转基因动物应用的研究现状与生物安全评价

转基因动物技术自诞生以来在医药、农业、环保、生物材料等方面展示了广阔的应用前景。本文就动物转基因的应用及其产业化前景进行了概述,并从全球角度对转基因生物安全作出评估。     

转基因生物与生物安全

20世纪70年代以来,以转基因技术为代表的现代生物技术在解决人类所面临的粮食短缺、环境污染等重大问题上发挥了巨大作用,并逐渐发展成为强大的现代生物技术产业。随着各类转基因生物的问世及其产品的不断上市,转基因生物的安全性问题已成为公众关心的焦点。本文分析了转基因生物可能对生物多样性、生态环境和人体健康等方面产生的负面影响,总结丁国内外有关转基因生物安全管理的现状,提出了加强转基因生物安全管理的策略。     

日本对农业重组DNA生物的管理

日本对农业重组ＤＮＡ生物的管理雷茂良（农业部科技司北京１０００２６）引言日本的重组ＤＮＡ生物（即转基因生物）研究和应用开始较早,并从一开始就非常重视其安全管理。政府制订了一系列的法规以保证研究和应用重组ＤＮＡ生物的安全性,并促进农业产业的全面健康发展...     

转基因植物对农业生物多样性的影响

论述了近年来转基因植物对农业生态系统生物多样性影响的研究进展．主要在遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个层次上予以评述．包括转基因植物对作物遗传多样性的影响;转基因植物的外源基因向杂草和近缘野生种转移;转基因抗虫植物对目标害虫的影响。抗除草剂转基因植物对作物和杂草的影响,抗病毒转基因植物对病毒的影响;转基因植物对非目标生物的影响,对土壤生态系统的影响等．     

转基因生物及其产品的风险与管理

转基因生物及其新产品已经进入国际贸易,关于其风险性的争论甚为激烈。上前所知的风险主要是基于理论上的推测。本文介绍了世界各国对转基因生物及其产品的管理模式和一些国际组织的有关活动和规则,并对当前形势下我国应采取的对策提出了建议。     

我国农业生物基因工程安全评价的现状、问题与建议

我国农业生物基因工程安全评价的现状、问题与建议吕建秋雷茂良石燕泉程金根（华南农业大学广州５１０６４２）（农业部科技质标司北京１０００２６）农业生物基因工程是指利用载体系统的重组ＤＮＡ技术及利用物理、化学和生物等方法把重组ＤＮＡ导入农业生物体内的技...     

法国农业领域转基因生物研究的有关情况

法国农业领域转基因生物研究的有关情况近年来,生物转基因技术已成为生物领域中一项革命性的技术,其将极大地影响农业、医学、生态以及相关领域的发展。因此世界各发达国家都十分重视这方面的研究。本文就法国农业领域中的转基因生物研究介绍一些情况,供国内有关部门参...     

GMO生物安全评价研究进展

讨论了GMO生物安全评价的主要内容、常用的检测方法和近年来国内外有关生物安全问题的研究进展。本文还介绍了我国生物安全管理的现状、法律法规和运行机制,并就我国今后如何加强生物安全管理提出了相应的对策。     

我国转基因水稻商品化应用的潜在环境生物安全问题

转基因水稻的研发和商品化应用将为提高我国水稻的生产力提供新的机遇,并缓解我国的粮食安全问题.转基凶水稻的人规模环境释放和商品化生产可能会带来一定的环境生物安全问题,处理不好会影响转基因水稻的进一步研究和发展.通常所指的环境生物安全问题主要包括以下几个方面:(1)抗生物胁迫转基因对非靶标生物的影响及效应;(2)外源基因向非转基因作物和野生近缘种逃逸及其可能带来的生态后果;(3)转基因作物对农业生态系统、土壤微生物以及生物多样性的潜在影响;(4)抗生物胁迫转基因的长期使用导致靶标生物对转基因产生抗性等.为了安全有效和持续利用转基因生物技术及其产品,有必要对转基因水稻的环境生物安全性进行科学评价.基于风险评价的原则,本文对转基因水稻在我国商品化生产和大规模种植可能带来的环境生物安全问题进行了理性分析,希望为我国转基因水稻商品化应用的决策和生物安全评价提供科学依据.     

欧盟转基因生物安全检测技术现状及启示北大核心CSCD

为了了解欧盟转基因生物安全检测技术发展现状,提高我国转基因安全监管水平。本研究根据对欧盟8家转基因检测相关机构现状的调查和分析结果,阐述了转基因检测过程中的关键技术要点及欧盟的实施情况,具体包括抽样与制样方法,转基因检测方法的循环验证与参数要求,样品的检测策略与实验室环境要求,以及检测结果的表述与不确定度评估。并结合我国转基因生物安全检测发展现状,提出了开展检测方法的实验室联合验证和加强转基因定量PCR检测技术的研发和应用的建议。     

关于加强我国生物安全工作若干问题的思考

随着现代化生物技术,特别是基因工程技术的兴起和迅速发展,生物安全问题农渐成为全球社会普遍关注的热点,它既是一个科学问题,又是一个管理问题,需要从健全法律法规体系,理顺管理机构体系,支持鼓励科学研究,重视科学宣传普及,加强相关国际合作等方面,大力加强我国的生物安全工作,达到保障安全,促进发展的目标。     

遗传修饰生物体(GMOs)生态风险的监测

遗传修饰生物体(GMOs)释放的生态学风险往往要在相当长的时期内才表现出来,因而必须对其进行长期监测。监测的内容和方法依对象的不同而有所不同。在短期和长期监测中,数学模型具有重要的作用。本文就监测的内容、原则和方法进行了全面的论述。     

转基因农作物检测技术及其应用与发展

常用的转基因检测方法可分为两个方向,一是以检测外源基因为目标,如多聚酶链式反应分析法(PCR),二是以检测外源蛋白为目标,如酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)。此外,近年来,随着世界各国对转基因生物安全问题的日益关注,还涌现出了一批新的检测方法,如微阵列分析法(microarray),色谱分析法(chroma-tography),表面等离子共振(surfaceplasmonresonance,SPR)生物传感器分析法以及近红外线光谱分析法(nearinfraredspectroscopy,NIR)等。将对各种转基因检测方法的原理、特点及研究现状做一个扼要介绍。     

Genetically modified organisms and risks of their introduction

The major goal of this review is to assess food risks of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops. The author analyzes the properties of the several classes of target proteins used in the transgenic constructions and discusses the problems that arise due to the pleiotropic action of transgenic proteins, the horizontal transfer of the transgenic constructions, primarily in bacteria, and their instability. Particular consideration is given to elevated risks of using the GM plant varieties for producing pharmaceutical preparations, due to the probability of uncontrolled cross-pollination between the GM plants and the plants grown for foodstuff production. The author emphasizes the requirement for assessing in detail all hypothetic risks in each particular case of cultivating GM varieties; as a control, such assessment must involve a comprehensive comparison with the conventional parental forms.Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2005, pp. 115–128.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kulikov.     

Gene transfer technology in aquaculture

The gene transfer technique, transgenesis, has permitted the transfer of genes from one organism to another to create new lineages of organisms with improvement in traits important to aquaculture. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), therefore, hold promise for producing genetic improvements, such as enhanced growth rate, increased production and efficiency, disease resistance and expanded ecological ranges. The basic procedure to generate transgenic fish for aquaculture includes: (1) design and construction of transgenic DNA; (2) transfer of the gene construct into fish germ cells; (3) screening for transgenic fish; (4) determination of transgene expression and phenotype; (5) study of inheritance; and (6) selection of stable lines of transgenics.GMOs offer economic benefits, but also pose environmental threats. Optimising the mix of benefits and risks is of fundamental importance. The potential economic benefits of transgenic technology to aquaculture are obvious. Transgenic fish production has the goal of producing food for human consumption; thus the design of genetic constructs must take into consideration the potential risks to consumer health, as well as marketing strategies and product acceptance in the market.     

国际上主要国家和地区农业转基因产品的标识制度

转基因标识是表明产品含有转基因成分或者由转基因生物生产、加工而成的一种标识。随着全球转基因技术研发和应用的不断推进,国际上对农业转基因产品的标识管理更加关注与重视。通过阐述农业转基因产品标识制度的形成与发展过程,研究欧盟、美国、加拿大、日本、韩国等主要国家和地区的转基因产品标识管理制度,总结出成分关注标识、过程关注标识、自愿标识、强制性标识、定性标识、定量标识、全面标识、目录标识等不同标识类别的特点与利弊,并分析了国际上关于标识豁免及阴性标识等方面的政策规定,为我国的农业转基因产品标识管理工作提供了启示与参考。     

转基因植物的食品安全性问题及评价策略

转基因植物经历了20年的快速发展,已经成为21世纪农业的重要支柱之一。转基因植物从诞生以来,其食用安全性一直是科学界、政府和广大消费者关心的焦点问题。各类转基因安全事件层出不穷,严重影响着转基因产业的发展。本文从营养、毒性、过敏性、抗生素抗性、非期望效应等五个方面系统总结了转基因植物食用安全的问题,详细介绍了转基因植物食用安全评价的六大原则以及国际与国内对转基因植物食用安全性评价的内容,最后介绍了我国的转基因植物安全管理体系。以期使读者对转基因植物食用安全问题有一个系统全面的了解。     

Evaluation of the potential exposure of butterflies to genetically modified maize pollen in protected areas in Italy

Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops are mandatorily assessed during their premarket phase. One of the areas of concern is the possible impact on nontarget organisms. Crops expressing Cry toxins might affect Lepidoptera larvae living outside cultivated fields, through pollen deposition on wild plants, which constitute their food source. While pollen toxicity varies among different events, possible exposure of nontarget species depends on the agro‐environmental conditions. This study was conducted in two protected areas in Italy, characterized by different climatic conditions, where many Lepidoptera species thrive in proximity to maize cultivations. To estimate the possible exposure in absence of the actual stressor (e.g., Cry1‐expressing maize plants), we conducted a two‐year field survey of butterflies and weeds. Indicator species were selected—Aglais (Inachis) io in the Northern site and Vanessa cardui in the Southern site—and their phenology was investigated. Pollen dispersal from maize fields was measured by collection in Petri dishes. Duration and frequency of exposure was defined by the overlap between pollen emission and presence of larvae on host plants. Different risk scenarios are expected in the two regions: highest exposure is foreseen for A. io in the Northern site, while minimal exposure is estimated for V. cardui in the Southern site. In the latter case, locally grown maize cultivars flower in mid‐summer in coincidence with an aestivation period for several butterfly species due to hot and dry conditions. Moreover, host plants of V. cardui are at the end of their life cycle thus limiting food availability.     

Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. BD413 with DNA from commercially available genetically modified potato and papaya

AIM: To estimate the likelihood of transfer of kanamycin-resistance gene (nptII) from commercially available genetically modified (GM) plants. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acinetobacter sp. BD413 carrying a plasmid containing an inactivated nptII gene was treated with DNA derived from GM potato and GM papaya. Kanamycin-resistant transformants were obtained at a frequency of 10-30 microg(-1) DNA. Calculation of the results suggested that 6-9 x 10(4) molecules of genomic DNA from GM plants were needed to obtain one transformant. However, such transformation events were not detectable in the absence of the plasmid in the host strain. CONCLUSIONS: Acinetobacter sp. BD413 was transformed with DNA derived from GM potato and GM papaya, in the presence of an inactivated nptII gene on a plasmid. However, the frequency of such events in the natural environment on wild-type strains, while evidently low, remains unknown. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results may help to evaluate potential risks associated with the use of antibiotic-resistance determinants as genetic markers in GM plants. Complete risk assessment must consider factors other than transformation frequency alone, including the natural background of antibiotic resistance present in bacterial populations, and the spectrum and clinical use of the antimicrobial agents in question.