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1.
高黎贡山北段植物群落TWINSPAN数量分类研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法对高黎贡山北段植物群落进行研究,将研究区68个样地归并为18个聚组,并参照《云南植被》和《中国植被》的分类原则和系统将研究区植物群落划归为6个植被型、7个植被亚型、7个群系组、10个群系和18个群落;TWINSPAN数量分类反映了群落分布随海拔和干扰变化的规律。  相似文献   

2.
采用TWINSPAN 数量分类方法对高黎贡山北段植物群落进行研究, 将研究区68 个样地归并为18 个聚组, 并参照《云南植被》和《中国植被》的分类原则和系统将研究区植物群落划归为6 个植被型、7 个植被亚型、7 个群系组、10 个群系和18 个群落; TWINSPAN 数量分类反映了群落分布随海拔和干扰变化的规律。  相似文献   

3.
基于小嵩草(Kobresia parva)草甸连续2年的牦牛放牧控制试验,研究了暖季和冷季放牧草场植物群落数量特征的变化.结果表明:在2年的放牧期内,小嵩草草甸2季草场优良牧草的盖度随放牧强度的提高呈降低趋势,而杂草的盖度呈增加趋势;2季草场对照、轻度放牧和中度放牧组的优势种均为小嵩草和垂穗披碱草,但暖季草场重度放牧下主要优势种变为鹅绒委陵菜和阿拉善马先蒿,冷季草场重度放牧下小嵩草和鹅绒委陵菜为主要优势种;放牧强度之间的差异越大,2季草场各放牧处理间群落的相似性程度越低,说明放牧强度是引起群落差异的主要原因,也是群落变化的主导因子.2季草场各放牧处理的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数在对照组最低,中度放牧组最高,其指数排序为:对照<轻度放牧<重度放牧<中度放牧,这一结果支持“中度干扰理论”.  相似文献   

4.
锡林河流域草地灌木化表现为小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)种群的扩张。为了研究放牧与小叶锦鸡儿种群扩张的关系, 从小叶锦鸡儿的种子产量和萌发入手, 分析放牧对小叶锦鸡儿生殖的直接影响(即放牧的直接影响)以及不同放牧处理下昆虫种群对小叶锦鸡儿生殖造成的影响(即放牧的间接影响)。通过比较不同处理下小叶锦鸡儿果荚的数量、种子产量以及昆虫对种子的取食, 发现放牧产生的直接影响和间接影响性质不同, 放牧的直接影响是不利于小叶锦鸡儿的繁殖,而其间接影响却对小叶锦鸡儿的繁殖有利, 且这两种影响在很大程度上会互相抵消。根据所得的研究结果可知在停止放牧之后的一段时间内, 小叶锦鸡儿种群扩张的可能性会增加, 因此在草地生态系统管理中应该注意这个问题。  相似文献   

5.
潘少兵  任晓冬 《生物学杂志》2010,27(5):60-63,76
在群落样方调查的基础之上,采用双向指示种分析法(TW INSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)对草海国家级自然保护区水生植物群落进行分类和排序。TW INSPAN将50个样方分为17组,根据植被分类的原则划分为17个群丛,论述了各个群丛的群落学特征。50个样方的DCA排序结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,表明影响群落分布格局的主导生态因子为水分条件,第一轴反映了各个群落类型所在的水分条件梯度。排序结果与分类结果较吻合,反映出植物群落类型和物种分布随环境因子梯度变化的趋势。  相似文献   

6.
中条山中段植物群落数量分类与排序研究   总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22  
在群落样方调查基础上,采用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)对中条山中段植物群落进行了数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN将53个样方分为14组,根据植被分类的原则划分为14个群丛,论述了各群丛的群落学特征。53个样方的DCA排序结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,表明影响群丛分布格局的主导生态因子为海拔高度、水分和热量。DCA排序将65个种分为5个种组,各种组在排序轴上的位置反映了种组成员的生态适应性及其在群落中的重要性和更新生态位。  相似文献   

7.
本文用TWINSPAN分类和PCA及DCA排序技术分析了沙质草甸草场放牧试验引起地植物群落分异的特征,主要结论为:放牧强度是引起群落分异的主要原因,群落的分异主要表现在高度和现存生物量上。放牧引起群落变化的动力主要是放牧强度。而无牧条件下群落变化的主要动力是植物间的相互作用。当地的放牧强度处于中牧与重牧之间,属于过度放牧。这是引起草场退化及沙漠化的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

8.
不同季节适度放牧对高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
于2007~2011年对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸在不同季节适度(牧草利用率35%~60%)放牧处理(不放牧、夏季放牧和冬季放牧)下的植物群落组成和物种多样性进行观测研究,结果表明:(1)经过长期的不同季节的适度放牧处理后,夏季放牧与冬季放牧均降低了禾本科植物功能群的比例,提高了杂草类植物功能群的比例。(2)与未放牧(对照)相比,夏季放牧处理下莎草科植物矮嵩草和杂类草蒙古蒲公英、鹅绒委陵菜的相对生物量分别增加了151.38%和318.87%、344.15%,禾本科植物异针茅相对生物量降低了41.16%;冬季放牧鹅绒委陵菜相对生物量增加了124.08%,禾本科植物草地早熟禾减少了45.99%,但夏季放牧和冬季放牧对二柱头藨草、紫羊茅、垂穗披碱草、花苜蓿和高山唐松草等植物的影响均不显著。(3)总体上不同季节适度放牧对植物群落物种丰富度、多样性指数以及均匀度指数的影响均不显著,但对这三者的影响随年份变化而变化。  相似文献   

9.
放牧对草场植被动态的影响   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
放牧对草场植被动态的影响吴德东,周景荣,朱德华,刘淑玲(辽宁省固沙造林研究所,章古台123203)王志海,马占信,赵建平(阜新市阿尔乡畜牧场,123204)InfluenceofGrazingonVegetationDynamicsonPasture...  相似文献   

10.
11.
    
Abstract. 40 sites, representing different pasture types in Northwest Spain, were sampled in respect of their floristic composition, distribution of above and below-ground biomass and environmental and physical variables. Five plant community types were identified by classification techniques of plant species composition. These communities were then characterized in terms of the percentage of ground covered by herbaceous and shrub vegetation, stones, rocks and gaps as well as their topographic location and characteristics of the shallow soil (pH, organic matter, nitrogen and calcium content). Bio-mass was assessed in terms of above-ground structures, surface crowns and three below-ground layers to a depth of 10 cm. Three types of grazing regime were distinguished: Concentrated Intense Grazing in early spring (CIG), Extended Intense Grazing throughout the spring (EIG), and Non-Intense Grazing (NIG). Grazing regime showed the highest association with plant community type and three broad categories were identified: xeric stressed pastures, which nevertheless received CIG, mesic pastures with EIG, and three kinds of NIG mesic pastures. The xeric communities had the highest proportion of aboveground biomass, as a consequence of their greater proportion of woody perennials. These xeric communities displayed a more gradual reduction in below-ground biomass with depth than mesic pastures, a likely consequence of the low water content in the upper soil layers. The mesic communities had a high concentration of below-ground biomass in the upper layers when they were intensely grazed. However, when grazing was low (i.e. NIG situations), these communities had greater variability in biomass profiles than any of the other pasture types. Possible causes of the patterns in biomass distribution of the intensely grazed pastures are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
13.
    
Abstract. A distinctive feature of Australian vegetational history is the abruptness of change since European settlement, involving the influx of exotic species and the imposition of exogenous disturbances which are novel in both intensity and character. This can produce two sources of habitat variability: the natural patterns arising from environmental variation, as well as an overlying effect of disturbance. The relative importance of these two types of variables were compared in temperate herbaceous vegetation. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that environment and disturbance had similar contributions to floristic variability. Individually, lithology, altitude and soil disturbance were the strongest variables while slope position, grazing and water enrichment were slightly less important. Despite generally low levels of site specificity, groups of species associated with lithology, slope position, altitude and different disturbance regimes were identified. Exotic species were associated with higher levels of disturbance, but showed levels of environmental specialization similar to the native component. Through combination of this analysis with a previous analysis of species richness for the same data set, it became evident that environmental variation mostly resulted in species substitutions while disturbances led to losses of species, with partial replacement by exotics. Synthesizing these results, we identified three broad groups in relation to tolerance of levels of exogenous disturbance: (1) intolerant species - native taxa intolerant of severe disturbances and constituting the species - rich component of the vegetation; (2) tolerant species - exotic and native taxa occurring at both disturbed and undisturbed habitats and (3) disturbance specialists - predominantly exotic species, correlated with high levels of disturbance.  相似文献   

14.
The body size of an individual zooplankton is well related to its grazing rate and to the range of particle sizes it can ingest, and since cladocerans and copepods feed differently, they follow different relationships. Based on these general patterns in individual organisms, we tested whether the size structure and taxonomic composition of more complex natural zooplankton communities are related to their in situ grazing rate and to the range of algal sizes they graze. We compared community grazing rates on individual algal taxa in two communities dominated by small cladocerans, three communities dominated by large cladocerans and three copepod-dominated communities. Small algae were usually grazed most intensively, but grazing rates were poorly related to algal size alone. The range in size of grazed algae increased with increasing mean zooplankton body size, but differed systematically with their taxonomic composition. Communities dominated by Ceriodaphnia or Holopedium grazed a narrower size range of algae [maximum greatest axial length dimension (GALD)=16–36 μm)] than communities with large biomasses of Bosmina or Daphnia (maximum GALD=28–78 μm). Copepod-dominated communities followed the same general relationship as cladocerans. Daphnia-dominated communities grazed the broadest range of algal sizes, and their total grazing rates were up to 2.4 times their grazing rates on small (<35 μm) “highly edible” algae, a difference of similar magnitude to those found in successful trophic cascade biomanipulations. Received: 31 March 1998 / Accepted: 19 October 1998  相似文献   

15.
中条山东段森林乔木树种分布的环境梯度分析与种组划分   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
刘秋锋  康慕谊  刘全儒 《生态学杂志》2006,25(11):1306-1311
利用CCA排序和TWINSPAN分类,探讨了中条山东段森林植被中乔木树种分布与环境梯度的关系,并根据树种在排序图上的相对位置,同时参考相关文献资料,进行了种组划分。结果表明,海拔梯度是影响乔木树种分布的最重要的环境因子,土壤肥力和土壤湿度指数也具有较大的作用。72个树种(含变种)归纳划分为6个种组,即低海拔暖湿型、中低海拔暖燥型、中低海拔温润型、中海拔湿沃型、中高海拔燥瘠型和高海拔冷湿型。每个种组内的树种在生态习性特别是在分布特征上显示出较大的相似性,介绍了各种组分布的生境特征。TWINSPAN分类结果与种组划分吻合较好。  相似文献   

16.
  总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
It is proposed that evaluations of disturbance effects upon community diversity will be influenced by two factors currently overlooked in models addressing disturbance-diversity relationships: (1) the spatial scale of inquiry, and (2) the level of the species abundance (dominance) hierarchy at which the search for diversity is done. We analyzed how two disturbance types—cattle grazing and large flooding—affected community diversity at two spatial scales (stand and patch) and three levels of species dominance in a grassland of the Flooding Pampa, Argentina. The effect of disturbance interaction was also examined. Species diversity at the stand scale was reduced by either grazing or flooding. Both disturbances decreased community spatial heterogeneity. At the patch scale, diversity declined with flooding but was enhanced by grazing. Flooding increased diversity under grazing conditions. However, stand diversity was highest in the undisturbed grassland; pattern diversity was the salient feature in this condition. The combination of disturbances yielded the highest patch-scale diversity; grazing increased richness whilst flooding enhanced evenness. Comparisons among grassland conditions appeared scale-dependent. Moreover the extent of disturbance effects varied with the level of dominance hierarchy considered. We point out the relevance of site history and initial conditions, encompassing the possibility of disturbances interaction, to the patters produced by disturbance events. Effects perceived at different spatial scales, or in species positioned at separate dominance levels, may parallel meaningful changes in the relative importance of factors controlling species coexistence and community organization.  相似文献   

17.
南方山地人工草地群落结构组建及其与环境因子的关系   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7  
采用CCA排序技术,定量分离了刈割和放牧下环境、空间、生物和随机因素对亚热带山地人工草地群落结构组建的贡献,分析了不同管理制度下的群落.环境关系.放牧和刈割条件下,与环境因素有关的群落结构变化分别为27.4%、25.9%(其中环境因素独立作用分别为18.9%、19.8%),空间因素解释的变化分别为32.5%、24.2%,生物及随机因素造成的变化分别为48%、56%.说明放牧削弱了生物学过程(主要是物种相互作用和种子扩散)对群落结构组建的作用,增强了空间因素的影响.空间因素主要是通过与环境因素耦合(改变直接环境的空间分布)对群落结构组建起作用、刈割条件下,群落结构和物种多度沿环境变化呈梯度分布.放牧条件下,环境因素与群落、物种的关系比较复杂,不同干扰程度的群落小斑块向不同方向演替.  相似文献   

18.
Grazing of protozoa and its effect on populations of aquatic bacteria   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
Predation by bacterivorous protists in aquatic habitats can influence the morphological structure, taxonomic composition and physiological status of bacterial communities. The protistan grazing can result in bacterial responses at the community and the species level. At the community level, grazing-induced morphological shifts have been observed, which were directed towards either larger or smaller bacterial sizes or in both directions. Morphological changes have been accompanied by changes in taxonomic community structure and bacterial activity. Responses at the species level vary from species to species. Some taxa have shown a pronounced morphological plasticity and demonstrated complete or partial shifts in size distribution to larger growth forms (filaments, microcolonies). However, other taxa with weak plasticity have shown no ability to reduce grazing mortality through changes in size. The impact of protistan grazing on bacterial communities is based on the complex interplay of several parameters. These include grazing selectivity (by size and other features), differences in sensitivity of bacterial species to grazing, differences in responses of single bacterial populations to grazing (size and physiology), as well as the direct and indirect influence of grazing on bacterial growth conditions (substrate supply) and bacterial competition (elimination of competitors).  相似文献   

19.
    
Questions: What are the interactive effects of flooding and cattle trampling upon the structural attributes and the floristic composition of a plant community? Do the effects on the plant community persist over an extended recovery period? Location: Flooding Pampa grasslands, Argentina (36°30′ S, 58°30′ W). Methods: We assessed the effects of 40‐d of flooding, trampling and the combination thereof on plant cover and biomass, vertical distribution of foliage and floristic composition in lowland grassland mesocosms. We considered a 120‐d recovery period to evaluate the persistence of flooding and trampling effects on the plant community. Results: Flooding, with or without trampling, increased cover and biomass of the graminoid species, especially marsh grasses, which developed a taller canopy, whereas most of the forb species were negatively affected. This was enhanced by trampling, as the aerial biomass of the dominant legume Lotus tenuis decreased by 90%, while three major forb species disappeared. Trampling under flooding conditions did not reduce the total above‐ground biomass production, as the growth enhancement of graminoids was enough to compensate for the breakdown of the forbs. Below‐ground biomass was lower when both perturbations occurred simultaneously. After 120‐d of recovery, graminoids continued to be dominant while the remaining forbs (including L. tenuis) recovered only partially. Below‐ground biomass recovered fully at the end of the growing season. Conclusions: The combination of flooding and trampling shifts the community co‐dominance of graminoids and forbs towards a persistent dominance of graminoid species. When both perturbations are combined, the above‐ground production of the grassland is unaffected and root biomass is rapidly recovered. However, the loss of the legume L. tenuis deserves attention because this is the unique nitrogen‐fixing species of the ecosystem, which improves the forage quality for livestock production.  相似文献   

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