适合度分析对转基因逃逸潜在环境风险评价的意义北大核心CSCD

转基因作物的全球大规模种植引起了全世界的广泛关注甚至争议。经过遗传改良并具有自然选择优势的转基因作物进入商品化种植,可能将带来环境生物安全的顾虑。在这些生物安全的顾虑中,转基因通过花粉介导的基因漂移向栽培作物的野生近缘种逃逸及其导致的潜在环境风险,就是世人最为关注的环境生物安全问题之一。包括中国在内的许多国家,在转基因作物进行商品化生产之前都必须对转基因逃逸及其带来的潜在环境风险进行严格评价。按照风险评价的框架,转基因向野生近缘种逃逸及其带来潜在环境风险的评价包括3个连续的步骤:1)检测转基因漂移到作物野生近缘种的频率;2)分析转基因在野生近缘种中的表达;3)确定转基因对野生近缘种群体适合度和进化潜力的影响。大量基因漂移的研究结果已表明,转基因通过基因漂移向栽培作物邻近的野生近缘种群体逃逸难以避免,而转基因也会在作物的野生近缘种群体中正常表达。因此分析和评价转基因为野生近缘种带来的适合度效应,对于转基因逃逸及其环境风险的评价至关重要。对适合度的概念及其进化意义进行介绍,并对如何利用转基因的适合度效应分析转基因逃逸的环境风险,以及对此类环境风险进行研究和评价的具体方法予以介绍。上述知识和方法的掌握将有助于人们对转基因作物环境生物安全及其评价的全面理解。     

我国农业转基因生物安全管理现状

转基因技术可以打破物种界限,实现作物性状的定向改造,在解决粮食增产、环境污染、节水增效,以及改进农产品质量等方面显示出巨大潜力。同时,转基因技术具有潜在的风险,转基因生物的安全性受到人们的广泛关注。本文介绍了我国农业转基因生物安全管理状况,包括法规制度体系、安全评价体系和安全监管体系,旨在让人们更好地了解我国农业转基因生物安全管理知识。     

安全转基因技术研究进展

转基因生物安全性问题已引起了公众的普遍担忧,严重制约了转基因技术成果的推广应用。近年来,研究者探索了不同的技术策略来解决转基因生物的安全性问题,安全转基因技术成为当前转基因研究的热点之一。文章介绍并评价了几种主要的安全转基因技术,包括无选择性标记基因技术、安全标记基因技术、叶绿体转化技术、终止子技术、雄性不育技术、外源基因删除技术。其中,外源基因删除技术为实现转基因生物的安全应用展示了诱人的前景。最后,对探索新的安全转基因技术策略保障转基因生物安全提出了建议。     

“转基因不安全”之说的由来

正在有关转基因的争论中,科学家根据其专业知识严谨地对转基因的安全性进行了科学检测与界定,并制定了严格的科学标准。与此同时,关注食品安全的消费者,在接收到许多"转基因产品不安全"的信息并无法辨别其真伪的情况下,宁可信其有。谣言从产生到扩散目前,国际上通用的转基因食品生物安全评估方法与标准均是根据专业研究领域科学家的大量研究成果所形成的。然而,尽管绝大多数研究得出了转基因生物技术与传统技术的安全性不存在差异的结论,但极少数不严谨的研     

全球转基因逃逸及其生态后果的最新研究动态

自 198 6年世界上第一个转基因作物被释放到环境中进行田间实验以来 ,全球转基因作物的商品化种植面积迅速扩大 ,目前已超过了 5 ,80 0万ｈｍ2( 8.7亿亩 )。而转基因的生物安全也越来越成为各国政府、商业机构、科学家和公众共同关注的焦点和亟待解决的问题。全球对转基因的生物安全问题进行了大量的研究 ,也获得了很多研究结果和积累了大量的资料信息。但是 ,如何对这些庞大的生物安全研究结果和数据进行合理的分析和利用 ,使其对转基因的生物安全评估和管理具有指导意义 ,并有助于人们对生物安全问题的理解和风险管理以及建立合理的转基因…     

大豆转基因育种及产业化发展

转基因技术是现代生物技术研究的热点之一,转基因作物种植已经成为全球普及最为迅速的生物技术.转基因大豆是目前种植区域最广、种植面积最大的转基因作物,已成为世界大豆主产国大豆产业发展的主要动力.中国的大豆产量居世界第四位,但转基因大豆育种的研究尚处于起步阶段,在转基因大豆产业化发展方面潜力巨大.我国应该充分利用现代生物技术的成果,借鉴国外转基因大豆的发展经验,立足本国实际,在农业转基因生物安全管理相关法律法规下,建立和健全我国转基因大豆育种及其产业化发展体系,大力发展转基因大豆,提升我国大豆产业的市场竞争力.本文概述了我国转基因大豆的研究现状以及国际转基因大豆的研发趋势,分析了我国转基因大豆发展所面临的挑战并提出了应对策略.     

转基因植物的环境生物安全：转基因逃逸及其潜在生态风险的研究和评价

转基因作物的商品化生产和大规模环境释放在带来巨大利益的同时,也引起了全球对其生物安全问题的广泛关注和争议,其中转基因通过花粉介导的基因漂移逃逸到非转基因作物及其野生近缘种,进而导致的潜在环境和生态风险就是备受争议的生物安全问题之一。转基因植物的环境生物安全涉及两方面关键问题：如何科学评价转基因植物商品化种植以后带来的环境和生态影响;如何利用环境生物安全的研究成果来制定科学有效的风险监测和管理措施。对转基因逃逸及其潜在生态风险的科学评价应包括三个重要环节：（1）检测转基因的逃逸的频率;（2）检测转基因逃逸后的表达和遗传规律;（3）确定逃逸后的转基因对野生近缘种群体适合度的影响及其进化潜力,本文将围绕对转基因逃逸及其潜在环境风险的科学评价,以转基因水稻为案例来对转基因逃逸带来生态影响的研究好评价的进展进行简要介绍,并对目前依据风险评价研究成果制定的各种管理策略进行了讨论。只有提高对转基因生物环境安全研究和评价的水平,并制定有效的风险监测和管理措施,才能为我国转基因技术的发展和转基因产品的商品化应用保驾护航。     

转基因作物的转基因技术的发展与未来

转基因作物的安全性问题在20世纪末引起全球的争论,一些人反应对转基因植物和转基因技术,本文概述了转基因植物产生的必然性,应用现状,发展趋势,引起争论的主要原因以及必须建立的安全保障,阐明对转基因作物和技术应采取的科学态度。     

转基因是否会残留在体内?

转基因技术自诞生以来,争论就从未间断过。农业部网站宣传资料称,我国是转基因生物安全评估最严格的国家之一。但是"转基因玉米导致老鼠减少""欧洲人不吃转基因食品"等传闻是否属实?我国是否应该发展转基因技术?转基因食品到底安不安全?日前农业部及高校的专家学者解答了公众对于转基因的种种疑虑。转基因带来医学"曙光"在我国,公众对于转基因技术的高度关注始于2009年,当时农业部发放了转基因水稻和玉米的安全证书,引发公众对转基因技术尤其是转基因食品安全的质疑。中国工程院院士、中国农业大学教授李宁     

Malatesta转基因研究:引证分析及相关证据

发表多篇以转基因农产品饲喂动物而导致健康损害论文的维罗纳大学(University of Verona)学者Manuela Malatesta,是国际上采用实验方法研究转基因生物安全领域有影响力的学者之一。通过对美国Web of Science数据平台全部论文的检索,重点分析了其所发表的10篇转基因毒理学论文的研究内容、研究方法与结论,并追踪其研究的相关证据及学术界对其研究的评价,在此基础上,分析该研究方法与结论的可靠性。研究发现,Malatesta所发表转基因存在安全隐患的10篇研究论文,由于其研究材料及方法上所存在的问题除了个别存在明显错误的论文无法重现而被学术界所否定外,其余论文均被后续采用规范研究方法的同类研究所推翻。     

基因拆分技术的理论基础及其在限控转基因飘流中的应用

随着转基因作物种植面积的逐年增长,转基因安全性问题引起越来越多的争论,其中花粉扩散引起的转基因向近缘种飘流的问题是人们关注的焦点问题之一。基因拆分技术为采用生物学措施控制转基因飘流提供了新的思路和途径。基因拆分技术是基于内含肽intein介导的蛋白剪接功能而建立起来的。目前已在拟南芥、烟草、小麦等作物中证明多个基因拆分后能重新组装成有活性的功能蛋白,这为通过基因拆分技术控制转基因飘流提供了理论基础和实验支撑。本文对基因拆分技术的理论基础及其用于限控转基因飘流方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Capitalizing on deliberate, accidental, and GM-driven environmental change caused by crop modification

The transgenic traits associated with the majority of commercial genetically modified crops are focused on improving herbicide and insecticide management practices. The use of the transgenic technology in these crops and the associated chemistry has been the basis of studies that provide evidence for occasional improvement in environmental benefits due to the use of less residual herbicides, more targeted pesticides, and reduced field traffic. This is nicely exemplified through studies using Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) assessments. Whilst EIQ evaluations may sometimes illustrate environmental benefits they have their limitations. EIQ evaluations are not a surrogate for Environmental Risk Assessments and may not reflect real environmental interactions between crops and the environment. Addressing the impact cultivated plants have on the environment generally attracts little public attention and research funding, but the introduction of GM has facilitated an expansion of research to address potential environmental concerns from government, NGOs, industry, consumers, and growers. In this commentary, some evidence from our own research and several key papers that highlight EIQ assessments of the impact crops are having on the environment are presented. This information may be useful as an education tool on the potential benefits of GM and conventional farming. In addition, other deliberate, accidental, and GM-driven benefits derived from the examination of GM cropping systems is briefly discussed.     

Molecular Characterization of Transgenic Events Using Next Generation Sequencing Approach

Demand for the commercial use of genetically modified (GM) crops has been increasing in light of the projected growth of world population to nine billion by 2050. A prerequisite of paramount importance for regulatory submissions is the rigorous safety assessment of GM crops. One of the components of safety assessment is molecular characterization at DNA level which helps to determine the copy number, integrity and stability of a transgene; characterize the integration site within a host genome; and confirm the absence of vector DNA. Historically, molecular characterization has been carried out using Southern blot analysis coupled with Sanger sequencing. While this is a robust approach to characterize the transgenic crops, it is both time- and resource-consuming. The emergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has provided highly sensitive and cost- and labor-effective alternative for molecular characterization compared to traditional Southern blot analysis. Herein, we have demonstrated the successful application of both whole genome sequencing and target capture sequencing approaches for the characterization of single and stacked transgenic events and compared the results and inferences with traditional method with respect to key criteria required for regulatory submissions.     

我国转基因作物育种发展回顾与思考

文章综述了近30年来我国转基因作物育种发展历程和基本经验,并以实例说明我国已初步建成了世界上为数不多的转基因育种创新和产业开发体系,包括基因发掘、遗传转化、良种培育、产业开发,应用推广以及安全评价等关键环节;棉花、水稻、玉米等作物转基因研究创新能力得到进一步提升,初步形成了自己的研究特色和比较优势。本文对转基因作物育种当前存在的问题与面对的挑战进行了分析,提出了推进重大研究成果产业化、加快重大专项实施和自主创新、加强转基因科学传播等三点建议。     

Transgenic plants and biosafety: science, misconceptions and public perceptions

One usually thinks of plant biology as a non-controversial topic, but the concerns raised over the biosafety of genetically modified (GM) plants have reached disproportionate levels relative to the actual risks. While the technology of changing the genome of plants has been gradually refined and increasingly implemented, the commercialization of GM crops has exploded. Today's commercialized transgenic plants have been produced using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation or gene gun-mediated transformation. Recently, incremental improvements of biotechnologies, such as the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a selectable marker, have been developed. Non-transformation genetic modification technologies such as chimeraplasty will be increasingly used to more precisely modify germplasm. In spite of the increasing knowledge about genetic modification of plants, concerns over ecological and food biosafety have escalated beyond scientific rationality. While several risks associated with GM crops and foods have been identified, the popular press, spurred by colorful protest groups, has left the general public with a sense of imminent danger. Reviewed here are the risks that are currently under research. Ecological biosafety research has identified potential risks associated with certain crop/transgene combinations, such as intra- and interspecific transgene flow, persistence and the consequences of transgenes in unintended hosts. Resistance management strategies for insect resistance transgenes and non-target effects of these genes have also been studied. Food biosafety research has focused on transgenic product toxicity and allergenicity. However, an estimated 3.5 x 10(12) transgenic plants have been grown in the U.S. in the past 12 years, with over two trillion being grown in 1999 and 2000 alone. These large numbers and the absence of any negative reports of compromised biosafety indicate that genetic modification by biotechnology poses no immediate or significant risks and that resulting food products from GM crops are as safe as foods from conventional varieties. We are increasingly convinced that scientists have a duty to conduct objective research and to effectively communicate the results--especially those pertaining to the relative risks and potential benefits--to scientists first and then to the public. All stakeholders in the technology need more effective dialogues to better understand risks and benefits of adopting or not adopting agricultural biotechnologies.     

Risk assessment strategies for transgenic plants

Advances in recombinant DNA technology have created advantages for the development of plants with high agro-economical values. Since the production of transgenic plants, some issues concerning the safe use of these plants and their products have been under debate throughout the world. In this respect, the potential risks and benefits of transgenic plants need to be evaluated objectively. Risk assessment of transgenic crops is a basic prerequisite for monitoring the possible risks that could arise upon the release and use of transgenic plants. To get a meaningful tool for decision making, risk assessment needs to be carried out in a scientific sound and transparent manner. There are specific governmental regulations in many countries for the safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops. Furthermore, there are some international agreements, which regulate the cultivation and commercialization of transgenic plants and their derivatives. Internationally accepted risk assessment strategies have been performed to evaluate the safe use of a large variety of GM crops. The main objectives of these regulations and risk assessment strategies are focused to protect human/animal health and the environment.     

Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic,integrative approach

Genes change continuously by natural mutation and recombination enabling man to select and breed crops having the most desirable traits such as yield or flavour. Genetic modification (GM) is a recent development which allows specific genes to be identified, isolated, copied and inserted into other plants with a high level of specificity. The food safety considerations for GM crops are basically the same as those arising from conventionally bred crops, very few of which have been subject to any testing yet are generally regarded as being safe to eat. In contrast a rigorous safety testing paradigm has been developed for GM crops, which utilises a systematic, stepwise and holistic approach. The resultant science based process, focuses on a classical evaluation of the toxic potential of the introduced novel trait and the wholesomeness of the transformed crop. In addition, detailed consideration is given to the history and safe use of the parent crop as well as that of the gene donor. The overall safety evaluation is conducted under the concept known as substantial equivalence which is enshrined in all international crop biotechnology guidelines. This provides the framework for a comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences between the GM product and its comparator which has a known history of safe use. By building a detailed profile on each step in the transformation process, from parent to new crop, and by thoroughly evaluating the significance from a safety perspective, of any differences that may be detected, a very comprehensive matrix of information is constructed which enables the conclusion as to whether the GM crop, derived food or feed is as safe as its traditional counterpart. Using this approach in the evaluation of more than 50 GM crops which have been approved worldwide, the conclusion has been that foods and feeds derived from genetically modified crops are as safe and nutritious as those derived from traditional crops. The lack of any adverse effects resulting from the production and consumption of GM crops grown on more than 300 million cumulative acres over the last 5 years supports these safety conclusions.     

The ecological risks of transgenic plants.

Biotechnologies have been utilized "ante litteram" for thousands of years to produce food and drink and genetic engineering techniques have been widely applied to produce many compounds for human use, from insulin to other medicines. The debate on genetically modified (GM) organisms broke out all over the world only when GM crops were released into the field. Plant ecologists, microbiologists and population geneticists carried out experiments aimed at evaluating the environmental impact of GM crops. The most significant findings concern: the spread of transgenes through GM pollen diffusion and its environmental impact after hybridisation with closely related wild species or subspecies; horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to soil microbes; the impact of insecticide proteins released into the soil by transformed plants on non-target microbial soil communities. Recent developments in genetic engineering produced a technology, dubbed "Terminator", which protects patented genes introduced in transgenic plants by killing the seeds in the second generation. This genetic construct, which interferes so heavily with fundamental life processes, is considered dangerous and should be ex-ante evaluated taking into account the data on "unexpected events", as here discussed, instead of relying on the "safe until proven otherwise" claim. Awareness that scientists, biotechnologists and genetic engineers cannot answer the fundamental question "how likely is that transgenes will be transferred from cultivated plants into the natural environment?" should foster long-term studies on the ecological risks and benefits of transgenic crops.     

Allergenicity assessment of genetically modified crops--what makes sense?

GM crops have great potential to improve food quality, increase harvest yields and decrease dependency on certain chemical pesticides. Before entering the market their safety needs to be scrutinized. This includes a detailed analysis of allergenic risks, as the safety of allergic consumers has high priority. However, not all tests currently being applied to assessing allergenicity have a sound scientific basis. Recent events with transgenic crops reveal the fallacy of applying such tests to GM crops.     

转基因水稻外源基因向近缘种群漂流和渐渗的研究进展

水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,我国有8亿以上的人口以稻米作为主食。但在水稻生产中,由于病、虫、草害及不良气候等逆境因子的影响,严重制约了水稻的高产、稳产。转基因生物技术的迅速发展,为水稻抗性育种提供了新途径。自20世纪80年代以来,我国全方位地开展了转基因水稻的研发,目前已经培育出大量的抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂和抗逆的转基因水稻品种,这将为提高我国水稻的生产力和确保粮食安全做出重要的贡献。但转基因水稻的基因漂流及其可能带来的生物安全问题备受关注。已有报道证明,外源转基因可以通过异交向非转基因品种和野生近缘种漂流。在不同的试验条件下,抗除草剂基因有0．05％-0．53％逃逸的可能,其向不育系的最大漂移频率可达4．518％。抗虫基因向相邻非转基因水稻的平均漂移频率最高为0．875％。因此,本文对水稻与其近缘野生种的杂交情况,转基因水稻外源基因向非转基因品种、野生近缘种以及野生非近缘种的漂流和渐渗及其潜在的生态环境风险等方面进行了简要分析,并对转基因水稻的发展进行了展望,以期为转基因水稻的安全应用提供参考。