三角酵母整细胞酶促转化头孢菌素C为戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸

研究了利用含D-氨基酸氧化酶(Damino acid oxidase, DAO EC1.4.3.3)的透性化三角酵母多倍体FA10(Trigonopsis variabilis FA10)细胞酶促转化头孢菌素(Ccephalosporin> C, CPC)为戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸(Glutaryl-7-ACA,GL-7-ACA)的反应过程和细胞中同时存在的过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)通过水解H₂O₂而对转化反应产生的干扰作用及其对策。实验证明适量添加外源H₂O₂(6%)或在反应体系中加入过氧化氢酶抑制剂NaN₃(0.13mg/mL)可使GL-7-ACA生成率分别为73.0%和70.1%。如果将透性化的FA10细胞在pH10.5～11.0,20℃条件下保温30min,CAT被不可逆性完全钝化,以无过氧化氢酶的FA10细胞进行CPC的酶促转化反应,GL-7ACA的生成率可达84%。     

三角酵母整细胞酶促转化头孢菌素C为戊二酰—7—氨基头孢烷酸

研究了利用含D－氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase,DAO EC1.4.3.3）的透性化三角酶母多倍体FA10（Trigonopsis variabilis FA10）细胞酶促转化头孢菌素C（cephalosporin C,CPC）为戊二酰－7－氨基头孢烷酸（Glutaryl-7-ACA,GL-7ACA）的反应过程和细胞中同时存在的过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）通过水解H2O2而对转化反应产生的干扰作用及其对策。实验证明适量添加外源H2O2（6％）或在反应体系中加入过氧化氢酶抑制剂NaN3(0.13mg/mL )可使GL－7ACA生成率分别为73.0％和70.1％。如果将透性化的FA10细胞在pH10.5-11.0,20℃条件下保温30min,CAT被不可逆性完全钝化,以无过氧化氢酶的FA10细胞进行CPC的酶促转化反应GL－7ACA的生成率可达84％。     

人p53蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表

将人p53基因装入Pichia分泌型质粒Phil-S1中,酶切线性化后电穿孔导入酵母细胞进行整合,经筛选得到一高表达p53蛋白的克隆。SDS-PAGE显示表达量约占分泌总量的30%。ELISA验证重组人p53存在免疫学活性。在诱导时就降低Pichia酵母系统水解酶活力等方面进行优化,经FPLC分离纯化得到约200mg/L表达量。     

生物法合成维生素C棕榈酸酯

研究了不同的脂肪酶在有机溶剂体系中催化合成L-维生素C棕榈酸酯的反应。针对维生素C在有机溶剂中溶解度较低这一问题,对催化合成维生素C棕榈酸酯反应的脂肪酶和反应介质进行比较,同时对影响合成维生素C棕榈酸酯反应的因素（温度、底物浓度、底物摩尔比、反应时间和酶量等）进行探讨,优化了反应条件：在10mL的丙酮中,1.094g棕榈酸与0.107g维生素C在酶量为20％（W/W, 固定化酶/维生素C）的固定化脂肪酶催化下,初始含0.4nm分子筛20%,温度为60℃,转速为200r/min,反应48h转化率可以达到80%,产物维生素C棕榈酸酯的浓度可达20g/L。     

热带假丝酵母细胞内pH的测定及其与生长代谢活性的关系

应用荧光探针5(6)-双醋酸羧基荧光素 (Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) 测定了产长链二元酸热带假丝酵母 (Candida tropicalis) 细胞内pH (pHi) 值,确定了该探针载入C. tropicalis细胞的适宜条件。用摇瓶培养C. tropicalis细胞,考察了细胞外pH和生长碳源对pH_I的影响,实验结果表明：细胞外pH对pH_I略有影响,而生长碳源对pH_I的影响略为明显。利用5L发酵罐进一步研究了细胞生长代谢活性与pHi的关系,结果表明：细胞比生长速率、CO₂比生产速率和葡萄糖比消耗速率与pHi变化密切相关,pH_I的增加伴随着细胞生长活力的增加,反之亦然。在pH6.0条件下用葡萄糖和醋酸钠共作碳源培养C. tropicalis细胞时,测得的pH_I值维持在5.72～6.15范围内。     

对产胞内脂肪酶的发酵性丝孢酵母超声波透性化处理的条件优化

发酵性丝孢酵母产胞内脂肪酶,为了把细胞整体作为脂肪酶催化剂,需对细胞进行透性化处理.利用超声波进行细胞透性化的适宜条件为:超声波输出功率180 W,每次辐射时间2s(间歇时间5 s),工作总时间1.2 min,菌体浓度40 g/L,此条件下细胞通透性可明显改善,透性化细胞脂肪酶表现出较高活力.     

GL-7ACA酰化酶表达检测系统的建立

戊二酰 7 氨基头孢烷酸 (GL-7ACA)酰化酶能够催化GL-7ACA分解生成 7-ACA ,后者是工业半合成生产头孢类抗菌素所需的重要前体。为了准确地检测GL-7ACA酰化酶及其突变体的表达 ,本研究通过构建一系列质粒载体 ,建立了两个简便有效地测定GL-7ACA酰化酶基因acy表达量的系统 ,从而可对酶的比活力进行定量。我们将两个报告基因 ,即儿茶酚双加氧酶基因 (xylE)和 β-半乳糖苷酶基因 (lacZ)分别置于acy基因的下游 ,使之与acy基因共用一个启动子 ,进行串联表达 ,各自构成一个多顺反子系统。实验证明 ,基因融合后的儿茶酚双加氧酶或 β-半乳糖苷酶的活力可以间接反映acy的表达量。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白的表达对酵母中麦角固醇合成的影响

构建了含透明颤菌（Vistreoscilla）血红蛋白基因vgb和酵母遗传霉素（G418）抗性基因的重组质粒pVgbkanMX4,转化至酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1190中,经过分析,基因vgb在酵母细胞中得到表达。对重组菌和野生菌进行了摇瓶培养及5 L发酵罐培养的研究。在摇瓶实验中,重组菌的麦角固醇产量比野生菌有显著提高,在野生菌中的含量为0.573%、而在重组菌中的产量为1.07%。 经过30 h发酵罐培养的实验,野生菌中麦角固醇含量为0.9%,重组菌中其含量为1.38%,验证了摇瓶实验的结果。结果证明vgb基因有利于酵母中麦角固醇的合成。     

植物细胞离析酶的制备和应用

用 Aspergillus sp．A-19菌经固体发酵研制成一种新的植物细胞离析酶(SeparatasezA—P)。其离析单细胞的酶活力平均为70 767u／g,有效作用的pH在3．0—7．0,温度为20—45℃。发酵培养基配方是麸皮：桔皮粉：(NH₄)₂SO₄(w／w)为100:100:O．63,料水比为1 :2．0,培养适宜条件为25℃、60小时。     

耐高渗透压酵母产生甘油及阿拉伯糖醇的研究IV．耐高渗透压酵母的糖代谢途径

1．测定了两株耐高渗透压酵母(Hansenula arabitolgenes Fang．275及 Zygosaacharo-myces cheyalieri Guill．2．309)无细胞提取液中EMP 及磷酸戊糖循环的酶活力,除在2．309中未能测出磷酸果糖激酶外,其他所测备酶在两株酵母中均有活力。 2．在两株酵母中均有联系NADP的多元醇脱氢酶,催化二攫丙酮还原为甘油(275厦2．309中)以及D-核酮糖还原为D一阿拉伯糖醇(仅在275中)。 3．用葡萄糖-C14的呼吸实赊表明在275号酵母中磷酸戊糖循环占较大比重,这与它能产生大量五碳化合物——阿拉伯糖醇是相符的。     

Production of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) of Trigonopsis variabilis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the characterization of biocatalysts prepared with recombinant cells

The cDNA of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) gene isolated from Trigonopsis variabilis was expressed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A clone, ASP327-10, transformed with plasmid vector, pTL2M5DAO, expressed catalytically active DAO in the presence of G418, and converted Cephalosprin C to alpha-ketoadipyl-7-cephalosporanic acid (KA-7-ACA) and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA). Biocatalysts were prepared using ASP327-10 and T. variabilis, and evaluated to demonstrate the feasibility of recombinant S. pombe for industrial application. The cells were immobilized by crosslinking polyethylene imine after glutardialdehyde (GDA) fixation and permeabilization by alkaline treatment. Although the biocatalyst prepared from ASP327-10 exhibited DAO activity, catalase activity still remained fully even after permeabilization, under which condition, the catalase activity of T. variabilis decreased to 20-30%. Heat treatment was required before cell fixation by GDA to inactivate the catalase in S. pombe. This improved the efficiency of bioconversion to GL-7-ACA, but caused poor mechanical strength in the biocatalyst of S. pombe. To overcome this weakness, a catalase-deficient host strain was obtained by ethylmethansulfate mutagenesis. Moreover, taking economics into consideration, the integrative vector, pTL2M5DAO-8XL, with multi-copies of expression cassette was constructed to express DAO in S. pombe even in the absence of G418. The newly established integrant, ASP417-7, did not exhibit any catalase activity so that heat treatment was not required. The obtained integrant and its biocatalyst were significantly improved in GL-7ACA conversion ability and mechanical strength. This study demonstrates that the established integrant is a potential candidate as an alternative source of DAO enzyme.     

Effect of Solvents and Surfactants on the Catalytic Activity of Trigonopsis Variabilis

D-Amino acid oxidase present in the cells of Trigonopsis variabilis became accessible to cephalosporin C, its substrate, when treated with either butyl acetate or Triton-X-100. The enzyme was not leached out enabling use of these cells as a biocatalyst.     

Selective modification of surface-exposed thiol groups in Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase using poly(ethylene glycol) maleimide and its effect on activity and stability of the enzyme

Covalent modification of purified Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase using maleimide-activated poly(ethylene glycol) 5000 yielded a stable bioconjugate in which three surface-exposed cysteine side chains were selectively derivatized. Compared with the native enzyme, the PEGylated variant displayed substantially (approximately 3.3-fold) slowed dissociation rate of FAD cofactor at 50 degrees C, and this caused a twofold thermostabilization of the enzyme activity. The stability under reaction conditions at 30 degrees C was also markedly enhanced in the PEG-oxidase conjugate. PEGylation did not affect steady-state kinetic parameters for oxidative deamination of D-methionine when 2,6-dichloroindophenol replaced dioxygen as the cosubstrate while it caused a ninefold decrease in substrate catalytic efficiency for the dioxygen-dependent reaction.     

重组具有改良特性的D-氨基酸氧化酶

在大肠杆菌细胞中表达三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶, 并对重组酶的性质进行了研究。制备的单一突变体与野生型酶相比, 具有2.4倍的热稳定性或底物特异性变化光谱。结果显示突变的TvDAAO在氧化头孢菌素中催化效果优于野生型酶。并将一个突变的重组TvDAAO制备成结晶, 并解析了2.8 ?分辨率下的晶体结构。     

Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase: control of protein quality and opportunities for biocatalysis through production in Escherichia coli

Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase accounts for 35% of Escherichia coli protein when added D-methionine suppresses the toxic activity of the recombinant product. Permeabilized E. coli cells are reusable and stabilized enzyme preparations. The purified oxidase lacks the microheterogeneity of the natural enzyme. Oriented immobilization of a chimeric oxidase maintains 80% of the original activity in microparticle-bound enzymes.     

Encapsulation of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase and fast comparison of the operational stabilities of free and immobilized preparations of the enzyme

A one-step procedure of immobilizing soluble and aggregated preparations of D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAO) is reported where carrier-free enzyme was entrapped in semipermeable microcapsules produced from the polycation poly(methylene-co-guanidine) in combination with CaCl2 and the polyanions alginate and cellulose sulfate. The yield of immobilization, expressed as the fraction of original activity present in microcapsules, was approximately 52 +/- 5%. The effectiveness of the entrapped oxidase for O2-dependent conversion of D-methionine at 25 degrees C was 85 +/- 10% of the free enzyme preparation. Because continuous spectrophotometric assays are generally not well compatible with insoluble enzymes, we employed a dynamic method for the rapid in situ estimation of activity and relatedly, stability of free and encapsulated oxidases using on-line measurements of the concentration of dissolved O2. Integral and differential modes of data acquisition were utilized to examine cases of fast and slow inactivation of the enzyme, respectively. With a half-life of 60 h, encapsulated TvDAO was approximately 720-fold more stable than the free enzyme under conditions of bubble aeration at 25 degrees C. The soluble oxidase was stabilized by added FAD only at temperatures of 35 degrees C or greater.     

透明颤菌血红蛋白对两种D-氨基酸氧化酶的不同影响及机理研究

D-氨基酸氧化酶是两步酶法制备7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)这一半合成头孢类抗生素的主要前体的关键酶.它催化的反应是需氧反应,反应体系的溶氧水平是酶活的限制因素之一.我们发现将纯化的透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb)分别添加到三角酵母来源(TvDAO)和红酵母来源(RgDAO)的D-氨基酸氧化酶的纯酶中,可提高这两种氧化酶的活力35%和48%.细菌双杂交实验证明,透明颤菌血红蛋白与RgDAO有相互作用,而与TvDAO没有关联.这说明透明颤菌血红蛋白对氧化酶活力的促进是由于自身向氧化酶提供游离氧,而且它与氧化酶之间的相互作用可以增强这种效果.我们可以利用透明颤菌血红蛋白的这种性质把它作为氧化酶酶促反应的添加剂,提高酶促反应的效率,如果该氧化酶与之有相互作用,效果会更加显著.     

Structure and expression of cDNA for D-amino acid oxidase active against cephalosporin C from Fusarium solani

D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) was extracted and purified from cultured mycelia of Fusarium solani M-0718 (FERM P-2688). The enzyme was able to oxidatively deaminate cephalosporin C to 7-beta-(5-carboxy-5-oxopentanamido)cephalosporanic acid. Ninety-eight amino acid residues of the F. solani DAO were determined by sequence analysis of 9 peptides derived from Acromobacter protease I digests of the protein. Complementary DNAs encoding F. solani DAO were isolated from the F. solani cDNA library by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the partial amino acid sequences. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the clones revealed a 1,186-nucleotide sequence with a 5'-terminal untranslated region of 41 nucleotides, an open reading frame of 1,083 nucleotides that encoded 361 amino acids, and a 3'-terminal untranslated region of 62 nucleotides. The amino acid sequence of F. solani DAO had 25% homology to that of porcine kidney DAO [EC 1.4.3.3] and 37% homology to that of Trigonopsis variabilis DAO. The constructed plasmid overproduced F. solani DAO in Escherichia coli. The recombinant DAO had almost the same molecular activity as the native DAO against cephalosporin C.     

Stepwise engineering of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis> D-amino acid oxidase whole cell catalyst

Background  

Trigonopsis variabilis D -amino acid oxidase (Tv DAO) is a well characterized enzyme used for cephalosporin C conversion on industrial scale. However, the demands on the enzyme with respect to activity, operational stability and costs also vary with the field of application. Processes that use the soluble enzyme suffer from fast inactivation of Tv DAO while immobilized oxidase preparations raise issues related to expensive carriers and catalyst efficiency. Therefore, oxidase preparations that are more robust and active than those currently available would enable a much broader range of economically viable applications of this enzyme in fine chemical syntheses. A multi-step engineering approach was chosen here to develop a robust and highly active Pichia pastoris Tv DAO whole-cell biocatalyst.