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1.
Mature zygotic embryos of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) formed embryogenic calluses at a frequency of 43% when cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 4.52 μM
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Cell suspension cultures were established from embryogenic calluses using MS liquid
medium with 4.52 μM 2,4-D. Following transfer to solid MS basal medium, cell suspension cultures gave rise to somatic embryos,
which then developed into plantlets. Plantlets were transplanted to potting soil and grown to maturity.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Suresh Chand Ashok Kumar Sahrawat 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2002,38(1):33-38
Summary An efficient plant regeneration protocol has been developed from root explants of Psoralea corylifolia L., an endangered medicinally
important herbaceous plant species belonging to the family Fabaceae. Nodular embryogenic callus was initiated from young root
segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (1962) supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 2.68–13.42 μM)
or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D; 2.25–11.25 μM) in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA: 2.2. μM). thiamine HCl
(2.9 μM), L-glutamine (342.23 μM) and sucrose (3.0% w/v). The highest frequency (95.2%) of embryogenic calluses was obtained on MS medium
supplemented with the growth regulators NAA (10.74 μM) and BA (2.2 μM). Development and maturation of somatic embryos was
achieved after transfer of embryogenic calluses to MS medium supplemented with 1.34 μM NAA or 1.12 μM 2,4-D and 4.4–13.2 μM
BA. The maximum number (13.8±1.34) of cotyledonary stage somatic embryos was obtained on MS medium containing 1.34 μM NAA
and 13.2 μM BA. Germination of somatic embryos occurred on MS medium without any growth regulators and also on MS medium enriched
with BA (1.1–8.8 μM), although the maximum germination frequency (76.1%) was obtained on 4.4 μM BA plus 1.45 μM gibberellic
acid (GA3). Plant regeneration without complete somatic embryo maturation was also achieved by transferring clumps of nodular embryogenic
calluses onto MSO medium or MS medium supplemented with NAA (1.34 μM) and BA (2.2–8.8 μM). The highest frequency of plant
regeneration (93.3%) and mean number of plantlets (15.4±0.88) were obtained on MS medium containing 1.34 μM NAA and 4.4 μM
BA. Regenerated plants with well-developed root systems were transferred to pots where they grew vigorously, attained maturity
and produced fertile seeds. 相似文献
3.
Culture conditions for high frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in cell suspension cultures of Chelidonium
majus var. asiaticum are described. Immature ovules formed embryogenic calluses at a frequency of 40% when cultured on Murashige
and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.52 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The optimum ovule size for embryogenic
callus formation ranged from 1 to 1.5 mm in length. Cell suspension cultures were established from embryogenic calluses using
MS liquid medium containing 4.52 μM 2,4-D. Upon plating onto MS basal medium, cell aggregates from cell suspension cultures
produced somatic embryos which then developed into plantlets. Regenerated plantlets were transplanted to potting soil and
grown to maturity in a growth chamber.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
M. A. K. Azad S. Yokota F. Begum N. Yoshizawa 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(4):441-449
Somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant regeneration were established from hypocotyl and internode explants collected from
in vitro-grown seedlings and in vitro-proliferated shoots, respectively. Somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by the types of auxin and cytokinin.
Friable calluses with somatic embryos developed well in Murashige and Skoog basal (MS) medium supplemented with 0.8–8.8 μM
6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 2.0–8.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophexoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The maximal
frequency of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo formation were obtained when the MS medium was amended with 8.8 μM BA and
4.0 μM 2,4-D. The best embryo germination occurred in a hormone-free 1/2-MS medium. The highest percentage of shoot proliferation
was observed in embryogenic calluses in MS medium containing 2.0 μM BA and 1.0 μM NAA. In vitro-grown shoots were rooted in MS medium with 0.5–2.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid. Regenerants were transferred to vermiculite and
successfully established under an ex vitro environment in garden soil. 相似文献
5.
Q. C. Liu H. Zhai Y. Wang D. P. Zhang 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(5):564-567
Summary Using 15 Chinese and Japanese cultivars of sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., we succeeded in developing an efficient plant regeneration system from embryogenic suspension cultures. The embryogenic
callus derived from shoot apices of the 15 cultivars was used to initiate embryogenic suspension cultures in Murashige and
Skoog (MS) medium containing 9.05 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Rapidly proliferating and well-dispersed embryogenic suspension cultures were established.
Cell aggregates 0.7–1.1 mm in size from embryogenic suspension cultures were transferred to solid MS medium supplemented with
9.05 μM of 2,4-D and formed embryogenic callus with somatic embryos. The embryogenic callus with somatic embryos was further transferred
to MS medium supplemented with 3.78 μM of abscisic acid, resulting in the germination of somatic embryos. Within 20 wk after the initiation, the frequencies of
cell aggregates forming plantlets reached approximately 100% for the 15 tested cultivars. These plantlets, when transferred
to soil, showed 100% survival. No morphological variations were observed. 相似文献
6.
Somatic embryogenesis was achieved from cell suspension cultures of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.). Initially, friable embryogenic calluses were induced from cotyledonary leaves of niger on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium containing 5 μM 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 μM kinetin (KIN). Cell suspension cultures were established by using embryogenic calluses in MS liquid medium containing 5 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM KIN. Initiation of somatic embryogenesis and development up to globular stage from embryogenic cell clumps occurred in the liquid medium itself. Thereafter embryogenic cell aggregates were transferred to MS agar medium supplemented with 3 μM KIN for embryo differentiation, whereas maturation of somatic embryos occurred in MS agar medium containing 10 μM abscisic acid. 相似文献
7.
R. Prem Anand A. Ganapathi V. Ramesh Anbazhagan G. Vengadesan N. Selvaraj 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2000,36(6):475-480
Summary Embryogenic callus was induced from primary leaves of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Greenish-white, friable
embryogenic calluses were used to establish suspension cultures. A shaking speed of 90 rpm and 0.4 ml packed cell volume per
25 ml medium were found to be optimal for maintaining suspension cultures. Globular, heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryos
were developed in suspension culture containing 4.52 μM 2,4-D. Maturation of cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos was achieved on 0.05 μM 2,4-D, 5 μM abscisic acid and 3% mannitol. Twenty-two percent of the embryos were converted into plants and survived; survival in the
field was 8–10%. 相似文献
8.
Ashok Kumar Sahrawat Suresh Chand 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(1):55-61
Summary An efficient method was established for high-frequency embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from 3-,4-, 5-
and 7-d-old coleoptile segments of Indica rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kasturi), Compact and friable callus developed from the cut ends and also on the entire length of the coleoptile segments
cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium (1962) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 4.50–18.0
μM), kinetin (2.32 μM) and sucrose (3%, w/v). High frequency embryogenic callus induction and somatic embryo development was achieved when embryogenic
calluses were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 2.25 μM 2,4-D, 2.32 μM kinetin, 490 μM
L-tryptophan and 3% (w/v) sucrose. Plant regeneration was achieved by transferring clumps of embryogenic callus onto MS medium
containing 2.85 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 17.77 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 3% (w/v) sucrose. Histological observations of embryogenic calluses revealed the presence of
somatic embryos and also plant regeneration via multiple shoot bud formation. Three, 4- and 5-d-old coleoptile segments showed
a significantly (P<0.05) higher frequency of plant regeneration and mean number of plantlets per explant in comparison to 7-d-old coleoptile
segments. The highest frequency (73.5%) of plant regeneration and mean number of plantlets (11.9±1.0) was obtained from 4-d-old
coleoptile segments. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS basal medium containing 4.92 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and plants were successfully transferred to soil and grown to maturity. 相似文献
9.
Kim Suk W. Oh Seung C. In Dong S. Liu Jang R. 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2000,63(3):227-229
Mature zygotic embryos of Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang formed embryogenic calluses at a frequency of 33% when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented
with 4.52 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Upon transfer to half-strength MS basal medium, embryogenic calluses gave rise
to numerous somatic embryos, which then developed into plantlets. Regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to potting
soil, where they were subsequently grown to maturity.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Friable callus cultures were initiated from cotyledons and hypocotyls of Opuntia ficus-indica. Explants from cotyledons produced significantly more callus than those from hypocotyls. Optimum callus growth was observed
on Murashige & Skoog medium supplemented with 0.9 μM 6-furfurylaminopurine, 2.3 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 1.0 μM
4-amino 3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid, 400 mg l-1 casein hydrolysate and 3% sucrose. The same medium without agar was used for establishing cell suspensions.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Summary
In vitro regeneration of plants via somatic embryogenesis through cell suspension culture was achieved in horsegram. Embryogenic calluses
were induced on leaf segments on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 9.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Differentiation of somatic embryos occurred when the embryogenic calluses were transferred
to liquid MS medium containing 2,4-D. Maximum frequency (33.2%) of somatic embryos was observed on MS medium supplemented
with 7.9 μM 2,4-D. Cotyledonary-torpedo-shaped embryos were transferred to liquid MS medium without growth regulators for maturation
and germination. About 5% of the embryos germinated into plants, which grew further on solid MS medium. The plants were hardened
and established in soil. Effects of various auxins, cytokinins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and other additives on induction
and germination of somatic embryos were also studied. A medium supplemented with 7.9 μM 2,4-D, 3.0% sucrose, 40 mg l−1
L-glutamine, and 1.0 μM abscisic acid was effective to achieve a high frequency of somatic embryo induction, maturation, and further development. 相似文献
12.
Summary Efficient in vitro propagation of Ceropegia candelabrum L. (Asclepidaceae) through somatic embryogenesis was established. Somatic embryogenesis depended on the type of plant growth
regulators in the callus-inducing medium. Friable callus, developed from leaf and internode explants grown on Murashige and
Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.52μM2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), underwent somatic embryogenesis. Compared to solid media, suspension culture was superior
and gave rise to a higher number of somatic embryos. Transfer of the friable callus developed on MS medium containing 4.52μM 2,4-D to suspension cultures of half- or quarter-strength MS medium with lower levels of 2,4-D (0.23 or 0.45 μM) induced the highest number of somatic embryos, which developed up to the torpedo stage. Somatic embryogenesis was asynchronous
with the dominance of globular embryos. About 100 mg of callus induced more than 500 embryos. Upon transfer to quarter-strength
MS agar medium without growth regulators, 50% of the somatic embryos underwent maturation and developed into plantlets. Plantlets
acclimatized under field conditions with 90% survival. 相似文献
13.
Vengadesan G. Ganapathi A. Prem Anand R. Ramesh Anbazhagan V. 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2000,61(1):23-28
In vitro morphogenesis via organogenesis was achieved from callus cultures derived from hypocotyl explants of Acacia sinuata on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium. Calli were induced from hypocotyl explants excised from 7-day-old seedlings on
MS medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar, 6.78 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. Regeneration
of adventitious buds from callus was achieved when they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 10% coconut water, 13.2
μM 6-benzylaminopurine and 3.42 μM indoleacetic acid. Addition of gibberellic acid (1.73 μM) favored shoot elongation. Regenerated
shoots produced prominent roots when transferred to half strength MS medium supplemented with 7.36 μM indolebutyric acid.
Rooted plantlets, thus developed were hardened and successfully established in the soil. This protocol yielded an average
of 20 plants per hypocotyl explant over a period of 4 months.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Root explants excised from carnation plants maintained in vitro formed off-white, friable calluses after three weeks of culture
on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 1 mg l−1 α-naphthalaneacetic acid (NAA). These calluses were subsequently transferred to MS basal medium where, after an additional
four weeks of culture, approximately 50% of the calluses formed somatic embryos. However, calluses formed on root explants
that had been cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid did not produce somatic embryos upon
transfer to MS basal medium. Somatic embryos developed into plantlets and subsequently were grown to maturity. These results
indicate that root explants have a high competence for somatic embryogenesis in carnation.
J. Seo and S.W. Kim contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
15.
Agave arizonica Gentry & Weber, an extremely rare and endangered species native to Arizona, was successfully propagated in vitro using modified
Murashige and Skoog media. Adventitious shoots developed from callus which formed on bulbil explants grown in a medium supplemented
with 1.4 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These shoots proliferated by subculture in media supplemented with 44.4 μM 6-benzylaminopurine,
and either 0.5 or 5.4 μM naphthaleneacetic acid. Rooting occurred on shoots transferred to a growth regulator free medium.
Rooted plants transferred to potting soil could be established under greenhouse conditions following gradual acclimatization
indoors. 相似文献
16.
Efficient somatic embryogenesis (SE) and in vitro flowering and fruiting were achieved in Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. Friable embryogenic callus developed from the root, internode, and leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog
medium (MS) with 2.26 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and subsequently developed into somatic embryos on MS medium
containing 4–5% sucrose, 1.74 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 4.44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and 1.90 μM abscisic acid
(ABA). Then the mature embryos were separated and transferred onto MS with 3% sucrose and 0.6% agar for further development
and conversion to plantlets. In vitro flowering and fruiting were obtained when the subcultures were carried out for over
15 months. Paclobutrazol (PP333) or ethephon (ETH) at low levels promoted flowering significantly. Also, abnormal rootless
somatic embryos of S. divaricata could form flowers and fruits in vitro. 相似文献
17.
Summary Suspension cultures initiated from calluses derived from seedling leaf explants of Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. produced somatic
embryos. Embryogenic callus was induced on semisolid MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with 4.52 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D) and 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. A high frequency of somatic embryos was induced in MS liquid medium supplemented
with 4.52 μM 2,4-D and 10% coconut water. Further studies on ontogeny of somatic embryos showed that the cells destined to
become somatic embryos divided into spherical proembryos. Subsequent development led to the formation of globular, heart,
torpedo-shaped and cotyledonary-stage embryos. The conversion of somatic embryos occurred on auxin-free MS medium. Effects
of various auxins, cytokinins, carbohydrates and amino acids in enhancing productin, of somatic embryos were studied. MS medium
supplemented with 87.64 mM sucrose and 342.46 μM glutamine promoted higher somatic embryo production whereas cytokinin had
no effect and led to recallusing of embryos. About 8–10% of embryos converted into plants. 相似文献
18.
Bang Jae W. In Dong S. Chung Sung H. Liu Jang R. 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1998,55(2):151-154
Hypocotyl segments of Bupleurum falcatum L. formed embryogenic calluses when cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium
supplemented with 9.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Suspension cultures were initiated by placing calluses into
medium with 0.45 μM 2,4-D. Protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from suspension cultures. They were plated at a density
of 5 × 104 protoplasts per ml on MS medium supplemented with 9% mannitol, 9.0 μM 2,4-D, 4.4 μM BA, 4.6 μM kinetin, and 0.6%
Seaplaque agarose. After four weeks of culture, microcalluses were formed and subsequently transferred to MS solid medium
with 18.1 μM 2,4-D. Upon transfer to MS basal medium, microcalluses gave rise to somatic embryos at a frequency of approximately
10%. They subsequently developed into plantlets. The regenerants were successfully transplanted to potting soil and grown
to maturity in a greenhouse. The regenerants had the normal chromosome number of 2n=2x=20 and did not show morphological aberrancy.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
A protocol was developed for regeneration of pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Ace) through somatic embryogenesis in liquid media. For embryogenic callus formation, mature zygotic embryo explants were used on basal Murashige and Skoog medium with 9.05 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 3% sucrose. Embryogenic callus was transferred to liquid basal Murashige and Skoog medium with 4.52 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 3% sucrose in order to increase the mass of the embryogenic culture. After pretreatment with potassium citrate, cells were placed into embryo initiation medium with 6 g l-1
l-proline and a decreased (10 mM) ammonium concentration. Embryos were matured in 1.89 M abscisic acid containing half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium and converted into plants bothin vivo andin vitro at up to a 97% efficiency. 相似文献
20.
A protocol was developed for the induction, maturation and germination of somatic embryos from leaf tissue of jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider]. Explants were placed on their adaxial sides in Petri dishes and maintained in darkness on half-strength
Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS/2). Combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1.35–4.52 μM) with 6-benzylaminopurine
(1.33–4.43μM) and 2 synthetic cytokinins, N-(2-chloro-4pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (1.21–4.03μM) or (E)-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-but-2-enylamino]
purine (1.11–3.71μM) resulted in formation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryos. After two 30-day subcultures, embryogenic
cultures were transferred onto MS/2 medium supplemented with different auxins and cytokinins. Somatic embryo maturation, germination
and plantlet formation were achieved using 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (3.75μM) or indole-3-butyric acid (3.44μM) in combination
with BA (0.44 or 1.33μM) or F3iP (0.37 or 1.11μM). Histology confirmed each stage of development.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献