Grp78/Bip介导戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白对宿主细胞的吸附

目的 探讨Grp78/Bip在戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)衣壳蛋白进入宿主细胞过程中的作用。方法 采用pull-down和免疫共沉淀技术进一步验证p239与Grp78/Bip的相互作用;采用激光共聚焦显微镜技术检测p239与细胞膜表面Grp78/Bip共定位情况;采用原核表达纯化的Grp78/Bip蛋白封闭p239的Grp78/Bip结合位点,检测其阻断p239吸附细胞的效果。结果 p239与Grp78/Bip可以直接结合,而且这种结合是可逆的生理性结合;p239与Grp78/Bip在细胞膜上存在部分共定位;Grp78/Bip能部分阻断p239对肝细胞的吸附。结论 Grp78/Bip参与并介导HEV衣壳蛋白对宿主细胞的吸附。Objective To further investigate the interaction between recombinant hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein p239 and Grp78/Bip and the role of Grp78/Bip in HEV penetration.Methods We utilized pull-down, immunoprecipitation and antibody blocking assays to examine the interaction between p239 and Grp78/Bip. Confocal microscopy was used to investigate the co-localization of these two proteins. Purified Grp78/Bip was used to block the attachment of p239 to host cells.Results p239 directly bound to Grp78/Bip and this binding was sensitive to ATP. Furthermore, antibody blocking results demonstrate that this interaction was indeed conformation-dependent. A partial co-localization of p239 and Grp/Bip was observed on the plasma membrane of HepG2 by confocal microscopy. Pre-incubation of Grp78/Bip with p239 significantly blocked the attachment of p239 to HepG2 cells.Conclusion Grp78/Bip participates in the attachment and/or entry of the HEV capsid protein to host cells. These results further contribute to the understanding of the entry mechanism of the hepatitis E virus after infection. if(document.getElementById('ChDivSummary').innerHTML!="){CutSpan('ChDivSummary',500);DisplaySpanDiv('ChDivSummary');ClearSummaryOnLoad('SummaryLinkChID','SummaryLinkEnID');}else{CutSpan('EnDivSummary',1000);DisplaySpanDiv('EnDivSummary');ClearSummaryOnLoad('SummaryLinkEnID','SummaryLinkChID');}     

戊型肝炎病毒细胞吸附模型的建立及病毒吸附区域初步研究

E.coli中表达的HEV衣壳蛋白片段P239(aa368~606)形成的类病毒颗粒与戊肝患者恢复期血清及中和单抗具有良好的反应性,较好地模拟了天然HEV病毒颗粒的表面空间结构。利用P239吸附HepG2细胞的模型来模拟HEV对宿主细胞的吸附,多株中和单抗对吸附的阻断验证了吸附的特异性。P239与多株传代细胞系的吸附结果则表明了这种特异性吸附的细胞选择性。对阻断P239吸附的线性单抗进行定位,初步确定了P239与细胞相互作用的区域:ORF2上的aa423~443很可能和病毒上的细胞膜受体结合部位非常靠近,或可能直接参与构成了病毒与细胞特异性识别的表位。此本研究为进一步研究HEV与宿主细胞的相互作用提供一定的线索。     

戊型肝炎病毒颗粒性蛋白疫苗H-2d限制性Th表位的筛选

戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白重组抗原HEV 239能形成类病毒颗粒,具备演变成多价疫苗的载体的潜力,此文旨在筛选、鉴定其内包含的H-2d限制性Th表位。以50μg HEV 239蛋白与完全弗式佐剂混合后皮下免疫BALB/c鼠,以覆盖HEV 239蛋白全长的15氨基酸肽库体外刺激其脾细胞,用IFN--γELISPOT方法检测其细胞免疫应答,并通过磁珠剔除脾细胞中CD4 T细胞或CD8 T细胞以分析筛选得到的T细胞表位的特性。结果显示:HEV 239中包含优势的T细胞表位P34(HEV PORF2 AA533~AA547,HSKTF FVLPL RGKLS)及数个较弱的T细胞表位,P34对HEV 239免疫的BALB/c鼠脾细胞的刺激效果与HEV 239蛋白相当,剔除实验表明该表位为CD4 T细胞表位,即Th表位。     

葡萄糖调节蛋白78研究进展

葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78kD, GRP78)又称免疫球蛋白重链结合蛋白(immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein, Bip),是位于内质网上重要的分子伴侣,属热休克蛋白70家族的一员,GRP78分子及其DNA分子序列结构在许多生物物种中高度保守.GRP78在内质网中参与阻止内质网新生肽聚集、调节内质网钙稳态、抗内质网相关性细胞凋亡,以及启动未折叠蛋白反应等细胞生命过程.GRP78基因启动子上存在内质网应激反应元件(ERSE)和cAMP反应元件(CRE)等特殊的顺式作用元件,特异性转录因子ATF6等与GRP78启动子上顺式作用元件发生动态结合,从而调节GRP78基础性或诱导性转录表达.近年来发现,GRP78与脂肪肝、肿瘤和神经系统等疾病的发生发展密切相关,GRP78生物学功能的研究已经引起生物学家们的广泛重视.     

戊型肝炎病毒重组颗粒性蛋白疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的免疫应答研究

HEV 239是福建省医学分子病毒学研究中心实验室研制的一种戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）重组颗粒性蛋白疫苗,该文旨在研究HEV239蛋白疫苗在小鼠体内诱导产生特异性免疫应答的情况.将5μg HEV 239蛋白疫苗（239-Pro）、加铝佐剂疫苗（239-Vac）或加弗氏佐剂疫苗（239-CFA）肌肉注射免疫BALB/c鼠3次,第8周检测鼠血清抗HEV抗体及其亚类,同时用ELISPOT方法检测细胞毒性T细胞（CTL）应答.结果显示：239-Vac诱导的抗体滴度与239-CFA相当,高于无佐剂的239-Pro.239-Vac诱导的抗体中,IgG1/IgG2a比值显著高于239-CFA和239-Pro,主要为Th2型应答.除239-CFA之外,239-Vac和239-Pro也可诱导出一定的HEV抗原特异性I型Tc应答.提示：重组抗原HEV 239能诱导良好的抗体应答及一定的Tc1应答.     

葡萄糖调节蛋白78研究进展

葡萄糖调节蛋白78（glucose regulated protein 78kD,GRP78）又称免疫球蛋白重链结合蛋白（immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein,Bip）,是位于内质网上重要的分子伴侣,属热休克蛋白70家族的一员,GRP78分子及其DNA分子序列结构在许多生物物种中高度保守。GRP78在内质网中参与阻止内质网新生肽聚集、调节内质网钙稳态、抗内质网相关性细胞凋亡,以及启动未折叠蛋白反应等细胞生命过程。GRP78基因启动子上存在内质网应激反应元件（ERSE）和cAMP反应元件（CRE）等特殊的顺式作用元件,特异性转录因子ATF6等与GRP78启魂子上顺式作用元件发生动态结合,从而调节GRP78基础性或诱导性转录表达。近年来发现,GRP78与脂肪肝、肿瘤和神经系统等疾病的发生发展密切相关,GRP78生物学功能的研究已经引起生物学家们的广泛重视。     

参芎注射液对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的神经元保护作用

目的:观察参芎注射液对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡及内质网应激相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白/免疫球蛋白结合蛋白(GRP78/Bip)表达的影响.方法:100只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组、参芎治疗组;后两组根据再灌注时间不同各分为6、12、24、72 h四个亚组;采用大鼠大脑中动脉线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.TUNEL法观察细胞凋亡情况;免疫组化和RT-PCR法检测各实验组中缺血周围区GRP78/Bip的表达.结果:TUNEL法表明参芎治疗组大鼠大脑神经细胞凋亡程度较缺血再灌注组明显减轻.免疫组化和RT-PCR检测均发现各时间点缺血再灌注组大鼠GRP78/Bip表达高于假手术组及正常组;脑缺血再灌注组及参芎治疗组GRP78/Bip的表达于缺血后12 h最高,72 h恢复至正常水平,且均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;各时间点缺血再灌注组GRP78/Bip表达均高于参芎治疗组.结论:再灌注损伤后12 h内出现GRP78/Bip表达升高.参芎注射液可以下调其表达,从而可能通过减轻内质网应激而减轻缺血再灌注损伤起到神经元保护的作用.     

颗粒化重组戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白及其抗原性与免疫原性

过去的研究发现大肠杆菌表达的戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）衣壳蛋白ORF2的aa394-606片段NE2可以形成同源多聚体,并具有良好的免疫保护性,但纯化后的免疫原性较弱。这里表达了3个NE2蛋白的N端延伸突变体,发现对应于ORF2 aa368_606的重组蛋白HEV239在体外可以形成颗粒性抗原。HEV 239抗原颗粒与戊肝患者血清反应性良好,对中和性单克隆抗体8C11的反应性与NE2抗原相当,而对另一中和性单克隆抗体8H3的反应性较NE2抗原有显著提高,表明HEV 239抗原颗粒具有比NE2更好的抗原性。纯化后的HEV 239抗原颗粒直径约为15～30nm。铝佐剂吸附的HEV 239免疫Balb/c小鼠的半数有效剂量（ED50）在0.08～0.25μg之间,而同样以铝佐剂吸附的NE2抗原60μg剂量免疫的抗体阳转率仅25%,表明HEV 239抗原颗粒具有更好的免疫原性。     

糖调节蛋白78抗四氯化碳诱导的人HepG2细胞脂肪合成

为研究糖调节蛋白78（glucose regulated protein 78, GRP78）对肝细胞脂肪变性的影响,采用四氯化碳（carbon tetrachloride, CCl₄）刺激人肝癌HepG₂细胞,油红O染色证实,CCl₄作用HepG₂细胞后,细胞浆中脂肪颗粒明显增加,同时固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, SREBP-1)蛋白水平和3羟3甲基戊二酸单酰CoA还原酶（HMGCoA还原酶）mRNA水平分别为对照组的1.55倍和1.70倍.构建人GRP78启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体pGL3/hGRP78P转染人肝癌HepG₂细胞后,结果发现,CCl₄促进GRP78基因转录,转录活性为诱导前的1.92倍. 构建人GRP78 RNAi沉默质粒pSuper/GRP78转染人肝癌HepG₂细胞后,该质粒能特异性沉默内源性GRP78;内源性GRP78沉默后的人肝癌HepG₂细胞经CCl₄诱导, HMGCoA还原酶mRNA和SREBP-1蛋白的表达较对照组进一步升高,分别为对照组的1.48倍和2.38倍;人肝癌HepG₂细胞GRP78的体外过表达能降低CCl₄介导的HMGCoA还原酶mRNA和SREBP-1蛋白诱导表达,分别为对照组的78.5％和51.5％;油红O染色进一步证实,GRP78过表达可明显减少脂肪颗粒在HepG2细胞浆中的集聚.综上表明,GRP78可抑制CCl₄的SREBP-1和HMGCoA还原酶的诱导表达以及HepG₂细胞脂肪变性,提示GRP78的表达增加在肝细胞脂肪变性损伤过程中具有潜在的保护作用.     

应用蛋白组学方法筛选和鉴定乙型肝炎病毒PreS1结合蛋白

前S1蛋白（PreS1）在乙型肝炎病毒与宿主的相互作用中起至关重要的作用．为筛选乙型肝炎病毒PreS1结合蛋白,进一步探讨其在病毒感染过程中的作用,原核表达、纯化了PreS1-谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferase,GST）融合蛋白,利用此蛋白与HepG2细胞裂解液进行Pull-down实验,其产物进行双向凝胶电泳分离. 结果发现2个PreS1特异结合蛋白,经质谱鉴定为分子伴侣蛋白——葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和葡萄糖调节蛋白75(GRP75)．通过免疫共沉淀和Western印迹分析证实,PreS1与GRP75之间存在相互作用．实验结果表明,GRP75为新发现乙型肝炎病毒PreS1特异结合蛋白,其与PreS1结合后的生理功能以及在HBV感染过程中的作用值得深入研究．     

MPTP-induced reactive oxygen species promote cell death through a gradual activation of caspase-3 without expression of GRP78/Bip as a preventive measure against ER stress in PC12 cells

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)/Immunoglobulin binding protein (Bip) is a chaperone which functions to protect cells from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. GRP78/Bip is expressed following ER stress induced by thapsigargin, tunicamycin or chemical factors. However, the mechanism of progression of ER stress against stress factors is still obscure. We examined whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in GRP78/Bip expression and caspase-3 activity was induced in PC12 cells using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to produce ROS. We report that PC12 cells lost viability in the presence of MPTP for 24 hours as a partial effect of ROS. We also show that N-acetyl-L-cysteine diminished the MPTP-induced apoptosis with expunction of ROS. Furthermore, we observed that GRP78/Bip was not up-regulated and the caspase-3 activity was increased in the presence of MPTP. These results suggest that insubstantial ROS do not contribute to the ER stress-mediated cell death while caspase-3 is involved in ROS-promoted cell death in MPTP-treated cells.     

VEGF-A promotes angiogenesis after acute myocardial infarction through increasing ROS production and enhancing ER stress-mediated autophagy

Proangiogenesis is generally regarded as an effective approach for treating ischemic heart disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A is a strong and essential proangiogenic factor. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy are implicated in the process of angiogenesis. This study is designed to clarify the regulatory mechanisms underlying VEGF-A, ROS, ER stress, autophagy, and angiogenesis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A mouse model of AMI was successfully established by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery. Compared with the sham-operated mice, the microvessel density, VEGF-A content, ROS production, expression of vascular endothelial cadherin, positive expression of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein/binding immunoglobulin protein (GRP78/Bip), and LC3 puncta in CD31-positive endothelial cells of the ischemic myocardium were overtly elevated. Moreover, VEGF-A exposure predominantly increased the expression of beclin-1, autophagy-related gene (ATG) 4, ATG5, inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE-1), GRP78/Bip, and LC3-II/LC3-I as well as ROS production in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a dose and time-dependent manner. Both beclin-1 small interfering RNA and 3-methyladenine treatment predominantly mitigated VEGF-A-induced tube formation and migration of HUVECs, but they failed to elicit any notable effect on VEGF-A-increased expression of GRP78/Bip. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid not only obviously abolished VEGF-A-induced increase of IRE-1, GRP78/Bip, beclin-1 expression, and LC3-II/LC3-I, but also negated VEGF-A-induced tube formation and migration of HUVECs. Furthermore, N-acetyl- l -cysteine markedly abrogated VEGF-A-increased ROS production, IRE-1, GRP78/Bip, beclin-1 expression, and LC3-II/LC3-I in the HUVECs. Taken together, our data demonstrated that increased spontaneous production of VEGF-A may induce angiogenesis after AMI through initiating ROS–ER stress-autophagy axis in the vascular endothelial cells.     

GRP78 and Raf-1 cooperatively confer resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis

The chaperone glucose-regulated protein, 78/immunoglobulin binding protein (GRP78/Bip), protects cells from cytotoxicity induced by DNA damage or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this study, we showed that GRP78 is a major inducible protein in human non-small cell lung cancer H460 cells treated with ER stress inducers, including A23187 and thapsigargin. AEBSF, an inhibitor of serine protease, diminished GRP78 induction, enhanced mitochondrial permeability, and augmented apoptosis in H460 cells during ER stress. Simultaneously, AEBSF promoted Raf-1 degradation and suppressed phosphorylation of Raf-1 at Ser338 and/or Tyr340 during ER stress. Coimmunoprecipitation assays and subcellular fractionations showed that GRP78 associated and colocalized with Raf-1 on the outer membrane of mitochondria, respectively. While treatment of cells with ER stress inducers inactivated BAD by phosphorylation at Ser75, a Raf-1 phosphorylation site; AEBSF attenuated phosphorylation of BAD, leading to cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Additionally, overexpression of GRP78 and/or Raf-1 protected cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicate that GRP78 may stabilize Raf-1 to maintain mitochondrial permeability and thus protect cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis.     

Hepatitis E virus capsid protein assembles in 4M urea in the presence of salts

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid protein has been demonstrated to be able to assemble into particles in vitro. However, this process and the mechanism of protein–protein interactions during particle assembly remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the assembly mechanism of HEV structural protein subunits, the capsid protein p239 (aa368–606), using analytical ultracentrifugation. It was the first to observe that the p239 can form particles in 4M urea as a result of supplementation with salt, including ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄], sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), sodium chloride (NaCl), and ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl). Interestingly, it is the ionic strength that determines the efficiency of promoting particle assembly. The assembly rate was affected by temperature and salt concentration. When (NH₄)₂SO₄ was used, assembling intermediates of p239 with sedimentation coefficient values of approximately 5 S, which were mostly dodecamers, were identified for the first time. A highly conserved 28‐aa region (aa368–395) of p239 was found to be critical for particle assembly, and the hydrophobic residues Leu³⁷², Leu³⁷⁵, and Leu³⁹⁵of p239 was found to be critical for particle assembly, which was revealed by site‐directed mutagenesis. This study provides new insights into the assembly mechanism of native HEV, and contributes a valuable basis for further investigations of protein assembly by hydrophobic interactions under denaturing conditions.     

Involvement of androgen receptor and glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa in human hepatocarcinogenesis

Previous studies demonstrated that androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the male-dominant diseases. Glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78/Bip), which has a role in cancer development, is one of the androgen response genes in prostate cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of AR on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress signaling in human hepatoma. AR and GRP78 expressions were examined in human liver tissue panels. Human hepatoma cells stably expressing short hairpin RNA targeting AR and cells over-expressing AR were generated. The expressions of ER-stress molecules and AR were measured by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. The effect of AR on ER-stress responsive gene expression was examined by reporter assay. Strong positive correlation between AR mRNA and GRP78 mRNA was observed in stage I/II-HCCs. AR enhanced ER-stress responsive element activities and GRP78 expression, and regulated ER-stress response in hepatocytes. Sorafenib strongly induced significant apoptosis in HepG2 cells by the inhibition of AR and inhibition of the downstream GRP78. AR seems a co-regulator of GRP78 especially in earlier-stage HCC. AR plays a critical role in controlling ER-stress, providing new therapeutic options against HCC.     

Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program: role of the ER chaperone GRP78

Alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis and accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lead to an ER stress response. Prolonged ER stress may lead to cell death. Glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 (Bip) is an ER lumen protein whose expression is induced during ER stress. GRP78 is involved in polypeptide translocation across the ER membrane, and also acts as an apoptotic regulator by protecting the host cell against ER stress-induced cell death, although the mechanism by which GRP78 exerts its cytoprotective effect is not understood. The present study was carried out to determine whether one of the mechanisms of cell death inhibition by GRP78 involves inhibition of caspase activation. Our studies indicate that treatment of cells with ER stress inducers causes GRP78 to redistribute from the ER lumen with subpopulations existing in the cytosol and as an ER transmembrane protein. GRP78 inhibits cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in a cell-free system, and expression of GRP78 blocks both caspase activation and caspase-mediated cell death. GRP78 forms a complex with caspase-7 and -12 and prevents release of caspase-12 from the ER. Addition of (d)ATP dissociates this complex and may facilitate movement of caspase-12 into the cytoplasm to set in motion the cytosolic component of the ER stress-induced apoptotic cascade. These results define a novel protective role for GRP78 in preventing ER stress-induced cell death.     

Mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assembly of hepatitis E virus capsid

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid consists of a single structural protein, a portion of which is engaged in isosahedral contact to form a basal shell, and another portion in dimeric contact to form the homodimers protruding from the shell. Previous studies revealed that homodimers of the truncated HEV capsid proteins, E2 (amino acids 394-606) and p239 (amino acids 368-606), model dominant antigenic determinants of HEV. Immunization with these proteins protected rhesus monkeys against the virus, and three monoclonal antibodies against the homodimers could neutralize HEV infectivity and/or immune-capture of the virus. Furthermore, homodimers of p239 further interact to form particles of 23 nm diameter, rendering it an efficacious candidate vaccine. In light of this we postulate that the interactions involved in the formation of the homodimers and particles might be similar to those involved in assembly of the virus capsid. Presently, mutational analysis was carried out to identify these sites of interactions. The site of dimeric interactions was located to a cluster of six hydrophobic amino acids residues, Ala597, Val598, Ala599, Leu601, and Ala602; furthermore, the site involved in particle formation was located at amino acids 368-394. The possibility that these sites are also involved in assembly of the virus capsid is supported by the fact that they are located at two major and highly conserved hydrophobic regions of the HEV structural protein.     

Homology model and potential virus-capsid binding site of a putative HEV receptor Grp78

P239, a truncated construct of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF2 protein, has been proven able to bind with a chaperone, Grp78, in both an in vitro co-immune precipitation test and an in vivo cell model. We previously solved the crystal structure of E2s—the C-terminal domain of p239 involved in host interactions. In the present study, we built a 3D structure of Grp78 using homology modeling methods, and docked this molecule with E2s using the Zdockpro module of the InsightII software package. The modeled Grp78 structure was deemed feasible by profile 3D evaluation and molecular dynamic simulations. The docking result consists of six clusters of distinct complexes and C035 was selected as the most reasonable. The interacting interface of the predicted complex is comprised of the Grp78 linker region and nucleotide binding domain along with the E2s groove region and surrounding loops. Using energy, hydrogen bond and solvent accessible surface analyses, we identified a series of key residues that may be involved in the Grp78:E2s interaction. By comparing with the known structure of the Hsp70:J complex, we further concluded that the interaction of Grp78 and E2s could interrupt binding of Grp78 with the J domain, and in turn diminish or even eliminate the binding ability of the Grp78 substrate binding domain. The predicted series of key residues also provides clues for further research that should improve our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of HEV infection.