中国仓鼠亚科小志

仓鼠亚科是我国北部最常见的啮齿动物类群之一,数量多而经济关系甚大,为农田和草原的主要害鼠种类。古北界现在种类共 5属11( 1?)种(Ellerman,1941;Ellerman和Morrison-Scott,1951)。我国境内仓鼠亚科的分类和分布,主要曾由Thomas(1917),Argyropulo(1933),Allen(1940),Ellerman(1941),Ellerman和Morrison-Scott(1951)等作过较系统的研究。在我国各地区的兽类调查报告——《东北兽类调查报告》、《青海甘肃兽类调查报告》、《新疆南部的鸟兽》中,也涉及到一部分种和亚种的分类。综合这些文献的报导,国内共有3属10( 2?)种,其中主要分布在西北高原的仓鼠(C.lama,C.alticola,     

新疆乌拉尔田鼠细环病毒的分析与鉴定

啮齿动物是当前种类最多和分布最广的哺乳动物,也是重要的人兽共患病原自然宿主之一。新疆作为我国畜牧业大省,啮齿动物种类繁多,鼠害不仅严重破坏该地区牧场,其携带的病毒也对人类健康造成了潜在威胁。掌握新疆啮齿动物携带未知病毒的种类,为防范啮齿动物源人兽共患病提供参考依据。对采集自新疆阿克苏市的12只乌拉尔田鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾等脏器进行病毒宏基因组学分析,根据其结果对细环病毒进行了PCR检测和全基因分析。从6只(50%)乌拉尔田鼠的不同脏器中检测到了细环病毒,包括两个基因型(A1和A2),全长为2 220~2 232nt,编码四个开放阅读框。遗传分析发现该病毒开放阅读框1与英国啮齿动物细环病毒1型同源性最高,为80%,而与其它已知指环病毒同源性低于42.3%。依据国际病毒分类委员会新种判断标准,本研究发现的病毒和啮齿动物细环病毒1型同为该病毒科的一个新种,且属于不同的两个亚种,本研究为了解细环病毒自然多样性和进化动态提供了基础数据。     

陇东地区啮齿动物调查报告

甘肃省陇东地区的啮齿动物,从前曾报道了部分种及亚种及其分布(Allen,1940及Ellerman,1950)。近年来,李家坤(1965),王香亭等(1982)及郑涛(1982)的著作中,也涉及到该区啮齿动物。为了进行黄土高原农业生态系统的研究及地方病的防治,1983,1984年作者将陇东地区按地貌及植被类型,进行了景观划分。并在各景观区内调查了啮齿动物种类及数量。现报告如下。     

新疆北部啮齿动物的地理分布的聚类研究

将新疆北部62种啮齿动物在新疆北部6个动物地理省中有或无分布作为二元状态,用联合系数来表征啮齿动物地理省间啮齿种类组成的相似程度,以类平均法进行聚类。聚类结果表明啮齿类在新疆北部各动物地理省的分布主要受各种生态因子的影响。还探讨了分布聚类与动物地理省区划的关系。     

新疆北部啮齿动物地理分布的聚类研究

将新疆北部 62种啮齿动物在新疆北部 6个动物地理省中有或无分布作为二元状态 ,用联合系数来表征啮齿动物地理省间啮齿类种类组成的相似程度 ,以类平均法进行聚类。聚类结果表明啮齿类在新疆北部各动物地理省的分布主要受各种生态因子的影响。还探讨了分布聚类与动物地理省区划的关系     

新疆乌鲁木齐县达坂城—柴窝堡啮齿动物调查

1982年6月20—30日,作者在新疆乌鲁木齐县境内达板城—柴窝堡一带调查了啮齿动物的种类和数量,现简报如下。 此次调查共捕获啮齿动物7种:五趾跳鼠(Allactaga sibirica),小地兔(Alactagulus pygmaeus),小林姬鼠(Apodemus sylvaticus),红尾沙鼠(Meriones libycus),郑氏沙鼠(Merio-nes chengi),灰仓鼠(Cricetulus migratorius),鼹形田鼠(Ellobius talpinus)。     

新疆北部地区啮齿动物地理分布的研究

在国内外文献中,有关新疆北部地区啮齿动物的报道不多,而且多属分类区系或某些鼠种的生态学的描述,其中有关啮齿动物地理分布的文章基本上见不到。 新疆北部地区略呈三角形,南界为天山主脉哈尔克山、博格多山和克尔雷克山;西北与东北分别与苏联和蒙古人民共和国接壤。1974—1980年,我们配合地方灭鼠工作,在新疆北部各地区的平原和山地,专门进行了啮齿动物的区系分类和分布调查。作者在整     

浙江省啮齿动物的分布及局部的群落动态

前言啮齿动物不仅破坏农林生产,而且传播多种疾病,对人畜健康造成极大的危害。因此对啮齿动物的区系、分布及数量动态的研究在理论上和实践上都有重要的意义。关于浙江省的啮齿动物种类在历史上有过一些报导,Sowerby(1933)、G.Allen(1940)、     

新疆东部边界地带啮齿动物调查

１９９３年８月底和９月初，在新疆东部边界地带进行了啮齿动物区系调查，调查区域为与蒙古人民共和国接壤，与甘肃省交界处。共捕获啮齿动物１５种，分别隶属于２目４科１３属。调查结果对于新疆东部啮齿动物的区系组成和地理区划均具有重要的参考价值。     

Changes of China agricultural climate resources under the background of climate change: IX. Spatiotemporal change characteristics of China agricultural climate resources

Based on the 1961-2007 ground surface meteorological data from 558 meteorological stations in China, this paper analyzed the differences of agricultural climate resources in China different regions, and compared the change characteristics of the agricultural climate resources in 1961-1980 (period I) and 1981-2007 (period II), taking the year 1981 as the time node. As compared with period I, the mean annual temperature in China in period II increased by 0.6 degrees C, and the > or = 0 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased averagely by 123.3 degrees C x d and 125.9 degrees C x d, respectively. In 1961-2007, the mean annual temperature increased most in Northeast China, and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased most in South China. The whole year sunshine hours and the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops in period II decreased by 125.7 h, 32.2 h, and 53.6 h, respectively, compared with those in period I. In 1961-2007, the annual sunshine hours decreased most in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, while the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops decreased most in North China and South China, respectively. In the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops, both the precipitation and the reference crop evapotranspiration in this country all showed a decreasing trend, with the largest decrement in the precipitation in the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in North China, the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, and the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops in Northwest China. In 1961-2007, the climate in China in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops showed an overall tendency of warm and dry, and the climate in the growth periods of thermophilic crops became warm and dry in Southwest China, North China, and Northeast China, but warm and wet in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Northwest China, and South China, whereas the climate in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops became warm and dry in North China, but became warm and wet in Northwest China.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅸ.中国农业气候资源时空变化特征

利用中国558个气象台站1961-2007年地面气象观测资料,分析了不同区域农业气候资源变化的差异,并分析和比较了1961-1980年(时段Ⅰ)和1981-2007年(时段Ⅱ)的农业气候资源变化特征.结果表明： 与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ中国年均气温增加了0.6 ℃,喜凉作物生长期内≥0 ℃积温和喜温作物生长期内≥10 ℃积温分别平均增加123.3和125.9℃·d;1961-2007年,年均气温增幅最大的区域是东北地区,喜温作物生长期内≥10 ℃积温增幅最大的是华南地区.对全国而言,与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内日照时数分别减少了125.7、32.2和53.6 h;1961-2007年,长江中下游地区年日照时数的减幅最多,喜凉和喜温作物生长期内日照时数减少量最大的地区分别是华北和华南地区;在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内,中国的降水量和参考作物蒸散量总体均表现为减少趋势,其中,华北地区在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内降水量的减幅均最大,长江中下游地区参考作物蒸散量在全年和喜温作物生长期内的减幅最大,西北地区参考作物蒸散量在喜凉作物生长期内的减幅最大.研究期间,中国气候在全年和喜温作物生长期内总体表现为暖干趋势,其中,喜温作物生长期内西南、华北和东北地区为暖干趋势,长江中下游、西北和华南地区为暖湿趋势,喜凉作物生长期内华北地区为暖干趋势,西北地区为暖湿趋势.     

Expression of IGF-I and -II mRNA in the brain and craniofacial region of the rat fetus

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) are present in the brain during development, with high levels of both being also found in the periphery particularly in the embryo. IGFs in the brain are believed to stimulate the proliferation of neuronal and glial precursors and their phenotypic differentiation. Using in situ hybridization, we have investigated the distribution of cells producing IGF-I and -II in the rat fetus during the second half of prenatal development with special emphasis on the peripheral and central nervous system. High levels of IGF-I mRNA were found in the olfactory bulb and in discrete neurons of the cranial sensory ganglia, notably in the trigeminal ganglion, as early as 13 days of gestation, in the pineal primordium of 18 day old fetuses, and in discrete groups of cells in the cochlear epithelium located laterally outside the forming spiral organ, in day 13 to 21 fetuses. High levels of IGF-II mRNA in the brain, besides the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges, were detected in hypothalamus, in the floor of the 3rd ventricle at all stages studied, in the pineal primordium at 18 days and in the pars intermedia of the pituitary or in the Rathke's pouch epithelium from which it is derived, with progressive fading towards the end of the gestation. In the peripheral nervous system the IGF-II mRNA was only found in association with the vascular endothelia of the ganglia. IGF-II mRNA in the nervous system was found in highly vascularized areas, meninges, blood vessels and choroid plexuses. It is thus associated with structures involved in the production of extracellular fluids and/or substrate transport and supply in the nervous tissues. A more specific role in the differentiation or fetal endocrine function should be considered for IGF-II in cells producing melatonin and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in the pineal and pituitary glands, respectively. The presence of IGF-I mRNA in the nervous system could be associated with fiber outgrowth and synaptogenesis in the cases of olfactory bulb and developing iris. The role of IGF-I in restricted populations of cells of the cochlear epithelium and in the pineal gland is unclear and requires further investigations including a search for IGF-I receptors in possible target cells. In the sensory ganglia, the presence of high levels of IGF-I mRNA eventually corresponds to the production, by post-translational processing, of the amino-terminal tripeptide of IGF-I, which might represent a neurotransmitter for these sensory neurons.     

c-fos和c-myc在北方山溪鲵精子发生中的表达

用免疫组织化学方法检测原癌基因cf-os和c-myc蛋白在北方山溪鲵(Batrachuperus tibetanus)精子发生中的表达定位。结果显示,在精原细胞缓慢增殖期,8、9月,FOS阳性反应物出现在精原细胞的胞质及核膜外,10、11月,FOS在少量精原细胞的胞核中表达。在精原细胞快速增殖期,即翌年4月,FOS定位在精原细胞的胞质中;5月,FOS在大量的胞核中强阳性表达;6月,FOS定位于部分精母细胞核质和核膜下;7月,FOS在一些精子细胞的核质和核膜下表达。MYC在8、9月的部分精原细胞胞质中表达较弱,在101、1月阳性反应出现在个别精原细胞的核质中。翌年4月,MYC在精原细胞核周围的胞质中表达;5月在大量的精原细胞核膜下有强表达;6月,MYC在一些精母细胞核膜下表达;7月,MYC在部分精子细胞的核膜下弱表达。结果表明,北方山溪鲵的原癌基因cf-os和c-myc表达大强度在生精细胞发育中呈阶段性,表达的强度和细胞数量与细胞增殖的速度相一致。FOS和MYC在精原细胞内从胞质向胞核的转移与细胞快速增殖的时期相吻合。说明cf-os和c-myc对精原细胞有丝分裂有促进作用,并参与精母细胞成熟分裂的调控。     

马鹿和狍饲料植物的营养质量

本项研究测定了１４种木本植物的枝和叶以及苔草、非禾本和莎草科草、蕨、榆树皮的粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）、酸性洗涤纤维（ＡＤＦ）、钙（Ｃａ）、磷（Ｐ）、钠（Ｎａ）、钾（Ｋ）等营养成分和体外干物质消化率（ＩＶＤＤＭ）。结果表明,各类饲料植物中营养成分的含量存在显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。木本植物叶中ＣＰ的含量在全年呈最高趋势,枝条中ＣＰ含量为最低;木本植物枝条中ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的四季含量最高,非禾本和莎草科草中的ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的含量最低。Ｃａ在木本植物的枝条和非禾本及莎草科草中的四季含量最高,在苦草中的含量最低;Ｋ在非禾本和莎草科草以及蕨类中的四季含量最高,在木本植物枝条中的含量最低;Ｐ和Ｎａ在各类饲料植物中的四季含量变化很大。木本植物枝条中ＣＰ含量的季变化很小,木本植物的叶、苔草、非禾本和莎草科草及蕨中ＣＰ的含量从春到秋逐渐减少。各类饲料植物中ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ在春季的含量明显地低于其它季节。Ｋ在各类饲料植物中的含量由春季到冬季呈下降趋势,而Ｃａ、Ｐ、Ｎａ在不同饲料植物中的含量表现出不同的季节变化。马鹿和狍对饲料植物干物质的体外消化率与饲料植物中ＣＰ的含量存在显著的正相关,与ＡＤＦ存在显著的负相关。     

Interaction of mineral elements in sea water and shell of oysters (Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)) cultured in controlled and natural systems

The interaction is reported of selected chemical elements (cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, strontium, and zinc) in cultured sea water, with soft tissues, prismatic calcite of the right valve, and foliated calcite of right and left valves of genetically similar American oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) grown in a natural habitat and in two environmentally controlled experimental systems (flow-through and recycle). The addition of trace elements as algal nutrients in ambient sea water was reflected in higher concentrations of trace metals in shells and soft tissues of oysters grown in experimental systems. Calcium was relatively uniformly distributed in major regions of valves from the three habitats, even though its concentration fluctuated widely in sea water in experimental systems. Magnesium and strontium were most concentrated in valves of oysters grown in the recycle system (magnesium in the prismatic layer of the shell and strontium in the foliated calcite). Iron was uniformly distributed. Cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc were most concentrated in the prismatic calcite of valves from the flow-through system. In soft tissues, calcium was more concentrated in oysters from experimental systems than in those from the natural habitat. Manganese was about equally distributed in soft tissues from the three habitats, whereas copper and iron were more concentrated in soft tissues in experimental systems than in the natural habitat, and were many times more concentrated in soft tissues than in valves from all three habitats. As concentrations of magnesium, strontium, mangenese, zinc, and cadmium increased in valves in experimental systems, pigmentation of valves decreased. The study confirmed the capacity of oysters to concentrate several elements in their valves as concentration of these elements increased in ambient sea water and disclosed the heterogeneous distribution of these elements in major regions of the valves.     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

Distribution of high mobility group proteins in different tissues of rats during aging

The distribution of high mobility group (HMG) proteins has been studied in the liver, brain, kidney, lung, spleen, testis, thymus, and heart of young (19 weeks) and old (118 weeks) rats. These proteins were extracted with perchloric acid, fractionated by CM-Sephadex column chromatography, and analysed by acetic acid-urea polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. As compared with that in young rats, the level of total HMG proteins in the old increased in liver and lung, decreased in thymus, heart, brain, and kidney, and remained unchanged in spleen and testis. In particular, the levels of HMG 1 and 2 were maximum in the thymus of young rats and dropped drastically in the old. However, the amount of HMG 17 was high in the spleen of both young and old rats, though it was comparatively higher in the former. Such age-dependent variation in the level of HMG proteins of different tissues denotes indirectly differences in the functional state of chromatin, and in growth and activity of cells, during aging.     

CARBOHYDRASES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG,Podisus maculiventris (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, is a generalist predator of insects and has been used in biological control. However, information on the digestion of food in this insect is lacking. Therefore, we have studied the digestive system in P. maculiventris, and further characterized carbohydrases in the digestive tract. The midgut of all developmental stages was composed of anterior, median, and posterior regions. The volumes of the anterior midgut decreased and the median midgut increased in older instars and adults, suggesting a more important role of the median midgut in food digestion. However, carbohydrase activities were predominant in the anterior midgut. In comparing the specific activity of carbohydrases, α‐amylase activity was more in the salivary glands (with two distinct activity bands in zymograms), and glucosidase and galactosidase activities were more in the midgut. Salivary α‐amylases were detected in the prey hemolymph, demonstrating the role of these enzymes in extra‐oral digestion. However, the catalytic efficiency of midgut α‐amylase activity was approximately twofold more than that of the salivary gland enzymes, and was more efficient in digesting soluble starch than glycogen. Midgut α‐amylases were developmentally regulated, as one isoform was found in first instar compared to three isoforms in fifth instar nymphs. Starvation significantly affected carbohydrase activities in the midgut, and acarbose inhibited α‐amylases from both the salivary glands and midgut in vitro and in vivo. The structural diversity and developmental regulation of carbohydrases in the digestive system of P. maculiventris demonstrate the importance of these enzymes in extra‐oral and intra‐tract digestion, and may explain the capability of the hemipteran to utilize diverse food sources.     

基于GIS的宁夏灌区农田污染源结构特征解析

弄清区域污染源结构特征是进行污染防控的关键。本研究通过对宁夏灌区种植业、畜牧业、工业与居民生活排污源实地调查的基础上,结合各地区2005-2008年统计资料及已有对污染源结构的研究成果,利用统计分析和GIS技术方法,分析宁夏灌区种植业、畜牧业、工业与生活4方面的污染源的污染物的类型、排放方式及途径,并应用SPSS 13.0、ArcGIS 9.3地理信息系统空间分析软件及主成分分析和空间结构分布分析方法,研究该区农田污染源结构特征,把污染源组成分布与变化趋势采用数字化和可视化的形式展现出来,通过颜色的深浅递进将种植业、畜牧业、工业与生活4大类污染源区分出轻度、中度、重度等结构类别,最终将所研究的4个方面的污染源分别对应到灌区内各个县市。结果表明,宁夏灌区各项污染源的区域分布表现不同,且各县市污染程度按以下列出顺序依次递减,即,种植业污染源区域主要包括平罗县、中宁县;畜牧业污染源区域主要包括青铜峡市、吴忠市、平罗县;工业污染源区域主要包括中卫市、青铜峡市、吴忠市;生活污染源区域主要包括银川市、石嘴山市。该研究方法把青铜峡市、永宁县、银川市等灌区各县市污染源结构组成差异与变化趋势清晰地表示出来,对直观认识宁夏灌区黄河水污染源结构,寻求防治污染的方法途径有一定的引导作用,可为进一步开展农业污染综合防控,进行清洁生产,并为黄河水的污染防治提供参考。