中国拱茧蜂属ForniciaBrulle五新种记述：膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹…

拱茧蜂属ＦｏｒｎｉｃｉａＢｒｕｌｌｅ是一个中小型属,过去全世界已知２１种,我国已知６种。本文报道我国发现的５个新种,它们是强突拱茧蜂Ｆ．ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔｉｃＣｈｅｎｅｔＨｅ,ｓｐ．ｎ．、弱皱拱茧蜂Ｆ．ｉｍｂｅｃｉｌｌａＣｈｅｒｅｔＨｅ,ｓｐ．ｎ．、白翅拱茧蜂Ｆ．ａｌｂａｌａｔａＭａｅｔＣｈｅｎ,ｓｐ．ｎ．、黄腹拱茧蜂Ｆ．ｆｌａｖｏａｂｄｏｍｉｎｉｓＨｅｅｔＣｈｅｎ,ｓｐ．ｎ．和小拱茧蜂Ｆ．ｍｉｎ     

中国悦茧蜂属记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科：悦茧蜂亚科）

本文报道我国悦茧蜂亚科Ｃｈａｒｍｏｎｔｉｎａｅ悦茧蜂属Ｃｈａｒｍｏｎ１新种（红胸悦茧蜂Ｃ．ｒｕｆｉｔｈｏｒａｘｓｐ．ｎｏｖ）和２新种记录种（血色悦茧蜂Ｃ．ｃｒｕｅｎｔａｔｕｓＨａｌｉｄａｙ,长管悦茧蜂Ｃ．ｅｘｔｅｎｓｏｒ（Ｌｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）。新种模式标本存浙江农业大学。     

中国犁沟茧蜂属四新种记述：膜翅目;茧蜂科：软节茧蜂亚科

本文报道犁沟茧蜂属Ａｕｌｏｓａｐｈｅｓ Ｍｕｅｓｅｂｅｃｋ４新种,即中华犁沟茧蜂Ａ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,福建犁沟茧蜂Ａ;ｆｕｊｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,两色犁沟茧蜂Ａ．ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。和缩颊犁沟茧蜂Ａ．ｃｏｎｓｔｒａｃｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。该属为我国新记录属。所有模式标本保存在浙江农业大学。     

侧沟茧蜂属二新种记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

记述采自吉林省、辽宁省、新疆区和江苏省的侧沟茧蜂属Ｍｉｃｒｏｐｌｉｔｉｓ Ｆｏｅｒｓｔｅｒ２新种：北方侧沟茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｐｌｉｔｉｓ ｂｏｒｅａｌｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和江苏侧沟茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｐｌｉｔｉｓ ｊｉａｎｇｓｕｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存在浙江大学植物保护系昆虫标本室。     

云南省突鄂反颚茧蜂属一新种记述：膜翅目：茧蜂科：反颚茧蜂亚科

本文描述了云南省突颚反颚茧蜂属ＨｅｒａｔｅｍｉｓＷａｌｋｅｒ１新种－缺刺反颚茧蜂Ｈ．ｅｎｏｄｉｓＷｕｅｔＣｈｅｎ，并建立了该属中国已知３种的分种检索表。新种模式标式保存于福建农业大学益虫室。     

小腹茧蜂属二新种一新记录种（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

记述采自辽宁、河南、山东、浙江等省的小腹茧蜂属Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ Ｌａｔｒｅｉｌｌｅ２新种和１中国新记录种;刻胸小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｐｕｎｃｔｉｔｈｏｒａｘ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、玉主螟小茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和平原小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ Ｔｏｂｉａｓ１９６４,ｎｅｗ ｒｅｃｏｒｄ。模式标本保存在浙江大河保护系昆虫标本     

小腹茧蜂属一新种记述（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

本文记述采自广西的小腹茧蜂属ＭｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒＬａｔｒｅｉｌｌｅ一新种,黄褐小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒｒａｖｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

湖南省长柄茧蜂属两新种：膜翅目：茧蜂科：优茧蜂亚科

本文记述分布湖南省城步县的长柄茧蜂属Ｓｔｒｅｂｌｏｃｅｒａ两新种,赵氏长柄茧蜂Ｓｔｒｅｂｌｏｃｅｒａ ｃｈａｏｉ Ｙｏｕ ｅｔ Ｚｈｏｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,何氏长柄茧蜂Ｓｔｒｅｎｌｏｃｅｒａ ｈｅｉ Ｙｏｕ ｅｔ Ｘｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本存于湖南农学院。     

藤高腹茧蜂属及一新种记述：膜翅目：茧蜂科：高腹茧蜂亚科

本文报道采自浙江西天山目的藤高腹茧蜂属Ｒａｔｔａｎａ ｖａｎ Ａｃｈｔｅｒｂｅｒｇ一新种：中华藤高腹茧蜂Ｒ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。该属为我国新记录,该亚科为我国大陆新记录。模式标本保存在浙江农业大学。     

侧沟茧蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:茧蜂科:小腹茧蜂亚科)

本文记述采自福建福州的侧沟茧蜂属ＭｉｃｒｏｐｌｉｔｉｓＦｏｅｒｓｔｅｒ１新种：暗翅侧沟茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｐｌｉｔｉｓｏｂｓｃｕｒｉｐｅｎｎａｔｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存在浙江大学植物保护系昆虫标本室。     

Species: the concept, category and taxon

The term species by itself is vague because it refers to the species concept, the species category and the species taxon, all of which are distinct although related to one another. The species concept is not primarily a part of systematics, but has always been an integral part of basic biological theory, It is based on evolutionary theory and applies only to sexually reproducing organisms. The species concept and the phyletic lineage concept are quite distinct although they are related to one another. The important aspect of the species concept is lack of gene flow between different species, and hence the defining criterion of the species is genetic isolation. The species concept is often considered as non‐dimensional, both in time and space. Species possess three different major properties, namely genetic isolation, reproductive isolation and ecological isolation; these properties evolve at different times and under the effect of different causes during the speciation process. Speciation requires an external isolating barrier during the initial allopatric phase in which genetic isolation evolves and must reach 100% efficiency. The subsequent sympatric phase of speciation occurs after the disappearance of the external isolating barrier when members of the two newly evolved species can interact with one another and exert mutual selective demands on one another. Much of the reproductive and ecological isolation evolves during this secondary sympatric phase. The species category is a rank in the taxonomic hierarchy and serves as the basis on which the diversity of organisms is described; it is not the same as the species concept. The species category applied to all organisms, sexually and asexually reproducing. The species taxon is the practical application of the species category in systematics with the recognition of species taxa requiring many arbitrary decisions. No single set of rules exist by which the species category can be applied to all organisms. Recognition of species taxa in asexually reproducing organisms is based on amount of variation and gaps in the variation of phenotypic features associated with ecological attributes of these organisms as compared with similar attributes in sympatric species taxa of sexually reproducing organisms. Species taxa are multidimensional in that they exist over space–time and often have fuzzy borders. Because recognition of species taxa, including those in sexually reproducing organisms, depends on many arbitrary decisions especially when dealing with broad geographical and temporal ranges, species taxa cannot be used as the foundation for developing and testing theoretical concepts in evolutionary theory which can only be done with the non‐dimensional species concept.     

Population differentiation in plethodontid salamanders: divergence of allozymes and sexual compatibility among populations of Desmognathus imitator and D. ochrophaeus (Gaudata: Plethodontidae)

Plethodontid salamanders of the genus Desmognathus exhibit varying levels of genetic differentiation among and within both allopatric and sympatric taxa. This provides excellent opportunities to study population differentiation and speciation. Two morphologically similar species in this genus, D. imitator and D. ochrophaeus, are genetically well-differentiated from one another and occur in sympatry with no evidence of hybridization and introgression. We report that the degree of sexual isolation between these two species is very high, regardless of whether the populations under comparison are allopatric or sympatric with one another. Neither reinforcement nor reproductive character displacement are required to explain the evolution of sexual incompatibility in sympatry. Sexual behaviour apparently diverges while populations are allopatric with one another. Preliminary study indicates that D. imitator consists of populations among which there may be significant sexual isolation in the absence of detectable genetic differentiation.     

Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Serrania de Valledupar, Colombia–Venezuela border

Abstract. The thirty-one species of the tribe Pronophilini found by the authors in the little-known mountain range on the northern borders of Colombia and Venezuela, the Serrania de Valledupar, are listed. Their recorded altitude limits are given, as well as notes on their habits and behaviour. The existence, among twenty of the species, of series of two or three closely related congeners replacing one another up the altitude gradient, is commented upon. Two cases of mimicry between species from different genera are reported. One new genus, fourteen new species and one new subspecies are described. Two new synonymies are established, the status of one taxon revised, and new status given to another.     

Ultrastructure of Pagrus major and Rhabdosargus sarba spermatozoa (Perciformes: Sparidae: Sparinae)

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two Sparinae species Pagrus major and Rhabdosargus sarba. Ultrastructurally, the spermatozoa of P. major and R. sarba both consist of a spherical, homogeneously electron-dense nucleus with a deep axial nuclear fossa, and an unusual notch, in the nuclear region. The midpiece contains two spherical mitochondria in R. sarba and one in P. major. The comparison of spermatozoal ultrastructure of these two species of Sparidae shows that they closely resemble one another and suggests that they are closely related. Variation in the geometry and dimensions of the mitochondrion and nucleus is substantial in these two Sparidae species. It is concluded that the spermatozoa of both species are of primitive type, and they are distinguished by several unique features which may provide useful systematic characteristics.     

Electrophoretic Characterization of Members of the Crypthecodinium cohnii (Dinophyceae) Species Complex1

Eighty-seven axenic clones of the colorless inshore dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii were found by mating experiments to fall into 52 sibling species, seven wide ranging (two possibly global)—called major sibling species—and 45 found only once—minor sibling species. Electrophoretic analysis of three soluble enzymes from these strains revealed the following: 1) Despite some polymorphism most members of major sibling species closely resemble one another electrophoretically. 2) Major sibling species and most minor ones are electrophoretically distinct. 3) Sharing of electromorphs is sufficiently extensive, however, that no major sibling species is totally unrelated to all others. 4) Some minor sibling species are electrophoretically indistinguishable from a member of a major sibling species or from one another, suggesting recent origin by sexual isolation in situ. 5) Other minor sibling species differ from majors by one, two, or all three of the enzymes studied. A “model” of sexual isolation and diversification is offered.     

Further acoustic diversity in Hawaiian forests: two new species of Hawaiian cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae: Laupala)

The genus Laupala is endemic to the rain forested islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. In his 1994 study Otte described 35 Laupala species, each restricted to a single island, and sometimes a single volcano. All Laupala species produce male calling songs consisting of slow trills. Two new species described here, one from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu and another from Kipahulu Valley of East Maui, produce the fastest and one of the slowest pulse rates, respectively, in the genus. Both species are found with sympatric congeners. The discovery of these species increases the acoustic diversity locally (within their respective communities), within their respective islands, and across the archipelago. This enhances the opportunity for the investigation of signal interference and character displacement in a relatively youthful assemblage of closely related species of crickets.     

Novel endoperoxides: synthesis and activity against Candida species

Fifteen new endoperoxides have been synthesised and tested for activity against pathogenic Candida species. These endoperoxides can be prepared in high yields, in one to three steps, from inexpensive starting materials. Despite chemical and structural similarities, their inhibitory activity against Candida growth varied greatly from one endoperoxide to another, and one species to another. This study of susceptibility to endoperoxide compounds presented here may lead to the development of potent new antifungal agents.     

Experimental confirmation of competition between two dominant species of Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The well-defined ant succession following disturbance of coastal heathland in eastern Australia includes community replacement triggered by one dominant species of Iridomyrmex (species C) being replaced by another (species A). This paper investigates the consequences of experimentally reducing the abundance of species A by injecting petrol into the nest entrances of colonies. The response of species C was monitored at 2 and 10 months after removal and shows highly significant increases in the number of pitfall traps occupied and the area of territory maintained by this species. It is confirmed that interspecific competition plays an important role in maintaining the observed mosaic pattern of ant distribution and is also important in ant succession. The mechanism of competition is interference or, more exactly, territorial competition. The species appear to actively defend territorial space by patrolling territory boundaries that are breached when the defenders are eliminated.