甘肃河西走廊土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

从甘肃河西走廊的25份土样中分离出39个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于16个属的27个种。其中厚垣链格孢Alternaria chlamydospora、黑小枝顶孢Acremoniella atra和疣小枝顶孢Acremoniella verrucosa为中国新记录种:士栖葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys terrestris为新种。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种均保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌芽孢萌发相关基因gerM的克隆及功能研究

采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,自湖北神农架自然保护区的14份土壤样品中分离得到40个暗色丝孢菌分离物,鉴定为16属23种。其中,湖北弯孢Curvularia hubeiensis为一新种,嗜热革节孢Scytalidium thermophilum和禾色串孢Torula graminis为中国新记录种。对新种及中国新记录种作了详细的描述。其余20种为国内已报道种。所有研究菌株的干制培养物标本与活菌种均存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

湖南张家界国家森林公园土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

自湖南张家界国家森林公园采集的15份土样中,分离获得32个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于15属中的19个种。其中,湖南小带孢TaenioleUa hunanensis为一新种,昏暗色串孢Torula caligans和小孢维郎那霉Veronaea parvispora为中国新记录种。对其它16个中国已报道种亦作了分离生境的引证。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

中国的被孢霉种类

被孢霉属(Mortierella Coemans)是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes)、毛霉目(Mucorales)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)中的一个大属,目前已知约有90种;主要存在于土壤、植物残体、动物粪便等基物中。我国过去对被孢霉的研究不多,在《中国真菌总汇》(1979)中记录了8个种。本研究从全国22个省、市、自治区采集的2000多号样品中,分离到约220个被孢霉菌株。本研究主要采用Gams (1970, 1977)的分类系统进行分类鉴定,并对该系统进行了修改。在属下分3个亚属(Micromucor, Mortierella和Gamsiella), 8个组(Actinomortierella, Alpina,Hygrophila, Mortierella, Schmuckii, Simplex, Spinosa和Stylospora),单囊霉(Haplosporangium)被承认为独立的一个属。本研究鉴定出22个种和3个变种,包括一个新种(武夷山被孢霉Mortierella wuyishanensis sp. nov.)和一个新变种(极细无色被孢霉Mortierella hyalina(Harz) W. Gams var. subtilissima var. nov.), 14个中国新纪录。这14个新纪录为:产芽胞被孢霉(Mortierella. gemmifera M. Ellis)、园圃被孢霉(M. horticola Linnem.)、矮小被孢霉(M. humilis Linnem.)、无色被孢霉(M. hyalina(Harz) W. Gams)、印度被孢霉(M. indica B.S. Mehrotra)、英杜被孢霉(M. indohii C.Y. Chien),詹金氏被孢霉(M. jenkinii (A.L. Sm.) Naumov)、可疑极小被孢霉(M. minutissima Tiegh. var. dubia Linnem.)、易变被孢霉(M. mutabilis Linnem.)、微孢被孢霉(M. parvispora Linnem.)、角胞拉曼被孢霉(M. ramanniana(Moller) Linnem. var. angulispora (Naumov) Linnem.)、网孢被孢霉(M. reticulata Tiegh.& G. Le Monn.)、多疣被孢霉(M. verrucosa Linnem.)、轮枝被孢霉(M. verticillata Linnem.)。文中讨论和评价了一些分类性状,还列出分亚属、分组、分种和变种的检索表.每个分类单元都有描述和讨论以及线条图、并列出分布地区。     

中国假尾孢属的研究V

本文报导中国假尾孢属的30个种,其中有2个新种:透骨草假尾孢(Pseudocercospora phrymae),槐假尾孢(P. sophorae), 6个新组合:无花果假尾孢(P. fici),爵床假尾孢(P. justiciae),木犀生假尾孢(P. osmanthicola),海桐花假尾孢(P. pittospori),色柱假尾孢(P. polygonorum),花椒假尾孢(P. xanthoxyli)和5个中国新记录。文中对新种和新组合进行了描述并绘图,其他种作了简要描述或讨论。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

中国东部暖温带地区土壤中单格孢属（丝孢纲）真菌

从中国东部暖温带地区土壤中分离到单格孢属Monodictys真菌4种,其中,厚垣单格孢 Monodictys chlamydosporoidea为新种,此种以分生孢子隔膜处明显缢缩、细胞深色、隆起、厚垣化为主要特征;苍白单格孢Monodictys glauca为中国新记录种。对另2个国内已知种亦作了标本引证。研究标本（干制培养物）与活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）。     

中国假尾孢属的研究VI.

本文报道中国假尾孢属的16个种,其中有3个新种:藤山柳假尾孢(Pseudocercospora clematoclethrae),仙茅假尾孢(P. curculiginis,),豆付柴假尾孢(P. premnicola), 8个新组合:金粟兰假尾孢(P. chloranthe), 榅桲假尾孢(P. cydoniae),福岗假尾孢(P. fukuokaensis),土连翘假尾孢(P. hymenodictyonis),南五味子假尾孢(P. kadsurae), 野岛假尾孢(P. nojimae).绣线菊假尾孢(P. spiraeicola),球形假尾孢(P. sphaeriiformis)和3个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述并绘图。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

河北小五台山叶生腔孢菌

本文报道第一作者1990年采自河北小五台山的腔孢菌10属46种。其中有一个新种:杠柳生壳针孢(Septoria periplocicola Y.L. Guo, G.Z. Lu&J.K. Bai, sp. nov.),一个新组合:蒙栋盘柱长孢[Cylindrogloeum quercum (Miura) Y.L. Guo, G.Z. Lu & J.K. Bai, comb.nov.]和11个中国新记录种:蓟壳二孢(Ascochyta cirsii Dide.),唐松草壳二孢(Ascochytaclematidina Thum.),小孢星壳孢[Asteroma microspermum (PK) Sutton],卵孢小星壳孢(Asteromella ovata Thum.),胡枝子茎点霉(Phoma lespedezicola P. Henn.),糙苏茎点霉[Phoma phlomidis (Lev.) Cooke],绣线菊叶点霉[Phyllosticta filipendulae Sace.],六道木壳针孢(Septoria abeliae Byzova),糙苏壳针孢(Septoria phlomidis Moesz.),山箩卜壳针孢(Septoria scabiocola Desm.),黎芦壳针孢(Septoria veratri Saw.)。新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述并附图。新记录种进行了简要描述。研究的标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

2种杓兰属植物内生狭截盘多毛孢菌的分离与鉴定

该文报道了西藏杓兰(Cypripedium tibeticum)和无苞杓兰(C. bardolphianum)根中内生真菌新记录种——狭截盘多毛孢(Truncatella angustata)。该研究从四川黄龙沟不同海拔区分别采集到西藏杓兰和无苞杓兰,并在其根中分离获得148个狭截盘多毛孢菌株。形态学观察显示,狭截盘多毛孢菌株在PDA培养基上菌落白色,背面黄褐色;分生孢子器黑色脓包状;分生孢子梭型,4个细胞,3个隔膜;顶端附属丝1~5根。ITS rDNA分析发现3种新基因型菌株(HLIO15_15a_22、HLIO15_20a_42和HLIO15_17a_46);在海拔最高(3 330~3 400 m)的居群中狭截盘多毛孢的分离率最高,且包含全部3种基因型菌株。构建截盘多毛孢属(Truncatella)真菌ITS序列系统发育树,发现狭截盘多毛孢不同生态功能的菌株没有形成明显分支。     

中国东部暖温带地区土壤中的皮司霉属（丝孢纲）真菌

报道从中国东部暖温带地区诸省（市）土壤中分离到的皮司霉属 Pithomyces 真菌的两个新种：长棒孢皮司霉 Pithomyces longiclavisporus和淡色皮司霉Pithomyces pallidus,及两个中国新记录种：卡罗皮司霉 Pithomyces karoo和帕夫皮司霉Pithomyces pavgii;对另外三个已知种亦作了分离地点和生境的引证。研究过的标本（干制培养物）与活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）。     

Biodegradation of Crude Oil by Thermophilic Bacteria Isolated from a Volcano Island

One-hundred and fifty different thermophilic bacteria isolated from a volcanic island were screened for detection of an alkane hydroxylase gene using degenerated primers developed to amplify genes related to the Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas oleovorans alkane hydroxylases. Ten isolates carrying the alkJ gene were further characterized by 16s rDNA gene sequencing. Nine out of ten isolates were phylogenetically affiliated with Geobacillus species and one isolate with Bacillus species. These isolates were able to grow in liquid cultures with crude oil as the sole carbon source and were found to degrade long chain crude oil alkanes in a range between 46.64% and 87.68%. Results indicated that indigenous thermophilic hydrocarbon degraders of Bacillus and Geobacillus species are of special significance as they could be efficiently used for bioremediation of oil-polluted soil and composting processes.     

Trichothecene production by Fusarium species isolated from grain and pasture throughout New Zealand

Liquid cultures of 200 Fusarium isolates selected to represent the most common species found in autumn pasture (70 isolates) and in grain (130 isolates) grown in New Zealand were analysed for trichothecenes and related compounds. Production of butenolide, cyclonerodiol derivatives and culmorins was also measured. The principal trichothecenes produced were derivatives of either nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) or scirpentriol (Sctol), in order of frequency. The principal trichothecene producing species were F. crookwellense, F. culmorum and F. graminearum. Isolates of the first two species were predominantly NIV-chemotypes with one or two isolates respectively as Sctol-chemotypes. F. graminearum showed equal quantities of NIV- and DON-chemotypes, with the DON-chemotypes producing primarily 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON).     

Isolation and characterization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-catabolizing bacteria and their biodegradation efficiency in soil

Bacterial isolates (NJ 10 and NJ 15) capable of degrading the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were isolated from agricultural soil by enrichment culture technique. The isolates exhibited substantial growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with 0.1–0.5% of 2,4-D as a sole source of carbon and energy. Based on their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics, the isolates NJ 10 and NJ 15 have been identified as Pseudomonas species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Biodegradation studies in a soil microcosm enriched with pure cultures of the isolates demonstrated a time-dependent disappearance of 2,4-D from the 100 mg/kg herbicide-amended soil. The HPLC data analysis revealed 96.6 and 99.8% degradation in the soil inoculated with the pure cultures of isolates NJ 10 and NJ 15, respectively with in 20 days of incubation at 30 °C. Both the isolates showed significant solubilization of inorganic phosphate [Ca₃(PO₄)₂] on the specific Pikovskaya's medium.     

石蕊属某些地衣共生菌的培养研究

本文对石蕊属15个种子囊孢子进行了培养特性的研究.所有种子囊孢子均在12小时内萌发,并且前7-15天生长迅速,以后逐渐缓慢.随着培养时间增长.分离物可形成有特征性的菌落形态和色素,利用生长型和菌落及培养基中色素产生情况可将不同分离物区分开.对石蕊属的常规培养很有希望成为识别该属成员的有用特征.     

Identification of bacteria and yeasts from <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> and surface-sterilized field samples of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ensete ventricosum</Emphasis> by rDNA analysis

Bacterial and fungal contaminants of enset (Ensete ventricosum) cultures and microbes associated with surface-sterilized field material were identified by 16S/26S rDNA sequencing. Ten bacterial species were identified in 16 isolates from in vitro cultures and seven in 10 isolates from field clones. Three yeast species and one filamentous fungus were recorded as in vitro contaminants, whereas five yeast species were isolated from the field material. The bacterium, Pseudomonas reactans (6 isolates), and the yeast, Torulaspora delbrueckii (8 isolates), were the most frequent in vitro contaminants. Most of the bacterial species isolated from in vitro enset were Gram-positive and hitherto unrecorded as in vitro contaminants. The difficulty in controlling the in vitro contaminants is due to their apparent endogenous nature and their resistance to antimicrobial drugs.     

Three new species and a new combination in the genusTorulomyces from soil

Seven isolates ofTorulomyces from Asian and Australian soil samples were studied in comparison with known taxa of the genus and withMonocillium indicum, the type species ofMonocillium. Three new species,Torulomyces parviverrucosus, T. laevis, andT. ovatus, are described, andT. brunneus is described as a new combination. Conidial characteristics, especially their shape and surface structure, are useful taxonomic criteria for distinguishing species ofTorulomyces. Monocillium is considered to be a distinct genus.     

Antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani and fungitoxic metabolite production by some Penicillium isolates

A number of Penicillium isolates were recovered in association to Rhizoctonia solani strains pathogenic on tobacco and from soil on plates pre-colonized by the pathogen itself. Their antagonism toward R. solaniAG-2-1 was evaluated in dual cultures in vitro. Inhibition of growth was evident to some extent in most pairings, while hyphal interactions referable to mycoparasitic relationships were not observed. However, the occurrence of plasmolysis and/or vacuolisation and the induction of monilioid cells were indicative of the release of bioactive compounds. Therefore, production of fungitoxic metabolites was tested by adding concentrated culture filtrates of each Penicillium isolate to the growth medium of R. solani. Complete and lasting inhibition was incited by culture filtrates of some isolates belonging to P. brevicompactum, P. expansum, and P. pinophilum. Three purified compounds, respectively mycophenolic acid, patulin and 3-O-methylfunicone, which were extracted from culture filtrates, were able to inhibit R. solani in vitro. Their production was also detected in dual cultures of the same Penicilliumstrains with R. solani prepared in sterilized soil and when the Penicilliumstrains were cultured directly on R. solani mycelium harvested from liquid cultures. The possible role of such metabolites in antagonism of the above-mentioned Penicilliumspecies against R. solani is discussed.