浙江沿岸春秋季小黄鱼生长异质性

为更精准地掌握浙江沿岸春秋季小黄鱼生长动态,本文利用2014—2019年春季(4月)和秋季(11月)在浙江沿岸海域底拖网调查资料,通过构建一个广义线性模型(GLM)和9个线性混合效应模型(LMEM)来研究小黄鱼生长的异质性。结果表明:小黄鱼平均体长为124.12 mm(15～210 mm),优势组为110～140 mm;平均体重为33.28 g(0.04～156.2 g),优势组为30～50 g。根据AIC最小准则,同时具有季节和水域对生长参数a、b随机效应的LMEM模型最优,且交叉验证的结果也表明此模型的预测效果最佳。在最优模型中,生长参数a的固定值为0.61×10^-4,加入季节和水域随机效应后a值为0.32×10^-4～1.91×10^-4,b的固定值为2.73,加入季节和水域随机效应后b值范围为2.49～2.86,表明小黄鱼为负异速生长,季节和水域对小黄鱼体长与体重关系有显著影响。从季节上来看,春季小黄鱼生长速度快于秋季,从水域分布来看,离岸距离越短的水域小黄鱼生长速度越快。     

钱塘江几种经济鱼类的生长研究

年龄鉴定以鳞片为材料。测得鳞径和体长后,求出体长鳞长各种关系式。细鳞斜颌鲴、三角鲂体长鳞长关系式以幂函数式最佳,花鲢、鲤鱼以直线式最佳。它们的体长、体重关系均适于:W=aL~b。 鱼类生长拐点,是反映鱼类体重生长过程的一个特征值,一般与鱼类的生长指标跳跃性下降时的年龄和性成熟年龄一致或接近。但也有例外,有些鱼类生长拐点落在性成熟之后、前者如细鳞斜颈鲴、三角鲂;后者如鲤鱼、花鲢。 体长生长曲线是一条趋于L_∞的渐近线,随鱼的年龄增长,体长年增长速率渐少而趋于零。 Von.Bertalarffy生长方程中的主要生物学参数L_∞、W_∞虽在实际种群中少有,但确实存在,并有一定的渔业意义。     

黄海中南部黄鮟鱇生物学特征及其资源密度的年际变化

根据1985年、2000年、2005年和2009年秋季共4个航次的底拖网调查数据,对黄海中南部黄鮟鱇的生物学特征、相对资源密度和群体分布的年际变化进行了研究。结果表明,黄鮟鱇雌性平均体长大于雄性平均体长,从1985年到2009年个体小型化、种群体长结构简单化明显,体长、体重由负异速生长转变为等速生长。种群以雄性为主,除2000年外各年的样品性比均与1差异显著,小于20 cm体长组和40—50 cm体长组的性比变化明显,由雌雄相当分别转变为雄性占优势和全部为雌性。各年样品的性腺成熟度均以II期为主,但2005年和2009年的样品中出现部分性成熟个体。黄鮟鱇分布密集区的水温范围为9.3—10.8℃,盐度范围为32.4—33.2;近年来黄鮟鱇的相对资源密度呈升高趋势,且群体分布向黄海北部扩展,产量与提前2年的海表温度具有极显著相关性(r=0.61,P=0.004),这可能因为海表温度主要对黄鮟鱇生活史初期造成影响从而影响其产量。黄鮟鱇生物学特征、资源分布与种群密度的变化可能与捕捞强度和气候变化有关,是种群对外界压力的适应性响应。     

西藏林芝市西藏蟾蜍种群的年龄、生长及其他种群特征的研究

为了深入了解西藏蟾蜍Bufo tibetanus的种群特征,积累更多的生物学资料,本研究利用骨龄学方法、辅以生殖腺形态及其组织学结构的观察,对地处高海拔西藏自治区林芝市的一个西藏蟾蜍(♀29只,♂34只)种群的年龄结构、体长、生殖腺的形态和性成熟年龄等进行了分析。结果表明：西藏蟾蜍第三指骨切片中均可清晰观察到生长抑制线;两性个体体长与年龄均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);各年龄组中两性个体体长无显著性差异,两性的平均年龄无显著差异(P>0.05);两性个体的性成熟年龄一致,均为4龄;雌性的最长寿命为9龄,雄性为8龄。由此可见,该西藏蟾蜍种群在被采集的2014—2015年的年龄结构属于增长型,具有健康发展的潜能。     

舟山渔场产卵场保护区春季小黄鱼群体结构及资源动态

根据2014—2019年舟山渔场产卵场保护区及邻近海域底拖网调查资料,分析了春季小黄鱼的群体结构、资源密度变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 小黄鱼的体长-体重关系式为: W=0.44×10^-4×L^2.78,b值<3,说明近年来小黄鱼为负异速生长,肥满度与体长呈负相关,身体趋于细长。2014—2019年小黄鱼的体长和体重均以2014年最高、2019年最低。2014年以来,舟山渔场产卵场保护区及邻近海域小黄鱼的群体规格逐渐减小,说明近年来小黄鱼个体小型化现象并未改善。与产卵场保护区设立前的数据相比,保护区建立后小黄鱼资源密度有所提升,表明保护区管护对小黄鱼的资源恢复起到了一定的保护作用。GAM模型拟合结果显示,与保护区及周边海域小黄鱼资源密度分布关系密切的环境因子主要是水深和底层水温。随着水深的增加,小黄鱼资源量呈波动上升趋势,在水深60 m附近时资源量最高;在12~16 ℃水温范围内,小黄鱼资源量随底层水温升高而增大;当水温>16 ℃时,其资源量随底温的上升而下降。     

洞庭湖黄颡鱼生物学特性

20 0 0年 3～ 5月 ,收集洞庭湖黄颡鱼 1 5 5尾 ,对其生物学特性进行研究。结果表明 ,黄颡鱼鳍式为D Ⅱ ,2～ 6,A 1 9～ 2 2 ,主要以虾、小型底栖鱼类、软体动物为食。体重 (W :g)与体长 (L :cm)关系为 :W =7 9861× 1 0 -2 L2 4471;体长生长方程为Lt=2 3 0 482 [1 -e-0 592 8(t+ 0 13 54) ];体重生长方程为 :Wt=3 68 3 90 9[1 -e-0 592 8(t+ 0 13 54) ]3 。生长速度以 1～ 2龄最快 ,以后逐步减慢 ,绝对繁殖力为 1 3 45～ 72 0 8粒 ,相对繁殖力为 48～ 78 3粒 g。繁殖力系数F =1 1 5 4977L1 453 9;性成熟年龄为 1 + 龄 ,自然性成熟雌鱼W =3 0 67g,L =1 0 2 9cm ,黄颡鱼人工养殖宜用 2年生产周期。     

光倒刺鲃的年龄与生长的初步研究

研究了光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)的年龄与生长规律,结果表明:光倒刺鲃鳞片年轮特征主要为疏密切割型。体长与鳞长呈直线相关L=44.44R-11.69,体重与体长呈指数函数相关W=0.0258L2.9125,4龄以前生长较快,生长指标高,体长指标高,体长和体重的相对增长率大,其生长规律可用Von Bertalanffy方程表达:Lt=67.3[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)],Wt=5441.44[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)]3。体重生长曲线的拐点位于t=5.678,拐点体长Lr=45.313cm,拐点体重Wr=1660.885g。光倒刺鲃雌性一般在3~4龄性成熟,雄鱼3龄时性成熟。     

大麻哈鱼的年龄与生长

通过对2010和2011年采捕到乌苏里江大麻哈鱼洄游群体571个样本的鳞片观察和基础生物学测定,研究了大麻哈鱼的年龄判定和生长模拟。大麻哈鱼鳞片属于典型圆鳞,有明显的年轮特征,为一年一个周期,年轮特征表现为疏密型。部分鳞片有明显幼轮,幼轮和年轮根据鳞径大小能够区分。采集样本的雌雄组都分为2+,3+,4+三个年龄组,也都以3+龄组数量最多。采用特殊Von Bertalanffy、Logistic、Gompertz和幂指数生长方程分别模拟了大麻哈鱼1—4龄间的生长,通过最大似然法估计各模型的参数。采用残差平方和(Analysis of the residual sum of squares,ARSS)分析得出大麻哈鱼雌雄个体间生长无显著差异(P>0.05),故将雌雄个体放一起进行生长模拟。AIC和BIC检验结果显示特殊VBGF方程为最适生长模型,公式为:Lt=90.04×[1 e 0.3(ti+0.27)]。大麻哈鱼的生长速度随着年龄增长逐年降低,且性成熟年龄小的个体生长速度大于性成熟年龄大的个体。应对大麻哈鱼年龄与生长进行长期监测,为增殖放流等渔业资源管理措施提供基础资料。     

江豚的年龄鉴定、生长和生殖的研究

本文根据在长江中下游,长江口和中国东北沿海收到的68头江豚标本,对江豚年龄鉴定的方法作了摸索和研究。从年龄,生长和生殖的角度系统分析了江豚的一些种群生物学特征。江豚年龄与生长的关系在一定范围内遵循的幂函数型式。4-5龄以前,江豚的生长迅速,此后减慢。江豚首次性成熟年龄雌性4龄,雄性4.5龄。性成熟时体长雌性133cm,雄性140cm。根据16头胎儿资料,用对数分割法反推出江豚的交配期较长,并有两个可能的交配高峰,分娩的高峰为2-4月。断奶年龄约为0.5龄。粗略估算长江江豚的年生殖率为20％。长江的江豚和中国沿海的江豚在形态和种群结构上各具特点。从江豚的年龄组成看出,幼龄组(0-4龄)的比例较大,结构基本正常。       

张氏(餐)的繁殖生物学特性

文章对赤水河河口段张氏(餐)的繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明:5-9月份为其繁殖期;最小性成熟个体为雌性体长77mm,体重5.3g;雄性体长108mm,体重9.4g,均为1龄;繁殖群体性比为1.07:1,由4个年龄组组成,其中2龄个体占绝对优势.性成熟系数3-7月份逐渐增大,然后持续减小,至12月降到全年最小值.卵径(0.75±0.14)mm呈单峰型,绝对繁殖力(11010±7723)粒,相对繁殖力(275.1±138.4)粒/g,每克卵巢卵粒数(3789±1389)粒.该种为单批产卵类型鱼类.绝对繁殖力随着鱼体体长、体重和年龄的增长而增大.     

黄海中南部细纹狮子鱼的生物学特征及资源分布的季节变化

根据2009年7—8月、10月和2010年1月、5月黄海中南部渔业生物底拖网调查数据,对该海域细纹狮子鱼的生物学特征及其分布的季节变化作了分析。结果表明,细纹狮子鱼平均体长和平均体重从春季(4.7 cm、3.3 g)到冬季(34.2 cm、764.9 g)呈显著增加,并且雄性个体平均体长显著大于雌性个体(P<0.05,春季除外)。性比(♀∶♂)随体长组和季节变化,体长越大趋向于雄性,反之趋向于雌性;夏季雄鱼居多(0.70∶1,P<0.05),秋季则为雌鱼居多(1.35∶1,P<0.05),而冬季(产卵群体)和春季性比接近于1∶1。细纹狮子鱼各季节摄食等级均在2.5以上,冬季雄性个体摄食等级显著大于雌性个体(P<0.05),但雄性个体肥满度为全年最低(1.52)。细纹狮子鱼相对资源量和贡献率从春季(0.17 kg/h,1.54%)到秋季(15.36 kg/h,33.05%)呈上升状态,而冬季(2.37 kg/h,5.60%)有所下降。相比2000年,夏秋季相对渔获量和贡献率提高明显。全年集中分布于7.8—13.6℃,3.20%—3.38%的水域,平均体重和水深有显著的相关性(秋季除外)。另外,根据性成熟个体分布区和稚幼鱼分布的相关历史资料分析发现,除海州湾外,黄海中部深水区可能是细纹狮子鱼的产卵场。     

浙江南部近海小黄鱼资源分布及其与环境因子的关系

根据2015—2016年浙江南部近海4个航次的底拖网资源调查数据,利用广义可加模型分析了调查期内小黄鱼资源的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:浙江南部近海的小黄鱼资源主要集中在鱼山渔场,夏季为小黄鱼资源的高产期,站点平均资源密度达到500.74 kg·h^-1·km^-2.不同季节影响小黄鱼资源密度及其分布的环境因子各不相同.其中,环境因子对秋季小黄鱼资源密度的影响效果并不显著.春季,小黄鱼主要分布于水深较浅的高盐水域;夏季,水温和盐度均与小黄鱼资源密度呈负相关关系,小黄鱼主要分布于中温高盐的鱼山海域;冬季,水温与资源密度呈正相关,小黄鱼栖息于水温适宜的外侧站点水域.总体上,小黄鱼资源的分布特征符合其洄游习性,但个别环境因子与资源密度的关系难以解释,仍需进一步研究.研究结果有助于了解浙江南部近海小黄鱼群体的生活习性,以及对小黄鱼资源的养护和管理.     

大黄鱼快长相关微卫星标记的筛选与验证

为了筛选与大黄鱼生长性状紧密相关的分子标记,并对这些标记的有效性进行鉴定,研究以大黄鱼家系和群体为材料,经标记筛选、两次验证共三个步骤,找到2个与大黄鱼生长性状紧密相关的微卫星标记:LYC0088和LYC0143,其中LYC0088与体高、体质量均极显著相关（P0.01）,与体长显著相关（P0.05）,LYC0143与体长和体质量显著相关（P0.05）,与体高的相关性极显著（P0.01）。LYC0088与LYC0143位点的优势等位基因分别为E、A,优势等位基因型均为AB,优势等位基因型组合为AB/AB,两个位点呈加性效应。该结果为开展大黄鱼分子标记辅助育种提供了有价值的遗传标记。       

Seasonal, diel and ontogenetic variation in feeding patterns of small yellow croaker in the central Yellow Sea

Stomach contents of 1603 small yellow croaker Pseudosciaena polyactis , sampled from seasonal bottom trawl surveys in the central Yellow Sea between March 2001 and January 2002, were examined. The results showed that small yellow croaker was a carnivorous predator and >30 prey species were identified from stomach contents analysis. Crustaceans (mainly euphausiids and decapods) were the most important prey, occurring in 93·1% of the stomachs containing food, and accounting for 77·6% of the total food by mass. Feeding activity was highest in autumn and lowest in spring and winter. Decapods were more important in summer, whereas euphausiids were more important during other seasons. Ontogenetic differences were found in the diet composition and feeding activity within the range of size (standard length, L _S) studied. The importance of fishes and decapods increased with L _S, whereas euphausiids, copepods and amphipods decreased in importance with L _S. Dietary breadth increased markedly for adults. A positive relationship was found between L _S and prey size. In each season the maximum diel feeding activity occurred at 0800 and 2400 hours, indicating that there was crepuscular and nocturnal feeding by small yellow croaker.     

Reproduction of the Australian freshwater turtle Emydura krefftii (Chelonia: Chelidae)

A study of the reproduction of Krefft's river tortoise, Emydura krefftii , was conducted in the perched dune lakes of Fraser Island, Queensland. Mature male specimens exhibit a postnuptial pattern of spermatogenesis typical of temperate-zone turtles elsewhere, with a peak in spermatogenic activity in autumn and a cessation of activity during the breeding season in spring and early summer. The spermatogenic cycle is paralleled by seasonal variation in testicular weight (standardized for body size) and in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. Sperm are abundant in the epididymal canals throughout the year. Mating was observed in autumn, late winter and spring.
Females have a cyclic reproductive pattern, with distinct phases of follicular enlargement, ovulation and oviducal period, and quiescence. Yolk begins to accumulate in the ovaries in late summer, and the accumulation continues unabated through the winter, presumably by the transfer of material from fat stores to the ovaries. Ovulations occur from late winter to mid-summer. Atresia of follicles that fail to ovulate was demonstrated histologically.
Emydura krefftii lay up to three clutches of hard-shelled ellipsoid eggs per season. Each clutch contains between four and 10 eggs; the number is strongly correlated with maternal body size. Reproductive potential ranges from 12 eggs per annum for a female that has recently matured (carapace length c. 150 mm), to 30 eggs per annum for a full-sized female (length c. 250 mm). Selected life-history traits of Emydura krefftii are discussed in the context of findings for other populations of the species and for other species of freshwater turtle.     

Reproductive biology of Pseudocorynopoma doriai (Pisces: Characidae) in the High Basin of the Samborombón River, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

The reproductive period of the Glandulocaudine Pseudocorynopoma doriai was determined by the analysis of 240 females, 90 males and 138 immature individuals collected monthly in the Manantiales and the El Portugués rivers. The reproductive period is seasonal, occurring from late winter to mid‐summer, with another reproductive peak of smaller magnitude in early autumn. The mean monthly GSI in males has a significant correlation with rainfall. Other analyzed environmental variables, including temperature, photoperiod, pH and conductivity, did not show a correlation with the mean monthly GSI in females and males. First maturity in females was reached within the 42–43 mm standard length class. Like other Glandulocaudines from southern Brazil, males initiate sexual maturation before females, which implies an adaptive advantage in that this would enable females to spawn under optimal environmental conditions. The mean absolute fecundity was 1286.42 oocytes (SD = 496.9083); the mean relative fecundity was 0.5070 (SD = 0.1333) oocytes by milligram body weight.     

Subantarctic krill, Euphausia vallentini Stebbing, preyed upon by penguins around Crozet Islands (Southern Indian Ocean): population structure and annual cycle

Dietary studies performed on three planktivorous penguins, Eudypteschrysolophus, E.chrysocome and Pygoscelis papua, provided alarge collection of well-preserved Euphausia vallentiru at differentperiods of the year. The change of carapace-length distributions,gut fullness and sexual maturity stages of E.vallentini aredescnbed. and a scheme for the life history of this speciesis proposed from this set of data. Its main characteristicsare as follows: mating peak in October-November; recruitmentof post-larval individuals from December-January onwards; fastgrowth until May; zero winter growth between June and mid-Augustdue to a minimum feeding activity Feeding activity reaches itshighest level from August to early October and is coincidentwith maturation, growth recovery, enhancement of sexual dimorphismand beginning of breeding season. Assuming that juveniles are1 year old when they begin to be recruited in penguin stomachs,E.vallentini is supposed to have a 2-year-life span in Crozetwaters. Two-year-old individuals are supposed to die in summeror autumn Juveniles can reach sexual maturity as early as November-Decemberwhen they are 1 year old and 16 mm body length: however, theyare unlikely to mate in significant numbers at this age. Inspite of specific limitations, the present sampling method iswell suited to routine surveys of local euphausiid populations.     

大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节变化

动物中普遍存在雌雄个体身体大小的性二态现象。了解近缘种之间身体大小性二态现象的差异，可为深入探讨身体大小性二态现象的潜在驱动机制提供证据。国外对欧亚大山雀（Parus major）的研究发现，其喙长、跗跖长、翅长等 6 项身体大小指标存在着明显的性二态，且喙长的性二态存在季节间差异。大山雀（P. cinereus）曾被作为欧亚大山雀的一个亚种，其形态和行为与欧亚大山雀存在着诸多相似之处。为探讨大山雀是否也存在身体大小性二态及季节性差异，本研究分析了 2018 至 2020 年间在河南董寨国家级自然保护区捕捉的 226 只（雌性 96 只和雄性 130 只）大山雀的喙长、头喙长、跗跖长、翅长、尾长和体长这 6 项体征指标的两性差异及其季节变化。结果显示，大山雀上述 6 项身体大小指标均存在不同程度的性二态现象，且雄性个体仅喙长与雌性的差异不显著，其余 5 项指标均显著大于雌性。此外，身体大小指标的两性差异不随季节显著变化，但两性的跗跖长在秋季均显著短于冬季和繁殖季，尾长在繁殖季均显著长于秋季和冬季。上述结果表明，大山雀身体大小的性二态及其季节性差异与欧亚大山雀并不完全相似。无论其身体大小存在性二态和季节变化的原因，还是其与欧亚大山雀在身体大小性二态模式上的差别，都有待今后进一步的研究。     

Some aspects of the biology and ecology ofKnipowitschia caucasica (Teleostei: Gobiidae) in the Evros Delta (North Aegean Sea)

Some aspects of the biology and ecology of the gobyKnipowitschia caucasica were studied over a period of 13 months in a poly-to euhaline area in the Evros Delta (North Aegean Sea). This fish grows rapidly in the summer and autumn after hatching, matures after its first winter, breeds from the end of April to the end of July, and grows rapidly again in July–September. The older males perish after their second February, whereas some females have a second breeding season at the end of April/beginning of May, shortly before their death. The fish grows to about 40 mm in total length. There is a positive correlation between the total length (TL) and the standard length (SL) or the cleaned body weight (CW). SL increases slower than TL, whereas CW increases slower than TL in immature individuals and faster in males and females. There is no difference between immature individuals, males and females, in the growth rate of SL, TL and CW, TL. The mean monthly values of the condition factor varies from 0.289 to 0.576 in females and from 0.313 to 0.548 in males. The overall sex ratio of females to males is 1: 1.46. Fecundity ranges from 60 to 217 eggs with a mean value of 109.8 and depends upon size, whereas relative fecundity varies between 968 and 2170 with a mean of 1558. The fish feeds predominantly on benthic amphipods and polychaetes.