Production of Tricarboxylic Acid Anhydrides from Fatty Acids by a Lipase-producing Strain of Pseudomonas cepacia

A lipase-producing strain of Pseudomonas cepacia isolated from a soil sample was found to produce five compounds when oleic acid was added to the culture medium as lipase inducer. The five compounds were isolated by solvent extraction, silicagel column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and their structural elucidation was performed by mass spectrometry, and infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The products were identified as dec-3-ene-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 3,4-anhydride (product 1 ), undec-3-ene-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 3,4-anhydride (product 2 ), dodec-3-ene-I,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 3,4-anhydride (product 3 ), dodec-3,8-diene-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 3,4-anhydride (product 4 ) and dodec-3,6-diene-I,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 3,4-anhydride (product 5 ). Accumulation of these compounds in the culture medium started after oleic acid consumption and followed a pattern similar to that found for cell growth and for lipase production. The five compounds were radioactively labeled when [U- 14 C]oleic acid was supplied to the culture medium, thus showing that they were produced by transformation of the acid. When isolated from cultures containing [1,2- 13 C]acetic acid and oleic acid as the sole sources of carbon, the compounds showed to contain the 13 C isotope only in the first five atoms of carbon of the molecule. Several long chain fatty acids also acted as precursors of these compounds, with maximal yields for chain lengths between 11 and 18 atoms of carbon. None of the five compounds acted as lipase inducer when added to the culture medium instead of oleic acid. The compounds showed moderate antibacterial and antifungal activities when tested in solid media bioassays.     

Production of new tricarboxylic acid anhydrides from stearic acid by Pseudomonas cepacia A-1419

Screening for microorganisms converting stearic acid to form new compounds was conducted, Pseudomonas cepacia A-1419 isolated from soil effectively produced two compounds showing strong ultraviolet absorption when the resting cells were incubated with stearic acid. The products were isolated, and identified as (Z)-dec-3-ene-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 3,4-anhydride (Product 1) and (Z)-dodec-3-ene-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 3,4-anhydride (Product 2) by infrared, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. Products 1 and 2 were produced from stearic acid at conversion rates of about 18 and 32%, respectively.     

Carbon and nitrogen sources modulate lipase production in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

AIMS: To analyse the influence of nitrogen and carbon sources on extracellular lipase production by Yarrowia lipolytica-overproducing mutant in order to optimize its production in large-scale bioreactors. METHODS AND RESULTS: The level of lipase production and LIP2 induction, measured using an LIP2-LacZ reporter gene, were compared for different carbon and nitrogen sources and for different concentrations. The localization of the enzyme during growth was also determined by Western blotting analysis using a six-histidine-tagged lipase. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Tryptone N1 and oleic acid are the most suitable nitrogen and carbon sources for the production of the extracellular lipase by the Y. lipolytica mutant. Higher levels of lipase production were obtained as the tryptone concentration increased in the culture medium. Such a positive correlation was not observed with oleic acid media where the highest lipolytic productivities were obtained in the presence of low concentration. We also demonstrate that in the presence of oleic acid, lipase is cell-bound during the growth phase before being released in the media. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides a better understanding of the mechanism controlling LIP2 expression and, thus, extracellular lipase production in the yeast Y. lipolytica.     

Rational strategy for the production of new crude lipases from <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Candida rugosa</Emphasis>

Candida rugosa was cultured using different inducers (oleic acid, olive oil, sunflower oil, n-dodecanol and glycerol) as the only carbon source in batch conditions, as well as in several fed-batch fermentations (oleic acid as inducer) at variable feed rate conditions. The N-terminal analysis of each crude lipase revealed that, while the isoenzymes Lip2 and Lip3 are always secreted (at different proportions depending on the inducer), Lip1 was produced only using n-dodecanol (batch conditions) or oleic acid (fed-batch at high feed rate). The nature of the inducer controls the isoenzyme percentage; when this is fixed, as well as the feed rate in fed-batch fermentation, the isoenzymatic profile remained unaltered and the samples differed only in the activity of the lipases, as determined by heptyl oleate synthesis.     

Effects of different fatty acids in lipase production by Candida rugosa

Summary Oleic acid has been reported as a good inducer of lipase production by Candida rugosa. In order to know if this enzyme is induced by oleic acid itself or by a metabolite, different short chain fatty acids were tested. Butyric acid was the best carbon source to growth microorganism but it did not induce lipase production. Although caprylic and capric acid were the best inducers of lipase production, at concentrations up 1 g/l they have toxic effect in Candida rugosa growth. Thus, from the point of view of industrial production oleic acid could be considered as the best substrate tested.     

Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on lipase production by a newly isolated Candida viswanathii strain

Microorganisms can produce lipases with different biochemical characteristics making necessary the screening of new lipase-producing strains for different industrial applications. In this study, 90 microbial strains were screened as potential lipase producers using a sensitive agar plate method with a suitable medium supplemented with Tween 20 and also a liquid culture supplemented with olive oil. The highest cell growth and lipase production for Candida viswanathii were observed in triolein and oleic acid when used as the only pure carbon source. Renewable low-cost triacylglycerols supported the best cell growth, and olive oil was found to be the best inducer for lipase production (19.50 g/L and 58.50 U). The selected conditions for enzyme production were found with yeast extract as nitrogen source and 1.5 % (w/v) olive oil (85.70 U) that resulted in a good cell growth yield (Y_X/S?=?1.234 g/g) and lipase productivity (1.204 U/h) after 72 h of shake-flask cultivation. C. viswanathii lipase presented high hydrolytic activity on esters bonds of triacylglycerols of long-chain, and this strain can be considered an important candidate for future applications in chemical industries.     

Production enhancement of Rhizopus arrhizus lipase by feeding oleic acid

A strategy for Rhizopus arrhizus lipase production enhancement by feeding oleic acid was developed. The oleic acid was proved to have strong inducing effect on lipase production, but high concentration oleic acid could repress lipase production. The decrease rate of oleic acid concentration using peanut oil as initial carbon source was figured out according to the change of oleic acid concentration in the fermentation broth. Our feeding strategy designed based on the decrease rate of oleic acid could avoid the repression of lipase production that is caused by high concentration of oleic acid in the fermenting liquor, and this strategy worked as a new feeding method showing excellent performance. The maximum lipase activity was gained by feeding dilute oleic acid every 12 h starting at 60 h, which maintained the oleic acid concentration around 18 mg/L, and the lipase activity was 31% higher than that of no feeding.     

Evaluation of strains of Geotrichum candidum for lipase production and fatty acid specificity

Summary Three strains of Geotrichum candidum (ATCC 34614, NRRL Y-552 and NRRL Y-553) were examined for lipase production and activity. Variables including medium, pH, temperature, agitation rate and incubation time were examined to define the optimal culture conditions. Growth on oil in complex medium at 30°C, 300 rpm, and pH 7 produced maximal lipase activity. Fatty acid specificity of these strains and of two crude G. candidum enzyme preparations (lipase 26557 RP, Rhône Poulenc and lipase GC-4, Amano) was measured using equimolar mixtures of methyl or butyl esters of palmitic and oleic acids. The lipase from NRRL Y-553 and lipase 26557 RP displayed preferential specificity for hydrolyzing oleic acid esters, while the lipases from ATCC 34614, NRRL Y-552 and lipase GC-4 failed to discriminate between plamitic and oleic acids.     

Enhancement of the Microbial Dehalogenation of a Model Chlorinated Compound

A number of chlorinated aromatic and aliphatic compounds were dehalogenated when incubated with sewage. Preincubating the sewage with nonchlorinated organic substrates enhanced the subsequent dehalogenation of the chlorinated chemicals. Dehalogenation of 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (CDBA) in lake water occurred as a result of microbial growth both in the light in the absence of added nutrients and in the dark in the presence of acetate. No organism able to use CDBA as a carbon source was isolated. Axenic bacterial cultures and a nonaxenic Chlamydomonas culture released chloride from CDBA. The metabolism of CDBA by the latter culture, a process that was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, yielded a product that was identified as α-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. This product of an apparent cometabolic transformation was mineralized by a strain of Streptomyces, thus suggesting that certain cometabolic products may not accumulate because they are carbon sources for other species.     

Stability studies and effect of the initial oleic acid concentration on lipase production by Candida rugosa

The production of lipase by Candida rugosa in batch cultures was studied. The initial concentration of the carbon source employed, oleic acid, had an important effect on the final lipolytic activity levels. The maximum lipase/substrate yield and specific productivity obtained correspond to an initial oleic acid concentration of 2 g/l. At higher concentrations, up to 8 g/l oleic acid, specific productivity decreased. Lipase production was not observed below 1 g/l oleic acid. Lipase inactivation in culture broth due to surface forces and shear stress at the gas/liquid interface was not observed. There was no shear stress denaturation at stirring rates of 250, 500 and 750 rpm. No temperature inactivation was detected up to 50° C. Two different lipases with a similar molecular weight of 60kDa were purified from culture broth.     

Changes of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids inNicotiana tabacum cell suspension culture

The optimum conditions for cell suspension culture experiments have been characterized by respiration,p-Phenylenediamine oxidase and growth of cell suspension ofNicotiana tabacum for 15 days in stationary culture. Change of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acids both present at 10⁻⁴ M in culture medium were studied in short term experiments. An oxidation product of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid characterized by an absorption maximum at 280 nm was isolated after 1 h of incubation. The 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid did not change when incubated for 4 h under the same conditions.     

Formation and splitting of esters in subterminal oxidation of dodecane by Fusarium lini

Summary Extracellular oxidation products having the same number of carbon atoms as the alkane that was oxidized were isolated from a Fusarium lini culture broth grown on n-dodecane. They were secondary isomeric alcohols, corresponding isomeric ketones and isomeric esters with 12 carbon atoms.Esterase activity in cell-free extracts of the fungus which was incubated on a p-nitrophenyl-acetate substrate increased with increasing temperatures and pH-values in the ranges 20–40°C and pH 6.0 to 8.0 respectively. The activity, when incubated on p-nitrophenyl-acetate,-laurate and-palmitate substrates, decreased with decreasing fatty acid chain lengths. When incubated with isomeric esters consisting of 12 carbon atoms, it was influenced by the ester linkage position in the chain. When the alcohol chain length in the ester increased from one to six carbon atoms, the esterase activity decreased. The same effect was observed when the chain length of the acid increased from two to six carbon atoms. Minimum esterase activity was reached when both the alcohol and the acid had a chain length of six carbon atoms.The view that all ketones produced during subterminal oxidation of alkanes by Fusarium lini and perhaps other members of Moniliales are further metabolized via ester intermediates is supported. A probable non-specific esterase or lipase catalyses the hydrolysis of the isomeric esters which are formed from the ketones.     

Production enhancement of Rhizopus arrhizus lipase by feeding oleic acid

A strategy for Rhizopus arrhizus lipase production enhancement by feeding oleic acid was developed. The oleic acid was proved to have strong inducing effect on lipase production, but high concentration oleic acid could repress lipase production. The decrease rate of oleic acid concentration using peanut oil as initial carbon source was figured out according to the change of oleic acid concentration in the fermentation broth. Our feeding strategy designed based on the decrease rate of oleic acid could avoid the repression of lipase production that is caused by high concentration of oleic acid in the fermenting liquor, and this strategy worked as a new feeding method showing excellent performance. The maximum lipase activity was gained by feeding dilute oleic acid every 12 h starting at 60 h, which maintained the oleic acid concentration around 18 mg/L, and the lipase activity was 31% higher than that of no feeding.     

Influence of cytokinins on growth of Phycomyces blakesleeanus and on the activities of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase

Treatment of the 1 + strain of Phycomyces blakesleeanus Bgff. with various cytokinins resulted in a stimulation of growth. The magnitude of growth stimulation depended on both the structure of the hormone used and the carbon source in the culture medium. Most of the cytokinin derivatives were active effect in glucose and oleic acid cultures. Benzyladenine (BA) and benzyladenosine stimulated the fungal growth only when oleic acid was the sole carbon source, while they had no effect in glucose cultures within the tested range of concentrations. [¹⁴C]-BA was accumulated by the mycelium of oleic acid cultures. Therefore, differences in BA uptake between glucose and oleic acid cultures could account mainly for the specific growth-promoting effect of BA. In oleic acid cultures isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2) activities were enhanced by 40 and 34%, respectively, in the presence of BA. A time course of the hormone effect suggests that BA is not involved in induction, but in the regulation of the mentioned enzymes in Phycocmyces. In contrast, acetate when presented as the sole carbon source or after addition to a glucose culture medium, induced isocitrate lyase activity. This enzyme induction was prevented by simultaneous addition of cycloheximide.     

Some aspects of the regulation of the production of extracellular proteolytic enzymes by a marine bacterium

A highly proteolytic Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the gills of fresh plaice and the effect of culture conditions on the production of proteolytic enzymes was investigated. When the organism, strain SA 1, was grown in the presence of complex mixtures of proteins and amino acids, both endopeptidase and aminopeptidase activity was demonstrated in the cell-free culture medium. However, synthesis of these enzymes was not observed when the organism was grown in a mineral medium with lactate or succinate as the only carbon and energy source. Synthesis of both endopeptidase and aminopeptidase was induced by the presence of amino acids in the medium. Of the amino acids tested, l-phenylalanine was found to be the best single inducer for the production of endopeptidase. When in addition one or more different amino acids were added, endopeptidase production was found to increase with increasing complexity of the mixture, up to a maximum which was obtained with five different amino acids. Production of the aminopeptidase was optimal when l-glutamic acid was used as a single inducer. For this enzyme the amount of enzyme activity released in the medium decreased with increasing complexity of the amino acid mixture. Endopeptidase as well as aminopeptidase activity was found to accumulate in the medium at the end of the logarithmic growth phase, when the culture was no longer growing exponentially. When the stationary phase was reached, enzyme production stopped. Production of both enzymes was immediately halted upon addition of chloramphenicol and was found to be repressed by glucose and lactate. These results suggest that synthesis of proteolytic extracellular enzymes by the organism studied is controlled by an efficient regulatory mechanism, in which growth rate is an important parameter.     

利用麻风树油驯化筛选高活性脂肪酶产生菌及其催化酯化反应

以1株分解麻风树油的脂肪酶产生菌Pseudomonas sp. LP-1为出发菌株, 通过麻疯树油定向驯化筛选获得1株酶活较高且产酶稳定的菌株P. sp. X-2-45, 其水解酶活为29.79 U/mL, 比原始菌株提高了288%。对P. sp. X-2-45生长与产酶特征、对植物油脂水解能力及在有机相中催化脂肪酸和有机醇间的酯化反应研究发现, 该菌株生长速率和产酶速率明显加快, 培养30 h时生物量和酶活达到最大, 稳定期延长, 培养过程中脂肪酶在培养基中的稳定性提高。以麻疯树油诱导合成的P. sp. X-2-45脂肪酶对麻疯树油的水解能力比原始菌株提高了378%, 说明采用麻风树油定向驯化可提高脂肪酶对相应底物的水解能力。X-2-45脂肪酶可以催化月桂酸与正丁醇、正辛醇、月桂醇和丙三醇之间, 棕榈酸、硬脂酸与甲醇、正辛醇、月桂醇和丙三醇之间, 油酸与甲醇、正丁醇、正辛醇、月桂醇和丙三醇之间发生酯化反应。     

Lipase Induction in Mucor hiemalis

The influence on lipase induction in Mucor hiemalis of different types of triglycerides containing mainly oleic acid (olive oil), erucic acid (mustard oil), or saturated fatty acids of 8 to 16 carbons (coconut oil) was studied. The fungus was grown in shake flasks in a fermentation medium containing peptone, minerals, and glucose or one of the oils as the carbon source. Maximum lipase was produced when the initial pH of the fermentation medium was kept at 4.0. Addition of Ca²⁺ to the medium did not increase lipase production. The optimum pH for activity of both the mycelial and extracellular lipases was found to be 7.0. The fungus produced a significant amount of lipase in the presence of glucose, but the lipase activity increased markedly when olive oil was added to the medium at the beginning of the fermentation. Addition of olive oil at a later stage did not induce as much enzyme. Studies with washed mycelia showed that a greater amount of lipase was released when olive oil was present than when glucose was present. Among the various types of triglycerides used as the carbon source, olive oil was found to be most effective in inducing the lipase. Olive oil and mustard oil fatty acids inhibited the lipase more than those of coconut oil. The lipase induced by a particular type of triglyceride did not seem to be specific for the same triglyceride, nor was it inhibited specifically by it. Irrespective of the triglyceride used in the fermentation medium, the lipase produced was most active against coconut oil triglyceride, and this specificity, as shown by lipase activities in an n-heptane system, was not found to be due to a better emulsification of this oil. The lipase of M. hiemalis can be considered to be both constitutive and inducible.     

Effect of different carbon sources on lipase production by Candida rugosa

Different carbon sources affecting growth and lipase production in Candida rugosa were studied by using batch cultures on defined medium. Carbohydrates and acids non-related to fats did not induce lipase production. The highest yields of enzyme were obtained with lipids or fatty acids as carbon sources. Tween 80 stimulated lipase biosynthesis and secretion outside the cell. Combinations of two types of substrates, carbohydrates and fatty acids, did not improve lipase production, and in some cases, their consumption was produced in a sequential pattern. Glucose presented a repressing effect on lipase production. Moreover, glucose was found to be effective in stimulating lipase secretion by cells with a high level of cell-bound lipase activity because of their previous growth in oleic acid.     

The effect of nitrogen and carbon sources on proteinase production by Pseudomonas fluorescens

Some factors influencing the production of an extracellular proteinase by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCDO 2085 were studied. Proteinase production was optimal at 20C and pH 69 in static culture when calcium was included in the medium. Proteinase was not detectable in basal medium but could be induced by organic nitrogen compounds. The proteinase was produced in the exponential phase of growth on protein substrates but not until early stationary phase during growth on amino acids. The organism did not utilize lactose, the most abundant carbohydrate in milk. Citrate was readily utilized as an energy source but had a strong repressive effect on proteinase production. A medium containing sodium caseinate and pyruvate supported good growth and enzyme production. All the amino acids utilized as a sole carbon source, with the exception of serine, could induce proteinase production. Asparagine was the most effective amino acid inducer. Particular combinations of amino acids could induce or repress proteinase production. The regulation of proteinase production by Ps. fluorescens NCDO 2085 appears to be based on a balance between induction by low concentrations of low molecular weight degradation products and sensitivity to end product catabolite repression. The results suggest that the function of the proteinase is to ensure a supply of carbon rather than amino acids for protein synthesis.