发生的初步研究

本文比较研究了不同节位和不同长度狐尾藻断枝的不定根和芽的发生时间及其形成幼苗的频率(本文中的幼苗指最终形成了不定根和芽的断枝)。结果表明:在狐尾藻顶芽以下叶已完全展开的茎段部分,不定根和芽的发生时间呈现出随着节位下降而逐渐缩短的趋势,而幼苗形成频率呈现出随着节位下降而增高的趋势;断枝的长度(用断枝所含的茎节数表示)对不定根和芽的发生时间及幼苗形成频率也有明显的影响。断枝长度增加,不定根和芽的发生时间缩短,形成幼苗的频率升高。另外与抛掷方式相比,扦插延长多节断枝的不定根和芽形成时间,但提高幼苗的形成频率。这些研究结果为制定水体生态系统中狐尾藻的恢复和管理措施提供了参考。     

Allelopathic inhibition of epiphytes by submerged macrophytes

The hypothesis that epiphytes are more vulnerable to allelochemicals released by submerged macrophytes than phytoplankton was tested by measuring growth and photosystem (PS) II activity of three common epiphytic algae and cyanobacteria in coexistence with Myriophyllum spicatum using dialysis tubes. Results were compared with earlier experiments on planktonic species. Contrary to the planktonic species, the tested epiphytes, the green algae Stigeoclonium tenue, the diatom Gomphonema parvulum and the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limosa, were not significantly inhibited by M. spicatum. Growth and PS II activity of O. limosa were even significantly enhanced by M. spicatum, but this effect disappeared under phosphorus-deficiency due to the allelopathically induced inhibition of the alkaline phosphatase activity or phosphorus leakage by the macrophytes. My findings of a lower vulnerability of epiphytes against allelopathic substances of submerged macrophytes are supported by results of a literature survey.     

Light-dependent phosphate uptake of a submersed macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L.

The uptake kinetics of phosphate (Pi) by Myriophyllum spicatum was determined from adsorption and absorption under light and dark conditions. Pi uptake was light dependent and showed saturation following the Michaelis-Menten relation (in light: V = 16.91 × [Pi](1.335 + [Pi]), R² = 0.90, p < 0.001; in the dark: V = 5.13 × [Pi](0.351 + [Pi]), R² = 0.77, p < 0.001). Around 77% of the loss of Pi in the water column was absorbed into the tissue of M. spicatum, and only 23% was adsorbed on the surface of the plant shoots. Our study shows that M. spicatum shoots have a much higher affinity (in light: 3.9 μmol g⁻¹ dw h⁻¹ μM⁻¹; in the dark: 3.7 μmol g⁻¹ dw h⁻¹ μM⁻¹) and V_max (maximum uptake rate, shoot light) for Pi uptake than many other aquatic macrophytes (in light: 0.002-0.23 μmol g⁻¹ dw h⁻¹ μM⁻¹; in the dark: 0.002-0.19 μmol g⁻¹ dw h⁻¹ μM⁻¹), which may provide a competitive advantage over other macrophytes across a wide range of Pi concentrations.     

An in vitro propagation protocol of two submerged macrophytes for lake revegetation in east China

Thirty-six programs have been set up to revegetate the degraded lake wetlands in east China since 2002. Most projects however faced deficiency of submerged macrophyte propagules. To solve the problem, alternative seedling sources must be found besides traditional field collection. This paper deals with an in vitro propagation protocol for two popularly used submerged macrophytes, Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Potamogeton crispus L. Full strength Murashige and Skoog-based liquid media (MS) plus 3% sucrose in addition to 0–2.0 mg l⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0–1.0 mg l⁻¹ indoleacetic acid (IAA) were tried for shoot regeneration. Meanwhile, full, half or quarter strength MS in addition to 0, 0.1 or 0.2 mg l⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were tested for root induction, respectively. Results indicated that both species had the ability of regeneration from stem fragments in MS without further regulators. However, the addition of 2.0 mg l⁻¹ BA with 0.2 or 1.0 mg l⁻¹ IAA in MS drastically stimulated the regeneration efficiency of M. spicatum, while the addition of 2.0 mg l⁻¹ BA with 0.2 or 0.5 mg l⁻¹ IAA in MS significantly stimulated that of P. crispus. For root induction, full strength MS in combination with 0.1or 0.2 mg l⁻¹ NAA was preferred by M. spicatum, and the same MS without or with 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA was preferred by P. crispus. Seedlings of each species produced from tissue culture room had a 100% survival rate on clay, sandy loam or their mixture (1:1) in an artificial pond, and phenotypic plasticity was exhibited when the nutrient levels varied among the three types of sediments. This acclimation of seedlings helped develop the shoot and root systems, which ensured seedling quality and facilitated the transplantation. Our study has established an effective protocol to produce high quality seedlings for lake revegetation programs at a larger scale. Since the two species we tested represent different regeneration performances in nature but shared similar in vitro propagation conditions, this study has indicated a potentially wide use of the common media for preparing seedlings of other submerged macrophytes.     

The effect of temperature, water level and burial depth on seed germination of Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus

The effects of temperature, water level and burial depth on seed germination of two submerged species, Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus, were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. There was no significant difference in final germination of M. spicatum among water level treatments, but P. malaianus germinations at 1 cm and 12 cm water levels were better than at 0 cm water level at temperatures of 20 °C and 30 °C. Little to no germination was observed for either species at the temperature of 10 °C. At 15 °C, however, germination increased significantly to 66.3-70.6% for M. spicatum and to 29.4-48.1% for P. malaianus under all three water level treatments. Increased temperature from 15 °C to 30 °C had no significant effect on the final germination of M. spicatum except at the 1 cm water level, but enhanced significantly the germination of P. malaianus. Analysis of the mean time to germination revealed that M. spicatum was a faster germinator relative to P. malaianus. The two species’ germination differed markedly in response to burial depth. Germination percentage of M. spicatum was 71.3% at 0 cm burial depth, but decreased to 5.0% and to 2.5% at depths of 1 cm and 2 cm, respectively; whereas germination percentages of P. malaianus were 40.0%, 23.8%, 12.5%, 7.5% and 1.3% at depths of 0 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm and 5 cm, respectively. We concluded that the two species respond differently to germination strategies. The findings provided further insight into how germination strategy contributes to the seed bank formation and species invasion.     

Uptake of stable N isotopes by Myriophyllum spicatum is not selective

Preference for ¹⁴N over ¹⁵N was assessed for Myriophyllum spicatum L. by exposing shoots to the same initial concentration of N, but different isotopic compositions (100% ¹⁴N, 50% ¹⁴N and 50% ¹⁵N, and 100% ¹⁵N) for 6 weeks. Regardless of treatment, all available inorganic N was taken up by M. spicatum at similar rates. Significant differences in tissue isotopic composition were evident across treatments in 2 weeks, and persisted for the remainder of the experiment. At 6 weeks, atom (at) % ¹⁵N was twice as high in the 100% ¹⁵N treatment as in the 50% ¹⁵N treatment, and the at% of the ¹⁴N treatment (0% ¹⁵N) remained unchanged. This observed absence of preference for ¹⁴N in M. spicatum suggests that this species can be useful in determining N sources to freshwater systems, which often differ in ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio.     

Growth,biomass allocation,and autofragmentation responses to root and shoot competition in Myriophyllum spicatum as a function of sediment nutrient supply

Plant growth, biomass allocation and autofragmentation were investigated in response to root and shoot competition in the submersed macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum L. growing in two sediment environments. Biomass accumulation and allocation were significantly affected by sediment fertility, with a higher total biomass observed in fertile sediment (average: 4.69 g per plant vs. 1.12 g per plant in infertile sediment). Root-to-shoot ratios were 0.34 and 0.06 in the infertile and fertile sediments, respectively, reflecting the high investment placed on roots under infertile conditions. In the presence of root, shoot, and full competition, whole plant biomass decreased by 18%, 12% and 24% in the infertile sediments, and 23%, 25% and 33% in the fertile sediments, respectively. Root weight ratios (RWRs) increased with root competition by 38% (P < 0.001) and 12% (P = 0.002), while leaf weight ratios (LWRs) decreased with shoot competition by 6% (P = 0.042) and 5% (P = 0.001) in the infertile and fertile sediments, respectively. A total of 406 autofragments were harvested in the fertile sediments, but none were obtained from the infertile sediments. In the control, autofragment number and biomass was 166% and 175% higher compared to the competition treatment. Root and shoot competition resulted in a 21% (P = 0.043) and 18% (P = 0.098) decrease in the autofragment biomass, respectively. These results indicated that M. spicatum responds to different sediment fertility by changing its allocation patterns. Moreover, both root and shoot competition influenced plant growth and autofragmentation, while sediment nutrient availability played an important role in M. spicatum autofragmentation.     

Merging geospatial and field data to predict the distribution and abundance of an exotic macrophyte in a large Wisconsin reservoir

Geospatial and field data were merged to characterize the invasion of an exotic macrophyte into a large (∼6192 ha), reservoir, the Chippewa Flowage, Wisconsin, USA. Multi-scale analyses provided data for quantitative models of human, abiotic and biotic influences that would explain the presence and abundance of Myriophyllum spicatum L., a widespread, aquatic species. Human and abiotic factors were analysed in a geographic information system and additional abiotic and biotic factors were sampled at 2778 sample points. Using multivariate logistic and multiple linear regressions the relationships between 29 factors and the species’ presence and abundance were quantified. M. spicatum occurred at 181 of 992 vegetated points. M. spicatum abundance was significantly influenced by two geospatial variables (wave action and water-level drawdown) and two site variables (water depth and native species presence). Separate models for shallow and deep water explained 32% and 30% of M. spicatum abundance, respectively (compared to 22.8% using all 181 points). The species’ vertical distribution (range = 0.30-4.27 m) was related to depth of winter drawdown (∼1.3 m on average) and to water depth (an indicator of decreasing light), as well as to shading by floating-leaved macrophytes. Spatial extrapolation of model predictions for M. spicatum presence indicated that a total 940 hectares are at risk for M. spicatum invasion (∼15% of the Chippewa Flowage; about 2.5 times larger than the current distribution).     

Anti-cyanobacterial fatty acids released from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myriophyllum spicatum</Emphasis>

This study was carried out to identify unknown allelochemicals released from Myriophyllum spicatum and to investigate their anti-cyanobacterial effects. A series of analyses of culture solutions and methanol extracts of M. spicatum using gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector revealed that M. spicatum released fatty acids, specifically, nonanoic, tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, and octadecenoic acids. Nonanoic, cis-6-octadecenoic, and cis-9-octadecenoic acids significantly inhibited growth of Microcystis aeruginosa, whereas tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, and octadecanoic acids did not show any effect. When the inhibitory effect of nonanoic acid was compared with those of 4 polyphenols and eugeniin, which are anti-cyanobacterial compounds previously reported to be released by M. spicatum, nonanoic acid was found to be the most inhibitory to M. aeruginosa. These results indicate that not only polyphenols and eugeniin but also fatty acids such as nonanoic acid must be studied to reveal how M. spicatum exerts its allelopathic effect on M. aeruginosa.