CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞与炎症性肠病

CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞（Treg）是一种有免疫抑制功能的T淋巴细胞,其在炎症性肠病（IBD）中的功能机制已成为近年免疫学和临床研究的热点。目前,Treg细胞新的表型和作用机制逐渐被大量的实验和研究证实。本文就Treg在IBD发病过程中的作用机理及益生菌对Treg功能的影响做一综述。     

CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞在病毒感染中的免疫调节机制

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的主要功能是抑制自身反应性T细胞,主要通过细胞与细胞间直接接触和分泌抑制性细胞因子发挥作用,其在维持机体T细胞内环境稳定、调节和保持对自身抗原耐受之间的平衡以及移植免疫耐受方面具有重要作用。新近研究发现,CD4+CD25+Treg数量和功能异常与病毒感染性疾病的发生、发展关系密切。本文就CD4+CD25+Treg作用机制及其在病毒感染性疾病中的作用进行综述。     

CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞与肿瘤免疫研究进展

调节性T细胞(Treg)是一类具有免疫调节功能的细胞群,在机体的免疫耐受中起着关键性作用。它们主要通过细胞-细胞直接接触的方式抑制CD4+和CD8+效应性T细胞的活化和增殖,来调节获得性免疫系统,阻止自身免疫疾病的发生。Treg中以自然产生的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(固有Treg细胞)研究最多。在人类,调控效能主要限于CD4+CD25high亚型。由于Treg独特的生物学功能,它在自身免疫性疾病的发生、移植耐受和肿瘤的发生和转归上越来越受到重视。该文就该类细胞的特点及其与肿瘤关系的研究进展作一综述。     

CD4~+CD25~+ Treg细胞与移植免疫耐受

诱导器官移植受者对供者抗原的免疫耐受是防治同种异型移植排斥反应的最理想途径。目前认为,免疫耐受形成的主要机制包括:胸腺及骨髓阴性选择引起的克隆清除(Clonal deletion)、组织特异性自身抗原低表达引起的克隆忽视(Clonal ignorance)、阻断T细胞共刺激信号引起的克隆无能(Clonal anergy)、嵌合体(Chimerism)的形成、调节性T细胞(Regulatory Tcell,Treg)介导的克隆抑制(Clonal suppression)等。近年来CD4+CD25+ Treg细胞的研究已成为免疫学界的热门课题之一。已知CD4+CD25+ Treg细胞存在于小鼠、大鼠和人体中,是机体自然存在的具有主动调节活性的T细胞,对维持自我耐受和控制自身免疫病发挥着重要作用。本文着重就CD4+CD25+ Treg细胞的免疫调节机制及其在诱导移植免疫耐受方面的研究进展做一综述。     

CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞在类风湿关节炎中的研究进展

调节性T细胞(Tregs)是近年来发现的一群具有免疫调节作用的CD4+T细胞亚群,如Th3、Tr1细胞等。因其能够产生多种具有免疫抑制作用的细胞因子而发挥其免疫负调节作用,不但在维持机体自身耐受方面发挥重要作用,在预防自身免疫性疾病方面也占据重要位置。其中CD4+CD25+Treg因其具有独特的作用方式及功能特征,而被学者广泛关注。近年来,关于CD4+CD25+Treg在类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)发病机制中的作用以及在RA治疗方面的应用也越来越受到人们的关注,认为其数目减少或功能失调与RA发病密切相关。RA是一种以关节破坏为主要表现的慢性炎症性疾病,病理早期主要表现为毛细血管生成,滑膜增生,后期主要表现为炎性细胞浸润,血管翳形成,并出现关节软骨以及骨的破坏,最终导致关节畸形及功能障碍。本文现将CD4+CD25+Treg与RA的研究进展做一综述。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞

调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分。CD4^ CD25^ Treg细胞来源于胸腺,其主要功能是抑制自身反应性T细胞,并且其作用是通过直接的Treg-T效应细胞之间的相互接触方式来实现的。CD4^ CD25^ Treg细胞可分泌多种抑制性细胞因子,但与其抑制功能关系并不明确,目前有证据表明GITR和Foxp3与CD4^ CD25^ Treg细胞的抑制功能有关,并且Foxp3已作为CD4^ CD25^ Treg细胞的特异性标志。通过IL-10、TGF-β等抑制性细胞因子、imDC以及转基因技术可以产生具有免疫抑制功能的调节性T细胞。调节性T细胞在免疫相关性疾病、肿瘤免疫和抗感染免疫等方面具有重要意义。     

SLE带状疱疹患者外周血CD4~+CD28~+和CD4~+CD25~+FoxP3~+调节性T细胞的表达及相关性研究

目的:检测系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)合并带状疱疹患者外周血CD4~+CD28~+和CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+调节性T细胞的表达及相关性,探讨其在SLE合并带状疱疹发病中的临床意义。方法:采用流式细胞术检测30例SLE患者、30例SLE合并带状疱疹患者及30例健康对照者外周血中CD4~+/CD8~+T淋巴细胞亚群表面CD28的表达及CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg细胞的表达水平,并分析SLE合并带状疱疹患者外周血CD4~+CD28~+和CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+调节性T细胞表达的相关性。结果:SLE合并带状疱疹组患者急性期外周血CD4~+T淋巴细胞比率、绝对计数显著降低,CD4~+、CD8~+T淋巴细胞表面的CD28表达下调,CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg细胞水平显著高于SLE组及健康对照组,SLE合并带状疱疹组患者外周血CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg水平与CD4~+CD28~+水平成负相关(P均0.05)。结论:SLE合并带状疱疹患者CD4~+、CD8~+T细胞活化异常,CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg细胞可能参与抑制了T细胞的活化。     

Foxp3~+ Treg诱导免疫耐受与器官移植

调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)是指具有免疫调节功能的T细胞。自然发育的CD4+CD25+Treg,特异的表达叉头状家族转录因子Foxp3,也称Foxp3+Treg,在维持免疫耐受和免疫稳态方面发挥重要的功能。根据来源可将Foxp3+Treg分为天然Treg(natural Treg,n Treg)和可诱导Treg(induced Treg,i Treg)。本综述总结了Foxp3+Treg及效应性T细胞的发育及其调控机制相关的信号通路,探讨了Foxp3+Treg诱导免疫耐受的作用机制。一些免疫抑制剂如雷帕霉素(rapamycin,RAPA)和最近应用的芬戈莫德(fingolimod,FTY720)等在器官移植后可用来诱导免疫耐受,研究发现这些药物不仅对效应性T细胞的分化、发育有抑制作用,同时对Foxp3+Treg的发育也有重要的影响。     

影响CD4+CD25+T细胞分化发育的细胞分子机制

免疫耐受的精髓即机体对外界病原体抗原产生免疫应答的同时对自身抗原不应答.近两年对CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞(CD4 CD25 regulatory T cell, Treg)所发挥的免疫耐受功能的研究取得了令人瞩目的长足进展,对此群细胞所具有的维持外周免疫耐受的独特地位已无可争议.但调节性T细胞的多种生物学特征特别是Treg细胞分化发育的分子机制与信号需求并不清楚,因此探索有关Treg的发生发育及其影响机制已成为近两年研究Treg细胞的热点.综述最近的相关研究数据,了解胸腺以及外周影响Treg细胞分化发育和功能产生的多种细胞分子机制,有助于进一步研究此群细胞的功能及其在抑制自身免疫性疾病、诱导移植耐受等方面的应用.     

CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞在临床中的应用

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)是近年来发现的一类能够抑制免疫应答的重要调节性免疫细胞。近年来,因其在自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤免疫及器官移植耐受诱导中具有广泛的应用前景而备受瞩目。本文就CD4+CD25+Treg的分类、来源、特征及在人类疾病中的临床应用进行综述。     

CD18 is required for optimal development and function of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells

CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells inhibit immunopathology and autoimmune disease in vivo. CD4+CD25+ Treg cells' capacity to inhibit conventional T cells in vitro is dependent upon cell-cell contact; however, the cell surface molecules mediating this cell:cell contact have not yet been identified. LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) is an adhesion molecule that plays an established role in T cell-mediated cell contact and in T cell activation. Although expressed at high levels on murine CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, the role of LFA-1 in these cells has not been defined previously. We hypothesized that LFA-1 may play a role in murine CD4+CD25+ Treg function. To evaluate this, we analyzed LFA-1-deficient (CD18-/-) CD4+CD25+ T cells. We show that CD18-/- mice demonstrate a propensity to autoimmunity. Absence of CD18 led to diminished CD4+CD25+ T cell numbers and affected both thymic and peripheral development of these cells. LFA-1-deficient CD4+CD25+ T cells were deficient in mediating suppression in vitro and in mediating protection from colitis induced by the transfer of CD4+CD25- T cells into lymphopenic hosts. Therefore, we define a crucial role for CD18 in optimal CD4+CD25+ Treg development and function.     

Guarding the immune system: suppression of autoimmunity by CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (CD25+ T regulatory [Treg] cells) are a naturally occurring suppressor T-cell population that regulates a wide variety of immune responses. A major function of CD25+ Treg cells is to inhibit the activity of self-reactive T cells that can potentially cause autoimmune disease. This review examines the recent advances in CD25+ Treg cell biology, with particular focus on the thymic and peripheral development of CD25+ Treg cells, the signals that promote their expansion and maintenance in the periphery and the mechanism by which they mediate their suppressor activity in peripheral lymphoid tissues. An understanding of these issues is likely to facilitate the development of CD25+ Treg-cell-based therapies for the treatment of autoimmune disease.     

CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells suppress NK cell-mediated immunotherapy of cancer

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) that suppress T cell-mediated immune responses may also regulate other arms of an effective immune response. In particular, in this study we show that Treg directly inhibit NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, effectively suppressing NK cell-mediated tumor rejection. In vitro, Treg were shown to inhibit NKG2D-mediated cytolysis largely by a TGF-beta-dependent mechanism and independently of IL-10. Adoptively transferred Treg suppressed NK cell antimetastatic function in RAG-1-deficient mice. Depletion of Treg before NK cell activation via NKG2D and the activating IL-12 cytokine, dramatically enhanced NK cell-mediated suppression of tumor growth and metastases. Our data illustrate at least one mechanism by which Treg can suppress NK cell antitumor activity and highlight the effectiveness of combining Treg inhibition with subsequent NK cell activation to promote strong innate antitumor immunity.     

Cutting edge: TNFR-shedding by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells inhibits the induction of inflammatory mediators

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play an essential role in maintaining tolerance to self and nonself. In several models of T cell-mediated (auto) immunity, Treg cells exert protective effects by the inhibition of pathogenic T cell responses. In addition, Treg cells can modulate T cell-independent inflammation. We now show that CD4+CD25+ Treg cells are able to shed large amounts of TNFRII. This is paralleled by their ability to inhibit the action of TNF-alpha both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, Treg cells suppressed IL-6 production in response to LPS injection in mice. In contrast, Treg cells from TNFRII-deficient mice were unable to do so despite their unhampered capacity to suppress T cell proliferation in a conventional in vitro suppression assay. Thus, shedding of TNFRII represents a novel mechanism by which Treg cells can inhibit the action of TNF, a pivotal cytokine driving inflammation.     

Immunogenic,but Not Steady-State,Antigen Presentation Permits Regulatory T-Cells To Control CD8+ T-Cell Effector Differentiation by IL-2 Modulation

Absorption of IL-2 is one proposed mechanism of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression. Direct in vivo experimental evidence for this has recently been obtained. While modulation of IL-2 bioavailability controls CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation under strongly immunogenic conditions it is not known whether Treg modulate CD8+ T cell responses through this mechanism under steady-state conditions. Here we assess this using a mouse model in which dendritic cells (DC) are manipulated to present cognate antigen to CD8+ T cells either in the steady-state or after activation. Our observations show that Treg exert a check on expansion and effector differentiation of CD8+ T cells under strongly immunogenic conditions associated with TLR ligand activation of DC, and this is mediated by limiting IL-2 availability. In contrast, when DC remain unactivated, depletion of Treg has little apparent effect on effector differentiation or IL-2 homeostasis. We conclude that while modulation of IL-2 homeostasis is an important mechanism through which Treg control CD8+ effector differentiation under immunogenic conditions, this mechanism plays little role in modulating CD8+ T-cell differentiation under steady-state conditions.     

CTLA-4 and CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells inhibit protective immunity to filarial parasites in vivo

The T cell coinhibitory receptor CTLA-4 has been implicated in the down-regulation of T cell function that is a quintessential feature of chronic human filarial infections. In a laboratory model of filariasis, Litomosoides sigmodontis infection of susceptible BALB/c mice, we have previously shown that susceptibility is linked both to a CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cell response, and to the development of hyporesponsive CD4+ T cells at the infection site, the pleural cavity. We now provide evidence that L. sigmodontis infection drives the proliferation and activation of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in vivo, demonstrated by increased uptake of BrdU and increased expression of CTLA-4, Foxp3, GITR, and CD25 compared with naive controls. The greatest increases in CTLA-4 expression were, however, seen in the CD4+ Foxp3- effector T cell population which contained 78% of all CD4+ CTLA-4+ cells in the pleural cavity. Depletion of CD25+ cells from the pleural CD4+ T cell population did not increase their Ag-specific proliferative response in vitro, suggesting that their hyporesponsive phenotype is not directly mediated by CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells. Once infection had established, killing of adult parasites could be enhanced by neutralization of CTLA-4 in vivo, but only if performed in combination with the depletion of CD25+ Treg cells. This work suggests that during filarial infection CTLA-4 coinhibition and CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells form complementary components of immune regulation that inhibit protective immunity in vivo.     

CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells inhibit the maturation but not the initiation of an autoantibody response

To investigate the mechanism by which T regulatory (Treg) cells may control the early onset of autoimmunity, we have used an adoptive transfer model to track Treg, Th, and anti-chromatin B cell interactions in vivo. We show that anti-chromatin B cells secrete Abs by day 8 in vivo upon provision of undeviated, Th1- or Th2-type CD4+ T cell help, but this secretion is blocked by the coinjection of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells. Although Treg cells do not interfere with the initial follicular entry or activation of Th or B cells at day 3, ICOS levels on Th cells are decreased. Furthermore, Treg cells must be administered during the initial phases of the Ab response to exert full suppression of autoantibody production. These studies indicate that CD25+ Treg cells act to inhibit the maturation, rather than the initiation, of autoantibody responses.     

Rap1-GTP is a negative regulator of Th cell function and promotes the generation of CD4+CD103+ regulatory T cells in vivo

The small GTPase Rap1 is transiently activated during TCR ligation and regulates integrin-mediated adhesion. To understand the in vivo functions of Rap1 in regulating T cell immune responses, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice, which express the active GTP-bound mutant Rap1E63 in their T lymphocytes. Although Rap1E63-Tg T cells exhibited increased LFA-1-mediated adhesion, ERK1/2 activation and proliferation of Rap1E63-Tg CD4+ T cells were defective. Rap1E63-Tg T cells primed in vivo and restimulated with specific Ag in vitro, exhibited reduced proliferation and produced reduced levels of IL-2. Rap1E63-Tg mice had severely deficient T cell-dependent B cell responses, as determined by impaired Ig class switching. Rap1E63-Tg mice had an increased fraction of CD4+CD103+ regulatory T cells (Treg), which exhibited enhanced suppressive efficiency as compared with CD4+CD103+ Treg from normal littermate control mice. Depletion of CD103+ Treg significantly restored the impaired responses of Rap1E63-Tg CD4+ T cells. Thus Rap1-GTP is a negative regulator of Th cell responses and one mechanism responsible for this effect involves the increase of CD103+ Treg cell fraction. Our results show that Rap1-GTP promotes the generation of CD103+ Treg and may have significant implications in the development of strategies for in vitro generation of Treg for the purpose of novel immunotherapeutic approaches geared toward tolerance induction.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is required for regulatory CD4+ T cell-mediated protection against colitis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma activation has been implicated in the prevention of immunoinflammatory disorders; however, the mechanisms of regulation of effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell functions by endogenously activated PPAR-gamma remain unclear. We have used PPAR-gamma-deficient CD4+ T cells obtained from tissue-specific PPAR-gamma null mice (i.e., PPAR-gamma fl/fl; MMTV-Cre+) to investigate the role of endogenous PPAR-gamma on regulatory T cell (Treg) and effector CD4+ T cell function. Overall, we show that the loss of PPAR-gamma results in enhanced Ag-specific proliferation and overproduction of IFN-gamma in response to IL-12. These findings correlate in vivo with enhanced susceptibility of tissue-specific PPAR-gamma null mice to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Furthermore, the transfer of purified PPAR-gamma null CD4+ T cells into SCID recipients results in enteric disease. To test the assertion that the deficiency of PPAR-gamma in Treg impairs their ability to prevent effector T cell-induced colitis, we performed cotransfer studies. These studies demonstrate that PPAR-gamma-expressing, but not PPAR-gamma null Treg, prevent colitis induced by transfer of naive CD4+ T cells into SCID recipients. In line with these findings, the production of IFN-gamma by spleen and mesenteric lymph node-derived CD4+ T cells was down-regulated following transfer of PPAR-gamma-expressing, but not PPAR-gamma null, Treg. In conclusion, our data suggest that endogenous PPAR-gamma activation represents a Treg intrinsic mechanism of down-regulation of effector CD4+ T cell function and prevention of colitis.