食物对棉铃虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

用棉花、花生、玉米及人工饲料作为食料,模拟幼虫田间取食习必,同时为雌蛾设立补补充和无补弃营养两个处理,研究了食物对棉铃虫Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）生长发育及繁殖的影响。４种食料组幼虫历期之间有显著差异：雌、雄肾重花生组显著小于其余三组。雌蛾腹部干重及其脂肪百分含量与雌肾体重的排列顺序一样,雌蛾腹部干重人工饲料组显著大于棉花组和花生组。雌蛾寿命和繁殖受幼虫食科和成虫食物     

不同食料植物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

报道了棉花、烟草、番茄和辣椒4种植物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育和繁殖的影响。棉铃虫成虫喜欢在番茄上产卵,在辣椒上的着卵量最少。初孵幼虫喜选食嫩棉叶,选食辣椒嫩叶的虫数最少。4组幼虫取食嫩叶时的平均相对生长速率都有显著差异,顺序为棉叶组>烟叶组>番茄叶组>辣椒叶组。幼虫存活率以取食棉花时最高,取食番茄时最低。棉花组成虫的产卵量最高,烟草组的产卵量最低。取食棉花的棉铃虫种群增长的速度约为取食番茄时的14倍。6龄幼虫能有效利用和转化棉铃、烟草蒴果、辣椒果实,而对番茄果实的利用和转化效率较低。棉铃虫可分别以这4种植物的不同器官为食完成世代循环。其中,棉花是最适宜的寄主,辣椒和番茄是较不适宜的寄主。     

CO2浓度升高对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的直接影响

利用CDCC-1型密闭式动态CO2气室,在人工饲料下研究了不同CO2浓度（750μl/L vs．370μl/L）对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的直接影响,以及对棉铃虫幼虫体内营养物质和酶的含量。结果表明：（1）高CO2浓度大气中生长的棉铃虫种群发育延缓,单雌产卵量增加,虫体重量减轻,内禀增长率下降,而对人工饲料的消耗量和粪便排泄量增加。与对照相比,高CO2浓度下饲养的棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期延缓了15．14％（P〈0．01）,幼虫的取食量增加了8．03％（P〈0．01）,粪便量增加了14．54％（P〈0．05）。（2）高CO2浓度可影响棉铃虫幼虫对人工饲料的利用效率。与对照相比,在750μl/L CO2饲养下棉铃虫幼虫的相对消耗率、生长效率,食物转化率和近似消化率均有所降低。（3）高CO2浓度还改变了棉铃虫幼虫体内的营养物质的含量和酶的活性。与对照比较,750μl/L CO2饲养下棉铃虫幼虫体内蛋白质和总氨基酸含量分别下降了14．16％（P〈0．01）和28．40％（P〈0．01）;超氧化物歧化酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和淀粉酶的活性分别增加了26．43％、9．12％和40．17％,而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性则下降了20．25％（P〈0．01）。     

成虫取食对棉铃虫雌蛾繁殖的影响

试验对雌蛾设置５个食物处理,定量地研究了成虫取食对棉铃虫蛾繁殖和寿命的影响,成虫取食对雌蛾与寿命和主效量均显著影响,补充营养延长雌蛾寿命,提高产卵量,并且」补充营养对产卵量的影响比其对寿命的影响更大,分析表明被营养的作用在于提高雌蛾后期的存活率和产卵量,前期补充营养比后期补充营养具有更大的作用。雌雌全重及其蝮部干重受成廊和的自龄的双重影响,补充营养时雌蛾体重、腹部干重及其脂肪含量下降慢,补充营养可     

食物质量对棉铃虫繁殖力的影响

在成虫期有补充营养条件下,幼期取食棉叶、棉铃和人工饲料个体的平均单雌产卵量分别为565．2、1005．8和1052．2粒;成虫期无补充营养,则单雌产卵量依次为162．2、400．6和1035．6粒。幼期营养较差者产卵前期显著增加、产卵期和寿命明显缩短,幼期营养较好者则影响不大。这种现象表明：棉铃虫成虫期补充营养是幼虫期营养的延续,幼虫期营养较差者需获得补充营养完成生殖活动,若幼虫期营养较好,则成虫无补充营养也能保持较高的繁殖力。     

食物对竹裂爪螨生长发育及繁殖的影响

根据笔竹生长特性,用1年生竹、2年生竹、3年生竹和4年生竹的离体叶片作为食料,研究食用对竹爪螨（Schizoterranchus bambusae Peck)生长发育及繁殖的影响。试验结果表明,该螨各螨态的发育历期在4种食料组间存在显著差异或极显著差异,其中幼螨至成螨历期（雌螨）分别为5．00、5．10、6．31和5．03d;取食3年生竹叶片时,幼螨－成螨的存活率、单雌平均产卵量显著小于其余3组,分别为70．81％和14．71粒／雌。试验进一步研究了不同受害程度的毛竹叶片对竹裂爪生长发育及繁裂的影响,结果表明该螨各螨态的发育历期、雌成螨的寿命及敏殖力都因叶片的受害和蔼不同而存在显著差异或极显著差异,这表明了该螨种群在发展过程中,因对叶片的取食危害,通过对自身营养条件的恶化而存在着较强的负反馈作用。     

在高CO2浓度下生长的小麦对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

通过室内饲养实验研究了在高CO₂浓度（738.8±25.7μL/L）中生长的小麦对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)生长发育,繁殖以及营养效应的影响。结果表明： （1）取食高CO₂浓度大气中生长的麦粒的棉铃虫对食料的取食量和粪便排泄量增加,与对照相比,取食量和粪便排泄量分别增加46.3%（P<0.05）和37.8%;（2）大气CO₂浓度增加影响了麦粒中的营养成分的含量,其中,可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、葡萄糖和总糖的含量及碳氮比(C∶N)都显著增加,果糖和粗蛋白的含量都显著降低;（3）大气 CO₂浓度升高所导致的麦粒营养成分的变化影响了棉铃虫幼虫的食物利用效率,与对照组相比,棉铃虫幼虫对食物的毛转化率和净转化率分别降低27.2%和25.4%,对食物的相对取食率则显著提高58.8%（P < 00.1）。据此推测,未来高CO₂浓度的大气环境会降低春小麦的营养价值,从而影响棉铃虫的生长发育,加重其对小麦的危害。     

幼虫食物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育、繁殖及飞行的影响

报道了人工饲料、圆白菜和玉米苗三种食物对甜菜夜蛾 Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａ ｅｘｉｇｕａ 发育历期、蛹重以及成虫产卵和飞行能力的影响。幼虫取食人工饲料时发育历期最短, 蛹最重 （１３８ ｍ ｇ） , 产卵量最高 （６４３ 粒） ; 在１２ ｈ 的吊飞测试中, 成虫飞行距离最远 （２５５ ｋ ｍ ） , 飞行时间最长 （６２ ｈ） ,飞行超过１０ ｋ ｍ 的个体占６７９ ％ , 超过５ ｈ 的占６０７ ％ 。幼虫取食玉米苗时发育历期最长, 蛹最轻 （５２ ｍ ｇ） , 产卵量最低 （４１６ 粒） , 成虫仅能飞行３３ ｋ ｍ , １７ ｈ , 飞行超过１０ ｋ ｍ 或５ ｈ 的个体均仅占４２ ％ , 各项指标均显著低于人工饲料组。幼虫取食圆白菜时各项指标与人工饲料组基本相似 （ 幼虫历期和蛹重除外） , 而显著优于玉米苗组 （ 幼虫历期除外） 。这些结果表明, 幼虫食物对甜菜夜蛾的生长发育、产卵及飞行能力均有显著的影响, 因而是影响其个体发育、种群增长及种群动态的重要因素之一。同时, 由于取食本人工饲料的各项指标均优于其它两种食料植物, 因而可作为饲养甜菜夜蛾的实用饲料。     

幼虫食物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育、繁殖及飞行的影响

报道了人工饲料、圆白菜和玉米苗三种食物对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua发育历期、蛹重以及成虫产卵和飞行能力的影响。幼虫取食人工饲料时发育历期最短,蛹最重(138 mg),产卵量最高(643粒);在12 h的吊飞测试中,成虫飞行距离最远(25.5 km),飞行时间最长(6.2 h),飞行超过10 km的个体占67.9%,超过5 h的占60.7%。幼虫取食玉米苗时发育历期最长,蛹最轻(52 mg),产卵量最低(416粒),成虫仅能飞行3.3 km,1.7 h,飞行超过10 km或5 h的个体均仅占4.2%,各项指标均显著低于人工饲料组。幼虫取食圆白菜时各项指标与人工饲料组基本相似(幼虫历期和蛹重除外),而显著优于玉米苗组(幼虫历期除外)。这些结果表明,幼虫食物对甜菜夜蛾的生长发育、产卵及飞行能力均有显著的影响,因而是影响其个体发育、种群增长及种群动态的重要因素之一。同时,由于取食本人工饲料的各项指标均优于其它两种食料植物,因而可作为饲养甜菜夜蛾的实用饲料。     

食物中某些营养组分对三突花蛛生长发育的影响

研究食中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、总糖、铁、磷以及水等营养组分含量对三突花蛛相对取食量（RCR）和食物利用率（ECI）的影响,并建立这些组分对三突花蛛相对取食量和食物利用率的线性数学模型。     

Effects of climate change on different geographical populations of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae)

The effects of climate change on pest phenology and population size are highly variable. Understanding the impacts of localized climate change on pest distribution and phenology is helpful for improving integrated pest management strategies. Here, the population dynamics of cotton bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera) from Maigaiti County, south Xinjiang, and Shawan County, north Xinjiang, China, were analyzed using a 29‐year dataset at lower latitudes and a 23‐year dataset at higher latitudes to determine the effects of climate change on the population dynamics of H. armigera. The results showed that all generations of H. armigera at both sites showed increasing trends in population size with climate warming. Abrupt changes in phenology and population number occurred after abrupt temperature changes. Climate change had a greater effect on the phenology of H. armigera at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes and led to a greater increase in population size at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes; the temperature increase at higher latitudes will cause a greater increase in the adult moth population size in the future compared to that at lower latitudes; and abrupt changes in the phenology, temperature increase, and population size at lower latitudes occurred earlier than those at higher latitudes. Thus, it is necessary to develop sustainable management strategies for Helicoverpa armigera at an early stage.     

棉铃虫幼虫加单氧酶活性的组织分布

棉铃虫（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ）６龄幼虫不同组织的加单氧酶活性的测定结果显示,对－硝基苯甲醚Ｏ－脱甲基酶主要分由于外来物质的入口部位,以中肠和脂肪体的活性较高,在前肠、后肠和马氏管等组织中有相对较低的活性,而在体壁和精巢中未检测到Ｏ－ 甲基作用。体壁表现一定的艾氏剂环氧化作用,但其活性不及中肠的１０％,内源性制剂被证明并非体壁低加单氧酶活性的主要原因。不同组织生物量的差异及其动态     

Purification and characterization of prophenoloxidase from cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera

Phenoloxidases are oxidative enzymes, which play an important role in both cell mediated and humoral immunity. Purification and biochemical characterization of prophenoloxidase from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were carried out to study its biochemical properties. Prophenoloxidase consists of a single polypeptide chain with a relative molecular weight of 85 kDa as determined by SDS–PAGE, MALDI–TOF MS and LC–ESI MS. After the final step, the enzyme showed 71.7 fold of purification with a recovery of 49.2%. Purified prophenoloxidase showed high specific activity and homology with phenoloxidase subunit‐1 of Bombyx mori and the conserved regions of copper binding (B) site of phenoloxidase. Purified prophenoloxidase has pH optima of 6.8 and has high catalytic efficiency towards the dopamine as a substrate in comparison to catechol and L‐Dopa. The PO activity was strongly inhibited by phenylthiourea, thiourea, dithiothreitol and kojic acid.     

苦参碱对棉铃虫幼虫神经细胞钠通道的影响

用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了生物碱类植物杀虫剂苦参碱对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫离体培养中枢神经细胞钠离子通道门控过程的影响。结果表明： 苦参碱对棉铃虫幼虫神经细胞所表达的TTX （tetradotoxin, 河豚毒素)敏感钠通道具有浓度依赖性阻滞作用,1,10和100 μmol/L的苦参碱作用5 min后,分别使钠电流峰值较给药前下降（12.49±1.67）%、（18.79±2.16）%和（43.15±8.17）% (n=8, P<0.05)。苦参碱使钠电流的电流 电压关系曲线上移,但并不改变其激活电压、峰电压和电流电压关系曲线的形状。苦参碱对钠通道的阻滞作用可能是其具有某些毒理效应的离子基础。     

Effects of UV‐A exposures on longevity and reproduction in Helicoverpa armigera,and on the development of its F1 generation

Abstract Helicoverpa armigera adults display a conspicuous positive phototactic behavior to light stimuli, and are especially sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The effects of UV‐A (longwave) exposures on adult longevity and reproduction in H. armigera were investigated, as well as the development of the F₁ generation. Paired adults were exposed to UV‐A for various time periods (0, 1, 5 and 9 h/day), until the end of adult life. The results showed that adult longevity decreased with increasing exposure time for both sexes, and a significant decrease was observed after exposure for 5 and 9 h/day. Fecundity increased when adults were exposed for 1 and 5 h/day, and a significant difference was observed in the 5 h/day group. Oviposition rates of females in all treatments were significantly higher than in the control. Exposure to UV‐A for longer periods (5 and 9 h/day) caused a decline in cumulative survival of F₁ immature stages, but no significant differences were found in egg hatch, pupation and eclosion. The developmental periods of F₁ larvae were significantly prolonged after exposure to UV‐A for 5 and 9 h/day. UV‐A radiation had no significant effects on F₁ pupal period.     

体重与寄主植物对棉铃虫同类相残行为的影响

对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)的同类相残进行行为学观测,以分析体重在胜负中作用,以及不同寄主植物情况下,同类相残导致的数量变化。结果表明:棉铃虫同类相残包括试探性攻击、反击、追击、嘶咬、缠绕、取食等过程,其中能否成功缠绕对方是成功的关键。体重在同类相残过程中起到重要的作用,同一龄期,体重大的个体获胜可能性显著大于体重较小的个体。寄主植物的营养状况对同类相残有着显著影响,不适宜寄主植物环境下,同类相残在低龄期即可降低种群数量。     

Effects of class-specific,synthetic, and natural proteinase inhibitors on life-history traits of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera

Herbivorous insects have more difficulty obtaining proteins from their food than do predators and parasites. The scarcity of proteins in their diet requires herbivores to feed voraciously, thus heavily damaging their host plants. Plants respond to herbivory by producing defense compounds, which reduce insect growth, retard development, and increase mortality. Herbivores use both pre- and postdigestive response mechanisms to detect and avoid plant defense compounds. Proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are one example of plant compounds produced as a direct defense against herbivory. Many insects can adapt to PIs when these are incorporated into artificial diets. However, little is known about the effect of PIs on diet choice and feeding behavior. We monitored the diet choice, life-history traits, and gut proteinase activity of Helicoverpa armigera larvae using diets supplemented with synthetic and natural PIs. In choice experiments, both neonates and fourth-instar larvae preferred the control diet over PI-supplemented diets, to varying degrees. Larvae that fed on PI-supplemented diets weighed less than those that fed on the control diet and produced smaller pupae. Trypsin-specific PIs had a stronger effect on mean larval weight than did other PIs. A reduction of trypsin activity but not of chymotrypsin activity was observed in larvae fed on PI-supplemented diets. Therefore, behavioral avoidance of feeding on plant parts high in PIs could be an adaptation to minimize the impact of this plant's defensive strategy.     

Isolation and characterization of DNA microsatellite from cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera,Hübner)

Five microsatellite loci of Helicoverpa armigera were isolated from a partial genomic library screened by oligonucleotide probes. Primers were designed to detect allelic variability and heterozygosity in 60 individuals collected from different host species. All loci were found to be polymorphic, have 8–11 alleles with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.81 to 0.88. Our results indicate that the five microsatellite loci could provide valuable markers for population genetic and ecological studies of the cotton bollworm.     

棉铃虫Polycalin基因的克隆及其表达分析

【目的】通过对棉铃虫Polycalin基因的克隆及其表达谱分析,进一步明确Polycalin基因在抗性中发挥的作用,为棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的抗性治理提供理论依据。【方法】通过RACE结合PCR技术克隆获得了棉铃虫Polycalin基因的全长序列,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了在棉铃虫不同发育时期、幼虫肠道不同部位的Polycalin基因表达量,比较了棉铃虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白的饲料后,Polycalin基因表达量的变化。【结果】该基因全长序列为2 955 bp,开放阅读框为2 781 bp,编码926个氨基酸(Gen Bank登录号为KP100652);预测蛋白的分子量为101.68 ku,等电点为4.57。推导的氨基酸序列中,N末端含有20个氨基酸组成的信号肽,含有8个O-糖基化位点,3个N-糖基化位点,C末端存在2个GPI结合位点。Polycalin在棉铃虫所有发育阶段都可以表达,幼虫期表达量较高,尤其在1~3龄幼虫体内表达量最高,在卵、成虫和蛹中的表达量较低。棉铃虫4龄幼虫取食含活化Cry1Ac蛋白的人工饲料后,Polycalin基因的表达受到抑制。【结论】研究结果可以为进一步揭示Polycalin基因的功能及其在Bt杀虫机制中的作用奠定基础。